1
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Vratsanos M, Xue W, Rosenmann ND, Zarzar LD, Gianneschi NC. Ouzo Effect Examined at the Nanoscale via Direct Observation of Droplet Nucleation and Morphology. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2023; 9:457-465. [PMID: 36968532 PMCID: PMC10037490 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.2c01194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we present the direct observation via liquid-phase transmission electron microscopy (LPTEM) of the nucleation and growth pathways of structures formed by the so-called "ouzo effect", which is a classic example of surfactant-free, spontaneous emulsification. Such liquid-liquid phase separation occurs in ternary systems with an appropriate cosolvent such that the addition of the third component extracts the cosolvent and makes the other component insoluble. Such droplets are homogeneously sized, stable, and require minimal energy to disperse compared to conventional emulsification methods. Thus, ouzo precipitation processes are an attractive, straightforward, and energy-efficient technique for preparing dispersions, especially those made on an industrial scale. While this process and the resulting emulsions have been studied by numerous indirect techniques (e.g., X-ray and light scattering), direct observation of such structures and their formation at the nanoscale has remained elusive. Here, we employed the nascent technique of LPTEM to simultaneously evaluate droplet growth and nanostructure. Observation of such emulsification and its rate dependence is a promising indication that similar LPTEM methodologies may be used to investigate emulsion formation and kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria
A. Vratsanos
- Department
of Materials Science & Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Wangyang Xue
- Department
of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Nathan D. Rosenmann
- Department
of Materials Science & Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Lauren D. Zarzar
- Department
of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, The
Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Materials
Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State
University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Nathan C. Gianneschi
- Department
of Materials Science & Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- International
Institute for Nanotechnology, Simpson Querrey Institute, Chemistry
of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern
University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United
States
- Department
of Chemistry, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of
Pharmacology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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2
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Iglicki D, Goubault C, Nour Mahamoud M, Chevance S, Gauffre F. Shedding light on the formation and stability of mesostructures in ternary "Ouzo" mixtures. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 633:72-81. [PMID: 36436349 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.11.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS Ternary systems made of water, a water-miscible solvent, and hydrophobic solutes spontaneously produce metastable particles by the "Ouzo effect" and thermodynamically stable "Surfactant-Free Micro Emulsions" (SFME). However, the use of different analyses has led to a variability in the criteria to determine the boundaries of the Ouzo domain. We hypothesized that this could be clarified by investigating the stability and the physical state of the particles. EXPERIMENTS We investigate four systems using both solid and liquid solutes and two different solvents, and achieved a careful investigation of their phase diagrams, using DLS, Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis, NMR, Multiple Light Scattering, electrophoretic mobility, and fluorescence analysis. FINDINGS Our results evidence that the transition from the monophasic to the Ouzo domains does not coincide with the cloudiness curve, and that compositions in the Ouzo domain can look fully transparent, in contrast to what is often considered. This transition is best determined by stability analysis. The cloudiness curve corresponds to the formation of particles with a large size dispersity. In the Ouzo domain, we observed an exchange of solute between the continuous phase and solute particles swollen with solvent. In addition, the particles are stabilized against coalescence by their high negative charge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Déborah Iglicki
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ISCR - UMR 6226, ScanMat - UAR 2025, F-35000 Rennes, France.
| | - Clément Goubault
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ISCR - UMR 6226, ScanMat - UAR 2025, F-35000 Rennes, France.
| | | | - Soizic Chevance
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ISCR - UMR 6226, ScanMat - UAR 2025, F-35000 Rennes, France.
| | - Fabienne Gauffre
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ISCR - UMR 6226, ScanMat - UAR 2025, F-35000 Rennes, France.
