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Singh M, Pandey A, Gupta A. Interaction of a defect with the reference curvature of an elastic surface. SOFT MATTER 2022; 18:2979-2991. [PMID: 35352737 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm00126h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The morphological response of two-dimensional curved elastic sheets to an isolated defect (dislocation/disclination) is investigated within the framework of Föppl-von Kármán shallow shell theory. The reference surface, obtained as a shell configuration in the absence of defect and external forces, accordingly has a finite non-zero curvature. The interaction of the defect with the curvature of the reference surface is emphasized through the problem of defect driven buckling of an elastic sheet. Detailed bifurcation diagrams, including the post-buckling deformation behaviour, are plotted for several combinations of defect types, reference curvatures, and boundary conditions. A pitchfork bifurcation is obtained when the reference surface is flat irrespective of the defect type and boundary condition. For curved reference surfaces there are some cases where the pitchfork bifurcation persists and others where it does not. The varied response demonstrates the rich interaction of the defects with the curvature of the reference surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Singh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, 208016, India.
| | - Animesh Pandey
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, 208016, India.
| | - Anurag Gupta
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, 208016, India.
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Berry J, Ristić S, Zhou S, Park J, Srolovitz DJ. The MoSeS dynamic omnigami paradigm for smart shape and composition programmable 2D materials. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5210. [PMID: 31729363 PMCID: PMC6858317 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12945-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The properties of 2D materials can be broadly tuned through alloying and phase and strain engineering. Shape programmable materials offer tremendous functionality, but sub-micron objects are typically unachievable with conventional thin films. Here we propose a new approach, combining phase/strain engineering with shape programming, to form 3D objects by patterned alloying of 2D transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) monolayers. Conjugately, monolayers can be compositionally patterned using non-flat substrates. For concreteness, we focus on the TMD alloy MoSe[Formula: see text]S[Formula: see text]; i.e., MoSeS. These 2D materials down-scale shape/composition programming to nanoscale objects/patterns, provide control of both bending and stretching deformations, are reversibly actuatable with electric fields, and possess the extraordinary and diverse properties of TMDs. Utilizing a first principles-informed continuum model, we demonstrate how a variety of shapes/composition patterns can be programmed and reversibly modulated across length scales. The vast space of possible designs and scales enables novel material properties and thus new applications spanning flexible electronics/optics, catalysis, responsive coatings, and soft robotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Berry
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.,Materials Science Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | - Simeon Ristić
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Songsong Zhou
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Jiwoong Park
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Molecular Engineering, James Franck Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - David J Srolovitz
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA. .,Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA. .,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, P. R. China.
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Duque CM, Chen BGG, Santangelo CD. Distortion-controlled isotropic swelling: numerical study of free boundary swelling patterns. SOFT MATTER 2019; 15:4890-4897. [PMID: 31166357 DOI: 10.1039/c9sm00392d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Modern fabrication tools have now provided a number of platforms for designing flat sheets that, by virtue of their nonuniform growth, can buckle and fold into target three-dimensional structures. Theoretically, there is an infinitude of growth patterns that can produce the same shape, yet almost nothing is understood about which of these many growth patterns is optimal from the point of view of experiment, and few can even be realized at all. Here, we ask the question: what is the optimal way to design isotropic growth patterns for a given target shape? We propose a computational algorithm to produce optimal growth patterns by introducing cuts into the target surfaces. Within this framework, we propose that the patterns requiring the fewest or shortest cuts produce the best approximations to the target shape at finite thickness. The results are tested by simulation on spherical surfaces, and new challenges are highlighted for surfaces with both positive and negative Gaussian curvatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos M Duque
- Department of Physics, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
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Na JH, Bende NP, Bae J, Santangelo CD, Hayward RC. Grayscale gel lithography for programmed buckling of non-Euclidean hydrogel plates. SOFT MATTER 2016; 12:4985-4990. [PMID: 27169886 DOI: 10.1039/c6sm00714g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Shape programmable materials capable of morphing from a flat sheet into controlled three dimensional (3D) shapes offer promise in diverse areas including soft robotics, tunable optics, and bio-engineering. We describe a simple method of 'grayscale gel lithography' that relies on a digital micromirror array device (DMD) to control the dose of ultraviolet (UV) light, and therefore the extent of swelling of a photocrosslinkable poly(N-isopropyl acrylamide) (PNIPAm) copolymer film, with micrometer-scale spatial resolution. This approach allows for effectively smooth profiles of swelling to be prescribed, enabling the preparation of buckled 3D shapes with programmed Gaussian curvature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Hee Na
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst 01003, Massachusetts, USA.
