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Takeguchi A, Kikuchi A, Ueno K, Ishihara S, Nitta A, Nakagawa T, Ubukata T, Yokoyama Y. Ion valence-gated photochromism of an aza-crowned diarylethene. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2024; 23:133-151. [PMID: 38129342 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-023-00508-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
A non-photochromic diarylethene 2o with an N-phenylaza-15-crown-5 was synthesized. When the nitrogen atom in the aza-crown ring was protonated, it became photochromic due to the prevention of a twisted intramolecular charge transfer (TICT). Although addition of a monovalent metal cation (Li+, Na+, K+, Rb+, Cs+, Cu+, Ag+) in acetonitrile could not stop the TICT so that it was not photochromic, the addition of a multivalent metal cation (Mg2+, Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+, Fe2+, Ni2+, Al3+, Sb5+) changed 2o to be photochromic due to the strong attraction of the lone pair on the nitrogen atom. In the presence of excess Cu2+, 2o was oxidized to be EPR-detectable 2o·+, which was thermally unstable as well as inert towards visible-light irradiation. However, 2o·+ was further oxidized to be fairly stable 2o2+ by the irradiation of 365-nm light in the presence of Cu2+. ESI-MS measurements strongly suggested the generation of 2o·+ by mixing 2o with Cu(ClO4)2 in acetonitrile, and the transformation of 2o·+ to 2o2+ by successive 365-nm light irradiation. Fe3+ similarly worked as the oxidant, but the two-step oxidation of 2o to 2o2+ occurred more easily.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayaka Takeguchi
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Yokohama National University, 79-5, Tokiwadai, Hodogaya, Yokohama, 240-8501, Japan
| | - Azusa Kikuchi
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Yokohama National University, 79-5, Tokiwadai, Hodogaya, Yokohama, 240-8501, Japan
| | - Kazuhide Ueno
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Yokohama National University, 79-5, Tokiwadai, Hodogaya, Yokohama, 240-8501, Japan
| | - Shinji Ishihara
- Instrumental Analysis Center, Yokohama National University, 79-5, Tokiwadai, Hodogaya, Yokohama, 240-8501, Japan
| | - Aki Nitta
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Yokohama National University, 79-5, Tokiwadai, Hodogaya, Yokohama, 240-8501, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Nakagawa
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Yokohama National University, 79-5, Tokiwadai, Hodogaya, Yokohama, 240-8501, Japan
| | - Takashi Ubukata
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Yokohama National University, 79-5, Tokiwadai, Hodogaya, Yokohama, 240-8501, Japan.
| | - Yasushi Yokoyama
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Yokohama National University, 79-5, Tokiwadai, Hodogaya, Yokohama, 240-8501, Japan.
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2
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Khang TM, Nhien PQ, Cuc TTK, Weng CC, Wu CH, Wu JI, Hue BTB, Li YK, Lin HC. Dual and Sequential Locked/Unlocked Photochromic Effects on FRET Controlled Singlet Oxygen Processes by Contracted/Extended Forms of Diarylethene-Based [1]Rotaxane Nanoparticles. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2205597. [PMID: 36504441 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202205597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Manipulations of singlet oxygen (1 O2 ) generations by the integration of both aggregation-induced emission luminogen (AIEgen) photosensitizer and photochromic moieties have diversified features in photodynamic therapy applications. Through Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) pathway to induce red PL emissions (at 595 nm) for 1 O2 productions, [1]rotaxane containing photosensitive tetraphenylethylene (TPE) donor and photochromic diarylethene (DAE) acceptor is introduced to achieve dual and sequential locked/unlocked photoswitching effects by pH-controlled shuttling of its contracted/extended forms. Interestingly, the UV-enabled DAE ring closure speeds follow the reversed trend of DAE self-constraint degree as: contracted < extended < noninterlocked forms in [1]rotaxane analogues, thus FRET processes can be adjusted in contracted/extended forms of [1]rotaxane upon UV irradiations. Accordingly, the contracted form of [1]rotaxane is FRET-OFF locked and inert to UV exposure due to the larger bending conformation of DAE parallel (p-)conformer, compared with its extended and noninterlocked analogues possessing switchable FRET-OFF/ON behaviors activated by dual and sequential pH- and photoswitching. Owing to the advantages of 1 O2 productions tuned by multistimuli inputs (pH, UV, and blue light), an useful logic circuit for toxicity outputs of the surface modified [1]rotaxane nanoparticles (NPs) has been demonstrated to offer promising 1 O2 productions and managements based on mechanically interlocked molecules for future bioapplications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trang Manh Khang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 300093, Taiwan
| | - Pham Quoc Nhien
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 300093, Taiwan
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Can Tho University, Can Tho City, 94000, Viet Nam
| | - Tu Thi Kim Cuc
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 300093, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Ching Weng
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 300093, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hua Wu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 300093, Taiwan
| | - Judy I Wu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
| | - Bui Thi Buu Hue
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Can Tho University, Can Tho City, 94000, Viet Nam
| | - Yaw-Kuen Li
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 300093, Taiwan
- Center for Emergent Functional Matter Science, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 300093, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Cheu Lin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 300093, Taiwan
- Center for Emergent Functional Matter Science, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 300093, Taiwan
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3
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Khang TM, Nhien PQ, Cuc TTK, Wu CH, Hue BTB, Wu JI, Li YK, Lin HC. Dual and sequential locked/unlocked photo-switching effects on FRET processes by tightened/loosened nano-loops of diarylethene-based [1]rotaxanes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:466-469. [PMID: 36519452 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc06285b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The self-trapping nano-loop structures of [1]rotaxanes exhibited multiple Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) patterns via dual and sequential locking/unlocking of pH-gated and UV exposure processes. As a tightened and constrained nano-loop in the acidic condition, dithienylethene (DTE) unit was locked in the highly bending open form to forbid ring closure upon UV irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trang Manh Khang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan.