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3
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Gradzielski M, Duvail M, de Molina PM, Simon M, Talmon Y, Zemb T. Using Microemulsions: Formulation Based on Knowledge of Their Mesostructure. Chem Rev 2021; 121:5671-5740. [PMID: 33955731 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Microemulsions, as thermodynamically stable mixtures of oil, water, and surfactant, are known and have been studied for more than 70 years. However, even today there are still quite a number of unclear aspects, and more recent research work has modified and extended our picture. This review gives a short overview of how the understanding of microemulsions has developed, the current view on their properties and structural features, and in particular, how they are related to applications. We also discuss more recent developments regarding nonclassical microemulsions such as surfactant-free (ultraflexible) microemulsions or ones containing uncommon solvents or amphiphiles (like antagonistic salts). These new findings challenge to some extent our previous understanding of microemulsions, which therefore has to be extended to look at the different types of microemulsions in a unified way. In particular, the flexibility of the amphiphilic film is the key property to classify different microemulsion types and their properties in this review. Such a classification of microemulsions requires a thorough determination of their structural properties, and therefore, the experimental methods to determine microemulsion structure and dynamics are reviewed briefly, with a particular emphasis on recent developments in the field of direct imaging by means of electron microscopy. Based on this classification of microemulsions, we then discuss their applications, where the application demands have to be met by the properties of the microemulsion, which in turn are controlled by the flexibility of their amphiphilic interface. Another frequently important aspect for applications is the control of the rheological properties. Normally, microemulsions are low viscous and therefore enhancing viscosity has to be achieved by either having high concentrations (often not wished for) or additives, which do not significantly interfere with the microemulsion. Accordingly, this review gives a comprehensive account of the properties of microemulsions, including most recent developments and bringing them together from a united viewpoint, with an emphasis on how this affects the way of formulating microemulsions for a given application with desired properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Gradzielski
- Stranski-Laboratorium für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Magali Duvail
- ICSM, Université Montpellier, CEA, CNRS, ENSCM, 30207 Marcoule, France
| | - Paula Malo de Molina
- Centro de Física de Materiales (CFM) (CSIC-UPV/EHU)-Materials Physics Center (MPC), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 5, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain.,IKERBASQUE - Basque Foundation for Science, María Díaz de Haro 3, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Miriam Simon
- Stranski-Laboratorium für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, D-10623 Berlin, Germany.,Department of Chemical Engineering and the Russell Berrie Nanotechnolgy Inst. (RBNI), Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, IL-3200003, Israel
| | - Yeshayahu Talmon
- Department of Chemical Engineering and the Russell Berrie Nanotechnolgy Inst. (RBNI), Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, IL-3200003, Israel
| | - Thomas Zemb
- Stranski-Laboratorium für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, D-10623 Berlin, Germany.,ICSM, Université Montpellier, CEA, CNRS, ENSCM, 30207 Marcoule, France
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4
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El Maangar A, Degot P, Huber V, Causse J, Berthault P, Touraud D, Kunz W, Zemb T. Pre-nucleation cluster formation upon ethyl acetate addition to an aqueous solution of an anionic hydrotrope. J Mol Liq 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.113240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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5
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A fast and remote screening method for sub-micro-structuration in pressurized mixtures containing water and carbon dioxide. J Supercrit Fluids 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2019.104555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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6
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Yin T, Chen Y, Shen W. Aggregation of an ionic-liquid type hydrotrope 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium p-toluenesulfonate in aqueous solution. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2018.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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7
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Abstract
The directed assembly of molecular building blocks into discrete supermolecules or extended supramolecular networks through noncovalent intermolecular interactions is an ongoing challenge in chemistry. This challenge may be overcome by establishing a hierarchy of intermolecular interactions that, in turn, may facilitate the edification of supramolecular assemblies. As noncovalent interactions can be used to accelerate the reaction rates and/or to increase their selectivity, the development of efficient and practical catalytic systems, using supramolecular chemistry, has been achieved during the last few decades. However, between discrete and extended supramolecular assemblies, the newly developed “colloidal tectonics” concept allows us to link the molecular and macroscopic scales through the structured engineering of colloidal structures that can be applied to the design of predictable, versatile, and switchable catalytic systems. The main cutting-edge strategies involving supramolecular chemistry and self-organization in catalysis will be discussed and compared in this review.
