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Mazaheri Z, Papari GP, Andreone A. Dielectric Response of Different Alcohols in Water-Rich Binary Mixtures from THz Ellipsometry. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4240. [PMID: 38673827 PMCID: PMC11049918 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25084240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
We report a study on the hydrogen bonding mechanisms of three aliphatic alcohols (2-propanol, methanol, and ethanol) and one diol (ethylene glycol) in water solution using a time-domain ellipsometer in the THz region. The dielectric response of the pure liquids is nicely modeled by the generalized Debye-Lorentz equation. For binary mixtures, we analyze the data using a modified effective Debye model, which considers H-bond rupture and reformation dynamics and the motion of the alkyl chains and of the OH groups. We focus on the properties of the water-rich region, finding anomalous behavior in the absorption properties at very low solute molar concentrations. These results, first observed in the THz region, are in line with previous findings from different experiments and can be explained by taking into account the amphiphilic nature of the alcohol molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Mazaheri
- Department of Physics “E. Pancini”, University of Naples “Federico II”, Complesso MSA, 80126 Naples, Italy; (Z.M.); (G.P.P.)
- Naples Research Unit, National Institute for Nuclear Physics (INFN), Complesso MSA, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Gian Paolo Papari
- Department of Physics “E. Pancini”, University of Naples “Federico II”, Complesso MSA, 80126 Naples, Italy; (Z.M.); (G.P.P.)
- Naples Research Unit, National Institute for Nuclear Physics (INFN), Complesso MSA, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Antonello Andreone
- Department of Physics “E. Pancini”, University of Naples “Federico II”, Complesso MSA, 80126 Naples, Italy; (Z.M.); (G.P.P.)
- Naples Research Unit, National Institute for Nuclear Physics (INFN), Complesso MSA, 80126 Naples, Italy
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2
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Mazaheri Z, Papari GP, Andreone A. Probing the Molecular Dynamics of Aqueous Binary Solutions with THz Time-Domain Ellipsometry. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:2292. [PMID: 36850886 PMCID: PMC9966517 DOI: 10.3390/s23042292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Using a customized time-domain ellipsometer operating in the THz range, the molecular dynamics of a liquid binary solution based on water and isopropyl alcohol (2-propanol) is investigated. The setup is capable of detecting small changes in the optical properties of the mixture within a single measurement. The complex dielectric response of samples with different concentrations is studied through the direct measurement of the ellipsometric parameters. The results are described using an effective Debye model, from which the relaxation parameters associated with different activation energies can be consistently extracted. Significant deviations between experimental data and the theoretical expectations at an intermediate volume percentage of 2-propanol in water are observed and interpreted as produced by competing effects: the creation/destruction of hydrogen bonding on the one hand, and the presence of cluster/aggregation between water and alcohol molecules on the other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Mazaheri
- Department of Physics “E. Pancini”, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Gian Paolo Papari
- Department of Physics “E. Pancini”, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy
- Naples Unit, National Institute for Nuclear Physics, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Antonello Andreone
- Department of Physics “E. Pancini”, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy
- Naples Unit, National Institute for Nuclear Physics, 80126 Naples, Italy
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3
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Guo S, Zhu C, Chen G, Gu J, Ma C, Gao H, Li L, Zhang Y, Li X, Wang Z, Wei Y, Wang G, Shen J. A theoretical study on intermolecular hydrogen bonds of isopropanol-water clusters. Theor Chem Acc 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00214-022-02865-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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4
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Sinha S, Gharat PM, Pal H, Dutta Choudhury S. Lumichrome tautomerism in alcohol-water mixtures: Effect of carbon chain length and mole fraction of alcohols. J Mol Liq 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.113621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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5
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Youngs T. Dissolve: next generation software for the interrogation of total scattering data by empirical potential generation. Mol Phys 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2019.1651918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tristan Youngs
- ISIS Pulsed Neutron and Muon Source, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, UK
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6