| | - Pham Quoc Nhien
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan. .,Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Can Tho University, Can Tho City, Vietnam
| | - Tu Thi Kim Cuc
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan.
| | - Chia-Hua Wu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan.
| | - Bui Thi Buu Hue
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Can Tho University, Can Tho City, Vietnam
| | - Judy I Wu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, USA
| | - Yaw-Kuen Li
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan.,Center for Emergent Functional Matter Science, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Cheu Lin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan. .,Center for Emergent Functional Matter Science, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
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4
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Cheng HB, Zhang S, Bai E, Cao X, Wang J, Qi J, Liu J, Zhao J, Zhang L, Yoon J. Future-Oriented Advanced Diarylethene Photoswitches: From Molecular Design to Spontaneous Assembly Systems. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2108289. [PMID: 34866257 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202108289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Diarylethene (DAE) photoswitch is a new and promising family of photochromic molecules and has shown superior performance as a smart trigger in stimulus-responsive materials. During the past few decades, the DAE family has achieved a leap from simple molecules to functional molecules and developed toward validity as a universal switching building block. In recent years, the introduction of DAE into an assembly system has been an attractive strategy that enables the photochromic behavior of the building blocks to be manifested at the level of the entire system, beyond the DAE unit itself. This assembly-based strategy will bring many unexpected results that promote the design and manufacture of a new generation of advanced materials. Here, recent advances in the design and fabrication of diarylethene as a trigger in materials science, chemistry, and biomedicine are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Bo Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 North Third Ring Road, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Shuchun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 North Third Ring Road, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Enying Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 North Third Ring Road, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoqiao Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 North Third Ring Road, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Jiaqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 North Third Ring Road, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Ji Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 North Third Ring Road, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Jun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 North Third Ring Road, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Jing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 North Third Ring Road, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Liqun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 North Third Ring Road, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Juyoung Yoon
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Korea
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5
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Tang S, An J, Song F, Lv M, Han K, Peng X. Extending the Legible Time of Light-Responsive Rewritable Papers with a Tunable Photochromic Diarylethene Molecule. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:51414-51425. [PMID: 34689563 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c11841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Inkless printing based on rewritable papers has recently made great progress because it can improve the utilization rate of papers, which is of great significance for saving resources and protecting the environment. Among them, light-responsive rewritable papers (LRPs) are a hot research topic because light is clean, easily available, wavelength and intensity adjustable, and noncontacting. However, the photochromic material, as the imaging substance of LRPs, is easily affected by environmental conditions, resulting in insufficient time to read the information. In view of this, we designed and constructed an acid/base tunable diarylethene molecular system that can effectively adjust the photochromic properties by reversibly changing the electron density of the diarylethene photoreaction center through protonation and demonstrated its potential as an imaging material with a longer legible time. What makes us more satisfied is that the acidification can not only extend the legible time of carrying information but also bring a clear and stable absorption/fluorescence imaging dual mode, which can better reflect details and improve contrast. Therefore, we believe that this tunable photochromic diarylethene molecule is a potential imaging material for the development of new LRPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanliang Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Jing An
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Fengling Song
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
- Institute of Molecular Sciences and Engineering, Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Meiheng Lv
- College of Applied Chemistry, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, China
| | - Keli Han
- Institute of Molecular Sciences and Engineering, Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Xiaojun Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
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Liu S, Tan S, Hu H, Chen Z, Pu S. Novel colorimetric and fluorescent chemosensor for Hg2+/Sn2+ based on a photochromic diarylethene with a styrene-linked pyrido[2,3-b]pyrazine unit. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2021.113439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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7
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Saini M, Ghosh S, Kumar V, Roy P, Sadhu KK. Selective Release of Doxorubicin from Cucurbit[8]uril Stabilized Gold Supra-Pyramid Host at pH of Small Intestine. Chemistry 2020; 26:15150-15158. [PMID: 32463129 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202002048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Gold supra-pyramid structures were obtained by the addition of acidic solution of cucurbit[8]uril (CB[8]) to an aqueous solution of citrate stabilized gold nanoparticles (AuNP). The reaction resulted in the precipitation of supra-pyramid from the solution after just 1 min of shaking. Microscopic images confirmed formation of the supra-pyramid. The stepwise structural transformation towards the supra-pyramid was examined with variable concentrations of CB[8] to AuNP solution. Anionic counter parts of these acids (Br- , NO3 - , SO4 2- and Cl- ) controlled the size of the synthesized supra-pyramids. These supra-pyramid hosts showed uptake of three anticancer drugs: oral drugs etoposide, prednisolone and intravenous drug doxorubicin. Releases of drugs from these hosts were emulated at acidic stomach pH, basic small intestinal pH and in the presence of human serum albumin (HSA). The specific release of doxorubicin was confirmed at small intestinal pH 7.4. Poor release of drugs in presence of CB[8] specific guest 1-adamantanamine confirmed the role of the supra-pyramid as the exclusive host. The release of doxorubicin from the supra-pyramid at pH 7.4 was confirmed by fluorescence microscopic imaging with prostate cancer DU-145 cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenaxi Saini