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8
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Chiappisi L, Grillo I. Looking into Limoncello: The Structure of the Italian Liquor Revealed by Small-Angle Neutron Scattering. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:15407-15415. [PMID: 31458197 PMCID: PMC6644077 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b01858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Limoncello, the Italian liquor based on lemon essential oils, is becoming increasingly popular around the world. This digestive is not only an iconic representative of Italian food culture, but it is also a complex colloidal system, made of essential oils, ethanol, sucrose, and water. Smell, aroma, taste, and appearance of Limoncello do, of course, depend on the components, in particular on the peculiar essential oil mixture. Accordingly, several studies are available in the literature investigating the composition of various Limoncellos. However, the microscopic structure plays an equally important role when it comes to the sensory properties of food and beverages. In this work, small-angle neutron scattering was used to probe the microscopic structure of Limoncello, revealing the presence of spontaneously formed 100 nm-sized droplets over a large range of composition and temperature. The results are not limited to this famous drink but can be extended to the rapidly developing formulations based on water-insoluble oils, water, and alcohols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Chiappisi
- Stranski
Laboratorium für Physikalische Chemie und Theoretische Chemie,
Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität
Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 124, Sekr. TC7, , D-10623 Berlin, Germany
- Institut
Max von Laue−Paul Langevin, 71 avenue des Martyrs, 38042 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Isabelle Grillo
- Institut
Max von Laue−Paul Langevin, 71 avenue des Martyrs, 38042 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
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9
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Schöttl S, Horinek D. Salt effects in surfactant-free microemulsions. J Chem Phys 2018; 148:222818. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5022883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Schöttl
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Dominik Horinek
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
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10
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Krickl S, Touraud D, Bauduin P, Zinn T, Kunz W. Enzyme activity of horseradish peroxidase in surfactant-free microemulsions. J Colloid Interface Sci 2018; 516:466-475. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2018.01.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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11
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Shimizu S, Matubayasi N. Statistical thermodynamic foundation for mesoscale aggregation in ternary mixtures. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:13777-13784. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp01207e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The origin of persistent mesoscale aggregation around the plait point has been clarified from statistical thermodynamics and differential geometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seishi Shimizu
- York Structural Biology Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry
- University of York
- York YO10 5DD
- UK
| | - Nobuyuki Matubayasi
- Division of Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science
- Osaka University
- Osaka 560-8531
- Japan
- Elements Strategy Initiative for Catalysts and Batteries
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12
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Prévost S, Gradzielski M, Zemb T. Self-assembly, phase behaviour and structural behaviour as observed by scattering for classical and non-classical microemulsions. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2017; 247:374-396. [PMID: 28780230 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2017.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this review, we discuss the conditions for forming microemulsions, systems which are thermodynamically stable mixtures of oil and water made stable by the presence of an interfacial film containing surface active molecules. There are several types of microemulsions, depending largely on the stiffness of the amphiphilic monolayer that separates the oily and the aqueous micro-domain. We first discuss and compare the phase behaviour of these different types, starting from the classical microemulsion made from a flexible surfactant film but then also moving on to less classical situations: this occurs when the interfacial film is stiff or when microemulsions are formed in the absence of a classical surfactant. In the second part, we relate these different microemulsion types to the structural features as can be determined via different methodologies by small angle scattering (SAS). Using absolute scaling, general theorems as well as fitting under constraints or to pre-supposed shapes in real space or correlation functions in reciprocal space allows to classify all microemulsions into classical flexible, rigid or ultra-flexible microemulsions with either globular, connected cylinder of locally flat interfaces, with the corresponding conductivity and phase stability properties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Gradzielski
- Stranski-Laboratorium für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, D-10623 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Thomas Zemb
- Stranski-Laboratorium für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, D-10623 Berlin, Germany; Institut de Chimie Séparative de Marcoule (ICSM), Bldg 426, Centre de Marcoule, F-30207 Bagnols sur Cèze, France
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13
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Jehannin M, Charton S, Corso B, Möhwald H, Riegler H, Zemb T. Structured solvent effects on precipitation. Colloid Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-017-4153-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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14
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Shimizu S, Matubayasi N. Unifying hydrotropy under Gibbs phase rule. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:23597-23605. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp02132a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A rational approach, aiming at constructing a unified theory of hydrotropy, will be presented based upon the first principles of statistical thermodynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seishi Shimizu
- York Structural Biology Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry