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Serial MR, Silletta EV, Perlo J, Giovacchini JP, Velasco MI, Blümich B, Danieli ED, Casanova F, Acosta RH. Single-shot velocity mapping by rewinding of velocity encoding with Echo-Planar Imaging. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2019; 307:106570. [PMID: 31419497 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2019.106570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The ability of single-shot NMR imaging methods to follow the time evolution of a velocity distribution within an object is strongly limited by the phase errors accumulated as velocity maps are acquired. In the particular case of Carr-Purcell based sequences combined with Echo Planar Imaging acquisition, phase accumulates through subsequent images, hampering the possibility to acquire several velocity maps, which would be useful to determine transient behavior. In this work, we propose the use of a rewinding velocity encoding module applied after the acquisition of each image during the CPMG echo train. In this way, the first velocity module imparts a velocity dependent phase prior to the image acquisition and the second pair cancels this phase out before the next refocusing radiofrequency pulse is applied. The performance and limits of this method are studied by acquiring 100 images of a co-rotating Couette cell over a period of 1.6 s as a function of the rotation speed. The method is applied to determine the kinematic viscosity of a water/alcohol mixture, which is a relevant topic in many physical, chemical and biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- María R Serial
- Facultad de Matemática, Astronomía, Física y Computación, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Medina Allende s/n, X5000HUA Córdoba, Argentina; Instituto de Física Enrique Gaviola (IFEG), CONICET, Medina Allende s/n, X5000HUA Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Emilia V Silletta
- Facultad de Matemática, Astronomía, Física y Computación, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Medina Allende s/n, X5000HUA Córdoba, Argentina; Instituto de Física Enrique Gaviola (IFEG), CONICET, Medina Allende s/n, X5000HUA Córdoba, Argentina
| | | | - Juan P Giovacchini
- Facultad de Matemática, Astronomía, Física y Computación, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Medina Allende s/n, X5000HUA Córdoba, Argentina; Instituto de Física Enrique Gaviola (IFEG), CONICET, Medina Allende s/n, X5000HUA Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Manuel I Velasco
- Facultad de Matemática, Astronomía, Física y Computación, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Medina Allende s/n, X5000HUA Córdoba, Argentina; Instituto de Física Enrique Gaviola (IFEG), CONICET, Medina Allende s/n, X5000HUA Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Bernhard Blümich
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52062 Aachen, Germany
| | | | | | - Rodolfo H Acosta
- Facultad de Matemática, Astronomía, Física y Computación, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Medina Allende s/n, X5000HUA Córdoba, Argentina; Instituto de Física Enrique Gaviola (IFEG), CONICET, Medina Allende s/n, X5000HUA Córdoba, Argentina.
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7
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Pothoczki S, Pusztai L, Bakó I. Molecular Dynamics Simulation Studies of the Temperature-Dependent Structure and Dynamics of Isopropanol–Water Liquid Mixtures at Low Alcohol Content. J Phys Chem B 2019; 123:7599-7610. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.9b05631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Szilvia Pothoczki
- Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Konkoly-Thege M. út 29-33, H-1121 Budapest, Hungary
| | - László Pusztai
- Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Konkoly-Thege M. út 29-33, H-1121 Budapest, Hungary
- International Research Organization for Advanced Science and Technology (IROAST), Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
| | - Imre Bakó
- Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
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8
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Muñoz-Muñoz YM, Guevara-Carrion G, Vrabec J. Molecular Insight into the Liquid Propan-2-ol + Water Mixture. J Phys Chem B 2018; 122:8718-8729. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.8b05610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jadran Vrabec
- Thermodynamics and Energy Technology, University of Paderborn, 33098 Paderborn, Germany
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9
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Steinke N, Genina A, Gillams RJ, Lorenz CD, McLain SE. Proline and Water Stabilization of a Universal Two-Step Folding Mechanism for β-Turn Formation in Solution. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:7301-7312. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b03643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Steinke
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, U.K
| | - Anna Genina
- Department of Physics, King’s College London, London WC2R 2LS, U.K
| | | | | | - Sylvia E. McLain
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, U.K
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10
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Kanyathare B, Peiponen KE. Wavelength-dependent excess permittivity as indicator of kerosene in diesel oil. APPLIED OPTICS 2018; 57:2997-3002. [PMID: 29714328 DOI: 10.1364/ao.57.002997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Adulteration of diesel oil by kerosene is a serious problem because of air pollution resulting from car exhaust gases. The objective of this study was to develop a relatively simple optical measurement and data analysis method to screen low-adulterated diesel oils. For this purpose, we introduce the utilization of refractive index measurement with a refractometer, scanning of visible-near-infrared transmittance, transmittance data inversion using the singly subtractive Kramers-Kronig relation, and exploitation of so-called wavelength-dependent relative excess permittivity. It is shown for three different diesel oil grades, adulterated with kerosene, that the excess permittivity is a powerful measure for screening fake diesel oils. The excess relative permittivity of such binary mixtures also reveals hidden spectral fingerprints that are neither visible in dispersion data alone nor in spectral transmittance measurements alone. We believe that the excess permittivity data are useful in the case of screening adulteration of diesel oil by kerosene and can further be explored for practical sensing solutions, e.g., in quality inspection of diesel oils in refineries.