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institution of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Souvik Ghosh
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institution of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Viney Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institution of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Partha Roy
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institution of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Kalyan K Sadhu
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institution of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, Uttarakhand, India
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8
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Zhou F, Wang J, Zhang Y, Wang Q, Guo C, Wang F, Zhang H. Comparative studies on the effect of CB[8] on the charge transfer interaction. Theor Chem Acc 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00214-019-2447-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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9
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Vasu AK, Khurana R, Mohanty J, Kanvah S. pH-responsive molecular assemblies of pyridylbutadiene derivative with cucurbit[7]uril. RSC Adv 2018; 8:16738-16745. [PMID: 35540531 PMCID: PMC9080325 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra03355b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
pH-responsive emission behavior of supramolecular complexes between pyridylbutadiene with CB7 and formation of molecular assemblies is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuji K. Vasu
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar
- Gandhinagar 382 355
- India
| | - Raman Khurana
- Radiation & Photochemistry Division
- Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
- Mumbai
- India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute
| | - Jyotirmayee Mohanty
- Radiation & Photochemistry Division
- Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
- Mumbai
- India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute
| | - Sriram Kanvah
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar
- Gandhinagar 382 355
- India
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10
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Li TT, Wen LL, Ji HL, Liu FY, Sun SG. Bromination of N -phenyloxypropyl- N ′-ethyl-4,4′-bipyridium in cucurbit[8]uril molecular reactor. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2016.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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11
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Mahvidi S, Takeuchi S, Kusumoto S, Sato H, Nakagawa T, Yokoyama Y. Gated Photochromic System of Diarylethene with a Photon-Working Key. Org Lett 2016; 18:5042-5045. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b02494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sadegh Mahvidi
- Department
of Advanced Materials Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Yokohama National University, 79-5, Tokiwadai, Hodogaya, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
| | - Sakiko Takeuchi
- Department
of Advanced Materials Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Yokohama National University, 79-5, Tokiwadai, Hodogaya, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
| | - Sara Kusumoto
- Department
of Advanced Materials Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Yokohama National University, 79-5, Tokiwadai, Hodogaya, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Sato
- Application
Laboratory,
Rigaku Corporation, 3-9-12, Matsubara-cho, Akishima, Tokyo 196-8666, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Nakagawa
- Department
of Advanced Materials Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Yokohama National University, 79-5, Tokiwadai, Hodogaya, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
| | - Yasushi Yokoyama
- Department
of Advanced Materials Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Yokohama National University, 79-5, Tokiwadai, Hodogaya, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
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12
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Cai Y, Guo Z, Chen J, Li W, Zhong L, Gao Y, Jiang L, Chi L, Tian H, Zhu WH. Enabling Light Work in Helical Self-Assembly for Dynamic Amplification of Chirality with Photoreversibility. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:2219-24. [PMID: 26709946 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b11580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Light-driven transcription and replication are always subordinate to a delicate chirality transfer. Enabling light work in construction of the helical self-assembly with reversible chiral transformation becomes attractive. Herein we demonstrate that a helical hydrogen-bonded self-assembly is reversibly photoswitched between photochromic open and closed forms upon irradiation with alternative UV and visible light, in which molecular chirality is amplified with the formation of helixes at supramolecular level. The characteristics in these superhelixes such as left-handed or right-handed twist and helical length, height, and pitch are revealed by SEM and AFM. The helical photoswitchable nanostructure provides an easily accessible route to an unprecedented photoreversible modulation in morphology, fluorescence, and helicity, with precise assembly/disassembly architectures similar to biological systems such as protein and DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunsong Cai
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Zhiqian Guo
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Jianmei Chen
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University , Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Wenlong Li
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Liubiao Zhong
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University , Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Ya Gao
- College of Fundamental Studies, Shanghai University of Engineering Science , Shanghai 201620, P. R. China
| | - Lin Jiang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University , Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Lifeng Chi
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University , Suzhou 215123, P. R. China.,Physikalisches Institut and Center for Nanotechnology (CeNTech), Universität Münster , Münster 48149, Germany
| | - He Tian
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Wei-Hong Zhu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
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