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Pezzulla M, Smith GP, Nardinocchi P, Holmes DP. Geometry and mechanics of thin growing bilayers. SOFT MATTER 2016; 12:4435-4442. [PMID: 27098344 DOI: 10.1039/c6sm00246c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We investigate how thin sheets of arbitrary shapes morph under the isotropic in-plane expansion of their top surface, which may represent several stimuli such as nonuniform heating, local swelling and differential growth. Inspired by geometry, an analytical model is presented that rationalizes how the shape of the disk influences morphing, from the initial spherical bending to the final isometric limit. We introduce a new measure of slenderness that describes a sheet in terms of both thickness and plate shape. We find that the mean curvature of the isometric state is three fourths the natural curvature, which we verify by numerics and experiments. We finally investigate the emergence of a preferred direction of bending in the isometric state, guided by numerical analyses. The scalability of our model suggests that it is suitable to describe the morphing of sheets spanning several orders of magnitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Pezzulla
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | - Gabriel P Smith
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | | | - Douglas P Holmes
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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Chopin J, Kudrolli A. Disclinations, e-cones, and their interactions in extensible sheets. SOFT MATTER 2016; 12:4457-4462. [PMID: 27103214 DOI: 10.1039/c6sm00187d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the nucleation, growth, and spatial organization of topological defects with a ribbon shaped elastic sheet which is stretched and twisted. Singularities are found to spontaneously arrange in a triangular lattice in the form of vertices connected by stretched ridges that result in a self-rigidified structure. The vertices are shown to be negative disclinations or e-cones which occur in sheets with negative Gaussian curvature, in contrast with d-cones in sheets with zero-Gaussian curvature. We find the growth of the wrinkled width of the ribbon to be consistent with a far-from-threshold approach assuming a compression-free base state. The system is found to show a transition from a regime where the wavelength is given by the ribbon geometry, to where it is given by its elasticity as a function of the ratio of the applied tension to the elastic modulus and cross-sectional area of the ribbon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Chopin
- Gulliver UMR 7083, CNRS, ESPCI ParisTech, PSL Research University, 10 rue Vauquelin F-75005 Paris, France. and Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, UMR 7190, Institut Jean Le Rond d'Alembert, 4 place Jussieu, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Arshad Kudrolli
- Department of Physics, Clark University, 950 Main Street, Worcester, MA 01610, USA.
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Thérien-Aubin H, Moshe M, Sharon E, Kumacheva E. Shape transformations of soft matter governed by bi-axial stresses. SOFT MATTER 2015; 11:4600-5. [PMID: 25978294 DOI: 10.1039/c5sm00561b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Rational design of the programmable soft matter requires understanding of the effect of a complex metric on shape transformations of thin non-Euclidean sheets. In the present work, we explored experimentally and using simulations how simultaneous or consecutive application of two orthogonal perturbations to thin patterned stimuli-responsive hydrogel sheets affects their three-dimensional shape transformations. The final shape of the sheet is governed by the metric, but not the order, in which the perturbations are applied to the system, and is determined by the competition of small-scale bidirectional stresses. In addition, a new, unexpected transition from a planar state to an equilibrium helical shape of the hydrogel sheet is observed via a mechanism that is yet to be explained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Héloïse Thérien-Aubin
- University of Toronto, Department of Chemistry, 80 Saint George street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada.
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Castle T, Cho Y, Gong X, Jung E, Sussman DM, Yang S, Kamien RD. Making the cut: lattice kirigami rules. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2014; 113:245502. [PMID: 25541778 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.113.245502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In this Letter we explore and develop a simple set of rules that apply to cutting, pasting, and folding honeycomb lattices. We consider origami-like structures that are extrinsically flat away from zero-dimensional sources of Gaussian curvature and one-dimensional sources of mean curvature, and our cutting and pasting rules maintain the intrinsic bond lengths on both the lattice and its dual lattice. We find that a small set of rules is allowed providing a framework for exploring and building kirigami—folding, cutting, and pasting the edges of paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toen Castle
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, 209 South 33rd Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Yigil Cho
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, 209 South 33rd Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, 3231 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Xingting Gong
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, 209 South 33rd Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Euiyeon Jung
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, 3231 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Daniel M Sussman
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, 209 South 33rd Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Shu Yang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, 3231 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Randall D Kamien
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, 209 South 33rd Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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Bae J, Na JH, Santangelo CD, Hayward RC. Edge-defined metric buckling of temperature-responsive hydrogel ribbons and rings. POLYMER 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2014.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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