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Burns AL, Dans MG, Balbin JM, de Koning-Ward TF, Gilson PR, Beeson JG, Boyle MJ, Wilson DW. Targeting malaria parasite invasion of red blood cells as an antimalarial strategy. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2019; 43:223-238. [PMID: 30753425 PMCID: PMC6524681 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuz005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium spp. parasites that cause malaria disease remain a significant global-health burden. With the spread of parasites resistant to artemisinin combination therapies in Southeast Asia, there is a growing need to develop new antimalarials with novel targets. Invasion of the red blood cell by Plasmodium merozoites is essential for parasite survival and proliferation, thus representing an attractive target for therapeutic development. Red blood cell invasion requires a co-ordinated series of protein/protein interactions, protease cleavage events, intracellular signals, organelle release and engagement of an actin-myosin motor, which provide many potential targets for drug development. As these steps occur in the bloodstream, they are directly susceptible and exposed to drugs. A number of invasion inhibitors against a diverse range of parasite proteins involved in these different processes of invasion have been identified, with several showing potential to be optimised for improved drug-like properties. In this review, we discuss red blood cell invasion as a drug target and highlight a number of approaches for developing antimalarials with invasion inhibitory activity to use in future combination therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy L Burns
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia 5005
| | - Madeline G Dans
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia 3004.,Deakin University, School of Medicine, Waurn Ponds, Victoria, Australia 3216
| | - Juan M Balbin
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia 5005
| | | | - Paul R Gilson
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia 3004
| | - James G Beeson
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia 3004.,Central Clinical School and Department of Microbiology, Monash University 3004.,Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Australia 3052
| | - Michelle J Boyle
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia 3004.,QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia 4006
| | - Danny W Wilson
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia 5005.,Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia 3004
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2
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Akter M, Drinkwater N, Devine SM, Drew SC, Krishnarjuna B, Debono CO, Wang G, Scanlon MJ, Scammells PJ, McGowan S, MacRaild CA, Norton RS. Identification of the Binding Site of Apical Membrane Antigen 1 (AMA1) Inhibitors Using a Paramagnetic Probe. ChemMedChem 2019; 14:603-612. [PMID: 30653832 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201800802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Apical membrane antigen 1 (AMA1) is essential for the invasion of host cells by malaria parasites. Several small-molecule ligands have been shown to bind to a conserved hydrophobic cleft in Plasmodium falciparum AMA1. However, a lack of detailed structural information on the binding pose of these molecules has hindered their further optimisation as inhibitors. We have developed a spin-labelled peptide based on RON2, the native binding partner of AMA1, to probe the binding sites of compounds on PfAMA1. The crystal structure of this peptide bound to PfAMA1 shows that it binds at one end of the hydrophobic groove, leaving much of the binding site unoccupied and allowing fragment hits to bind without interference. In paramagnetic relaxation enhancement (PRE)-based NMR screening, the 1 H relaxation rates of compounds binding close to the probe were enhanced. Compounds experienced different degrees of PRE as a result of their different orientations relative to the spin label while bound to AMA1. Thus, PRE-derived distance constraints can be used to identify binding sites and guide further hit optimisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mansura Akter
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - Nyssa Drinkwater
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Shane M Devine
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - Simon C Drew
- Department of Medicine (Royal Melbourne Hospital), The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Bankala Krishnarjuna
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - Cael O Debono
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - Geqing Wang
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - Martin J Scanlon
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - Peter J Scammells
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - Sheena McGowan
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Christopher A MacRaild
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - Raymond S Norton
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
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3
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Devine SM, MacRaild CA, Norton RS, Scammells PJ. Antimalarial drug discovery targeting apical membrane antigen 1. MEDCHEMCOMM 2017; 8:13-20. [PMID: 30108688 PMCID: PMC6072474 DOI: 10.1039/c6md00495d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Malaria continues to frustrate humanity's attempts to eradicate this deadly disease. Although gains have been made over the last 15 years, drug resistance to malaria continues to be a major concern. The lack of new antimalarials with novel mechanisms of action continues to challenge the scientific community to find innovative targets to combat this persistent disease. One such target, apical membrane antigen 1 (AMA1), is an essential protein that helps the parasite invade host erythrocytes. Recently, a number of efforts have focused on the druggability of this target, aiming to block the interactions of AMA1 that mediate invasion of host cells. This review covers recent progress in drug discovery targeting this crucial protein-protein interaction in malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane M Devine