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11
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Rhys NH, Al-Badri MA, Ziolek RM, Gillams RJ, Collins LE, Lawrence MJ, Lorenz CD, McLain SE. On the solvation of the phosphocholine headgroup in an aqueous propylene glycol solution. J Chem Phys 2018; 148:135102. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5024850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Natasha H. Rhys
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
| | | | - Robert M. Ziolek
- Department of Physics, King’s College London, London WC2R 2LS, United Kingdom
| | - Richard J. Gillams
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
- Earth-Life Sciences Institute, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Louise E. Collins
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, King’s College London, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - M. Jayne Lawrence
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, University of Manchester, Manchester ML13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Christian D. Lorenz
- Department of Physics, King’s College London, London WC2R 2LS, United Kingdom
| | - Sylvia E. McLain
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
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12
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Zhang X, Zhang L, Jin T, Zhang Q, Zhuang W. Cosolvent effect on the dynamics of water in aqueous binary mixtures. Mol Phys 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2018.1424958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xia Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Bohai University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, China
| | - Tan Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Bohai University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Wei Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, China
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13
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Jora MZ, Cardoso MV, Sabadini E. Correlation between viscosity, diffusion coefficient and spin-spin relaxation rate in 1 H NMR of water-alcohols solutions. J Mol Liq 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2017.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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14
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Sarkar S, Saha D, Banerjee S, Mukherjee A, Mandal P. Broadband terahertz dielectric spectroscopy of alcohols. Chem Phys Lett 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2017.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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15
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Nonmonotonic Hydration Behavior of Bovine Serum Albumin in Alcohol/Water Binary Mixtures: A Terahertz Spectroscopic Investigation. Chemphyschem 2017; 18:749-754. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201601217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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16
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Bye JW, Freeman CL, Howard JD, Herz G, McGregor J, Falconer RJ. Analysis of Mesoscopic Structured 2-Propanol/Water Mixtures Using Pressure Perturbation Calorimetry and Molecular Dynamic Simulation. J SOLUTION CHEM 2017; 46:175-189. [PMID: 28163342 PMCID: PMC5241351 DOI: 10.1007/s10953-016-0554-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In this paper we demonstrate the application of pressure perturbation calorimetry (PPC) to the characterization of 2-propanol/water mixtures. PPC of different 2-propanol/water mixtures provides two useful measurements: (i) the change in heat (ΔQ); and (ii) the \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \left[ {\delta \bar{C}_{p} /\delta p} \right]_{T} $$\end{document}δC¯p/δpT value. The results demonstrate that the ΔQ values of the mixtures deviate from that expected for a random mixture, with a maximum at ~20–25 mol% 2-propanol. This coincides with the concentration at which molecular dynamics (MD) simulations show a maximum deviation from random distribution, and also the point at which alcohol–alcohol hydrogen bonds become dominant over alcohol–water hydrogen bonds. Furthermore, the \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \left[ {\delta \bar{C}_{p} /\delta p} \right]_{T} $$\end{document}δC¯p/δpT value showed transitions at 2.5 mol% 2-propanol and at approximately 14 mol% 2-propanol. Below 2.5 mol% 2-propanol the values of \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \left[ {\delta \bar{C}_{p} /\delta p} \right]_{T} $$\end{document}δC¯p/δpT are negative; this is indicative of the presence of isolated 2-propanol molecules surrounded by water molecules. Above 2.5 mol% 2-propanol \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \left[ {\delta \bar{C}_{p} /\delta p} \right]_{T} $$\end{document}δC¯p/δpT rises, reaching a maximum at ~14 mol% corresponding to a point where mixed alcohol–water networks are thought to dominate. The values and trends identified by PPC show excellent agreement not only with those obtained from MD simulations but also with results in the literature derived using viscometry, THz spectroscopy, NMR and neutron diffraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan W Bye