- Medicinal Chemistry , Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Monash University , Parkville , VIC 3052 , Australia . ;
| | - Christopher A MacRaild
- Medicinal Chemistry , Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Monash University , Parkville , VIC 3052 , Australia . ;
| | - Raymond S Norton
- Medicinal Chemistry , Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Monash University , Parkville , VIC 3052 , Australia . ;
| | - Peter J Scammells
- Medicinal Chemistry , Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Monash University , Parkville , VIC 3052 , Australia . ;
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Aneja B, Kumar B, Jairajpuri MA, Abid M. A structure guided drug-discovery approach towards identification of Plasmodium inhibitors. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra19673f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This article provides a comprehensive review of inhibitors from natural, semisynthetic or synthetic sources against key targets ofPlasmodium falciparum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babita Aneja
- Medicinal Chemistry Lab
- Department of Biosciences
- Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University)
- New Delhi 110025
- India
| | - Bhumika Kumar
- Medicinal Chemistry Lab
- Department of Biosciences
- Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University)
- New Delhi 110025
- India
| | - Mohamad Aman Jairajpuri
- Protein Conformation and Enzymology Lab
- Department of Biosciences
- Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University)
- New Delhi 110025
- India
| | - Mohammad Abid
- Medicinal Chemistry Lab
- Department of Biosciences
- Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University)
- New Delhi 110025
- India
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5
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De Coen LM, Heugebaert TSA, García D, Stevens CV. Synthetic Entries to and Biological Activity of Pyrrolopyrimidines. Chem Rev 2015; 116:80-139. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laurens M. De Coen
- Department of Sustainable
Organic Chemistry and Technology, Ghent University, Coupure links
653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Thomas S. A. Heugebaert
- Department of Sustainable
Organic Chemistry and Technology, Ghent University, Coupure links
653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Daniel García
- Department of Sustainable
Organic Chemistry and Technology, Ghent University, Coupure links
653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Christian V. Stevens
- Department of Sustainable
Organic Chemistry and Technology, Ghent University, Coupure links
653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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Lawhorn BG, Philp J, Zhao Y, Louer C, Hammond M, Cheung M, Fries H, Graves AP, Shewchuk L, Wang L, Cottom JE, Qi H, Zhao H, Totoritis R, Zhang G, Schwartz B, Li H, Sweitzer S, Holt DA, Gatto GJ, Kallander LS. Identification of Purines and 7-Deazapurines as Potent and Selective Type I Inhibitors of Troponin I-Interacting Kinase (TNNI3K). J Med Chem 2015; 58:7431-48. [PMID: 26355916 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A series of cardiac troponin I-interacting kinase (TNNI3K) inhibitors arising from 3-((9H-purin-6-yl)amino)-N-methyl-benzenesulfonamide (1) is disclosed along with fundamental structure-function relationships that delineate the role of each element of 1 for TNNI3K recognition. An X-ray structure of 1 bound to TNNI3K confirmed its Type I binding mode and is used to rationalize the structure-activity relationship and employed to design potent, selective, and orally bioavailable TNNI3K inhibitors. Identification of the 7-deazapurine heterocycle as a superior template (vs purine) and its elaboration by introduction of C4-benzenesulfonamide and C7- and C8-7-deazapurine substituents produced compounds with substantial improvements in potency (>1000-fold), general kinase selectivity (10-fold improvement), and pharmacokinetic properties (>10-fold increase in poDNAUC). Optimal members of the series have properties suitable for use in in vitro and in vivo experiments aimed at elucidating the role of TNNI3K in cardiac biology and serve as leads for developing novel heart failure medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian G Lawhorn
- Heart Failure Discovery Performance Unit and ‡Platform Technology and Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline , 709 Swedeland Road, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406, United States
| | - Joanne Philp
- Heart Failure Discovery Performance Unit and ‡Platform Technology and Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline , 709 Swedeland Road, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406, United States
| | - Yongdong Zhao
- Heart Failure Discovery Performance Unit and ‡Platform Technology and Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline , 709 Swedeland Road, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406, United States
| | - Christopher Louer
- Heart Failure Discovery Performance Unit and ‡Platform Technology and Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline , 709 Swedeland Road, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406, United States
| | - Marlys Hammond
- Heart Failure Discovery Performance Unit and ‡Platform Technology and Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline , 709 Swedeland Road, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406, United States
| | - Mui Cheung