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, ChELSI Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S1 3JD England, UK
| | - Colin L Freeman
- Department of Material Science & Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S1 3JD England, UK
| | - John D Howard
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, ChELSI Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S1 3JD England, UK
| | - Gregor Herz
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, ChELSI Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S1 3JD England, UK
| | - James McGregor
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, ChELSI Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S1 3JD England, UK
| | - Robert J Falconer
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, ChELSI Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S1 3JD England, UK
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18
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Shalaev E, Soper AK. Water in a Soft Confinement: Structure of Water in Amorphous Sorbitol. J Phys Chem B 2016; 120:7289-96. [PMID: 27379700 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.6b06157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The structure of water in 70 wt % sorbitol-30 wt % water mixture is investigated by wide-angle neutron scattering (WANS) as a function of temperature. WANS data are analyzed using empirical potential structure refinement to obtain the site-site radial distribution functions (RDFs). Orientational structure of water is represented using OW-OW-OW triangles distributions and a tetrahedrality parameter, q, while water-water correlation function is used to estimate size of water clusters. Water structure in the sorbitol matrix is compared with that of water confined in nanopores of MCM41. The results indicate the existence of voids in the sorbitol matrix with the length scale of approximately 5 Å, which are filled by water. At 298 K, positional water structure in these voids is similar to that of water in MCM41, whereas there is a difference in the tetrahedral (orientational) arrangement. Cooling to 213 K strengthens tetrahedrality, with the orientational order of water in sorbitol becoming similar to that of confined water in MCM41 at 210 K, whereas further cooling to 100 K does not introduce any additional changes in the tetrahedrality. The results obtained allow us to propose, for the first time, that such confinement of water in a sorbitol matrix is the main reason for the lack of ice formation in this system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alan K Soper
- ISIS Facility, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory , Harwell Campus, Didcot, Oxon OX11 OQX, United Kingdom
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19
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Falkowska M, Bowron DT, Manyar HG, Hardacre C, Youngs TGA. Neutron Scattering of Aromatic and Aliphatic Liquids. Chemphyschem 2016; 17:2043-55. [PMID: 26990367 PMCID: PMC4999024 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201600149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Organic solvents, such as cyclohexane, cyclohexene, methylcyclohexane, benzene and toluene, are widely used as both reagents and solvents in industrial processes. Despite the ubiquity of these liquids, the local structures that govern the chemical properties have not been studied extensively. Herein, we report neutron diffraction measurements on liquid cyclohexane, cyclohexene, methylcyclohexane, benzene and toluene at 298 K to obtain a detailed description of the local structure in these compounds. The radial distribution functions of the centres of the molecules, as well as the partial distribution functions for the double bond for cyclohexene and methyl group for methylcyclohexane and toluene have been calculated. Additionally, probability density functions and angular radial distribution functions were extracted to provide a full description of the local structure within the chosen liquids. Structural motifs are discussed and compared for all liquids, referring specifically to the functional group and aromaticity present in the different liquids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Falkowska
- STFC ISIS Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell, Oxford, Didcot, Oxon, OX11 0QX, UK.,CenTACat, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen's University, Belfast, Stranmillis Road, BT9 5AG, UK
| | - Daniel T Bowron
- STFC ISIS Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell, Oxford, Didcot, Oxon, OX11 0QX, UK
| | - Haresh G Manyar
- CenTACat, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen's University, Belfast, Stranmillis Road, BT9 5AG, UK
| | - Christopher Hardacre
- CenTACat, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen's University, Belfast, Stranmillis Road, BT9 5AG, UK.
| | - Tristan G A Youngs
- STFC ISIS Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell, Oxford, Didcot, Oxon, OX11 0QX, UK.
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