- Heart Failure Discovery Performance Unit and ‡Platform Technology and Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline , 709 Swedeland Road, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406, United States
| | - Harvey Fries
- Heart Failure Discovery Performance Unit and ‡Platform Technology and Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline , 709 Swedeland Road, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406, United States
| | - Alan P Graves
- Heart Failure Discovery Performance Unit and ‡Platform Technology and Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline , 709 Swedeland Road, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406, United States
| | - Lisa Shewchuk
- Heart Failure Discovery Performance Unit and ‡Platform Technology and Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline , 709 Swedeland Road, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406, United States
| | - Liping Wang
- Heart Failure Discovery Performance Unit and ‡Platform Technology and Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline , 709 Swedeland Road, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406, United States
| | - Joshua E Cottom
- Heart Failure Discovery Performance Unit and ‡Platform Technology and Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline , 709 Swedeland Road, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406, United States
| | - Hongwei Qi
- Heart Failure Discovery Performance Unit and ‡Platform Technology and Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline , 709 Swedeland Road, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406, United States
| | - Huizhen Zhao
- Heart Failure Discovery Performance Unit and ‡Platform Technology and Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline , 709 Swedeland Road, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406, United States
| | - Rachel Totoritis
- Heart Failure Discovery Performance Unit and ‡Platform Technology and Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline , 709 Swedeland Road, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406, United States
| | - Guofeng Zhang
- Heart Failure Discovery Performance Unit and ‡Platform Technology and Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline , 709 Swedeland Road, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406, United States
| | - Benjamin Schwartz
- Heart Failure Discovery Performance Unit and ‡Platform Technology and Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline , 709 Swedeland Road, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406, United States
| | - Hu Li
- Heart Failure Discovery Performance Unit and ‡Platform Technology and Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline , 709 Swedeland Road, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406, United States
| | - Sharon Sweitzer
- Heart Failure Discovery Performance Unit and ‡Platform Technology and Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline , 709 Swedeland Road, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406, United States
| | - Dennis A Holt
- Heart Failure Discovery Performance Unit and ‡Platform Technology and Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline , 709 Swedeland Road, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406, United States
| | - Gregory J Gatto
- Heart Failure Discovery Performance Unit and ‡Platform Technology and Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline , 709 Swedeland Road, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406, United States
| | - Lara S Kallander
- Heart Failure Discovery Performance Unit and ‡Platform Technology and Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline , 709 Swedeland Road, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406, United States
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7
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Pihan E, Delgadillo RF, Tonkin ML, Pugnière M, Lebrun M, Boulanger MJ, Douguet D. Computational and biophysical approaches to protein-protein interaction inhibition of Plasmodium falciparum AMA1/RON2 complex. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2015; 29:525-39. [PMID: 25822046 DOI: 10.1007/s10822-015-9842-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Invasion of the red blood cell by Plasmodium falciparum parasites requires formation of an electron dense circumferential ring called the Moving Junction (MJ). The MJ is anchored by a high affinity complex of two parasite proteins: Apical Membrane Antigen 1 (PfAMA1) displayed on the surface of the parasite and Rhoptry Neck Protein 2 that is discharged from the parasite and imbedded in the membrane of the host cell. Structural studies of PfAMA1 revealed a conserved hydrophobic groove localized to the apical surface that coordinates RON2 and invasion inhibitory peptides. In the present work, we employed computational and biophysical methods to identify competitive P. falciparum AMA1-RON2 inhibitors with the goal of exploring the 'druggability' of this attractive antimalarial target. A virtual screen followed by molecular docking with the PfAMA1 crystal structure was performed using an eight million compound collection that included commercial molecules, the ChEMBL malaria library and approved drugs. The consensus approach resulted in the selection of inhibitor candidates. We also developed a fluorescence anisotropy assay using a modified inhibitory peptide to experimentally validate the ability of the selected compounds to inhibit the AMA1-RON2 interaction. Among those, we identified one compound that displayed significant inhibition. This study offers interesting clues to improve the throughput and reliability of screening for new drug leads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Pihan
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, CNRS, UMR 7275, 660, Route des Lucioles, Sophia Antipolis, 06560, Valbonne, France
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