- University of York
- York YO10 5DD
- UK
| | - Nobuyuki Matubayasi
- Division of Chemical Engineering
- Graduate School of Engineering Science
- Osaka University
- Toyonaka
- Japan
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15
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Buchecker T, Krickl S, Winkler R, Grillo I, Bauduin P, Touraud D, Pfitzner A, Kunz W. The impact of the structuring of hydrotropes in water on the mesoscale solubilisation of a third hydrophobic component. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:1806-1816. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp06696h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The complex structuring of alcohols in water influences the mesoscale solubilisation of a third component depending on its nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Buchecker
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry
- University of Regensburg
- 93040 Regensburg
- Germany
| | - Sebastian Krickl
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry
- University of Regensburg
- 93040 Regensburg
- Germany
| | - Robert Winkler
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry
- University of Regensburg
- 93040 Regensburg
- Germany
| | | | - Pierre Bauduin
- Institut de chimie séparative de Marcoule (ICSM)
- UMR 5257 (CEA, CNRS, UM, ENSCM)
- 30207 Bagnols-sur-Cèze
- France
| | - Didier Touraud
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry
- University of Regensburg
- 93040 Regensburg
- Germany
| | - Arno Pfitzner
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry
- University of Regensburg
- 93040 Regensburg
- Germany
| | - Werner Kunz
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry
- University of Regensburg
- 93040 Regensburg
- Germany
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16
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Krickl S, Buchecker T, Meyer AU, Grillo I, Touraud D, Bauduin P, König B, Pfitzner A, Kunz W. A systematic study of the influence of mesoscale structuring on the kinetics of a chemical reaction. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:23773-23780. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp02134h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this contribution, we link the mesoscopic structuring of the binary structured solvent mixture H2O/tert-butanol (TBA) to the kinetics and efficacy of the oxidation of benzyl alcohol (BA) to the corresponding aldehyde catalyzed by H5PMo10V2O40.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Krickl
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry
- University of Regensburg
- 93040 Regensburg
- Germany
| | - Thomas Buchecker
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry
- University of Regensburg
- 93040 Regensburg
- Germany
| | - Andreas Uwe Meyer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- University of Regensburg
- 93040 Regensburg
- Germany
| | | | - Didier Touraud
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry
- University of Regensburg
- 93040 Regensburg
- Germany
| | - Pierre Bauduin
- Institut de Chimie Séparative de Marcoule (ICSM)
- UMR 5257 (CEA, CNRS, UM, ENSCM)
- 30207 Bagnols-sur-Cèze
- France
| | - Burkhard König
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- University of Regensburg
- 93040 Regensburg
- Germany
| | - Arno Pfitzner
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry
- University of Regensburg
- 93040 Regensburg
- Germany
| | - Werner Kunz
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry
- University of Regensburg
- 93040 Regensburg
- Germany
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17
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Pogrzeba T, Schmidt M, Hohl L, Weber A, Buchner G, Schulz J, Schwarze M, Kraume M, Schomäcker R. Catalytic Reactions in Aqueous Surfactant-Free Multiphase Emulsions. Ind Eng Chem Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.6b03384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Pogrzeba
- Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 124, Sekr.
TC-8, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Marcel Schmidt
- Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 124, Sekr.
TC-8, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Lena Hohl
- Chemical and Process Engineering, Technische Universität Berlin, Ackerstraße 76, D-13355 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ariane Weber
- Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 124, Sekr.
TC-8, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Georg Buchner
- Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 124, Sekr.
TC-8, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Joschka Schulz
- Chemical and Process Engineering, Technische Universität Berlin, Ackerstraße 76, D-13355 Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Schwarze
- Plant and Process Safety, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 135, TK-01, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias Kraume
- Chemical and Process Engineering, Technische Universität Berlin, Ackerstraße 76, D-13355 Berlin, Germany
| | - Reinhard Schomäcker
- Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 124, Sekr.
TC-8, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
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18
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Mohorič U, Beutner A, Krickl S, Touraud D, Kunz W, Matysik FM. Surfactant-free microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography (SF-MEEKC) with UV and MS detection - a novel approach for the separation and ESI-MS detection of neutral compounds. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:8681-8689. [PMID: 27866256 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-0057-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography (MEEKC) is a powerful tool to separate neutral species based on differences in their hydrophobic and hydrophilic properties. However, as a major drawback the conventionally used SDS based microemulsions are not compatible with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). In this work, a surfactant-free microemulsion (SFME) consisting of water, ethanol, and 1-octanol is used for surfactant-free microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography (SF-MEEKC). Ammonium acetate was added to the SFME enabling electrophoretic separations. The stability of SFMEs containing ammonium acetate was investigated using small-angle X-ray scattering and dynamic light scattering. A method for the separation of a model system of hydrophobic and hydrophilic neutral vitamins, namely the vitamins B2 and D3, and the cationic vitamin B1 was developed using UV/VIS detection. The influence of the ammonium acetate concentration on the separation performance was studied in detail. The method was characterized concerning reproducibility of migration times and peak areas and concerning the linearity of the calibration data. Furthermore, SF-MEEKC was coupled to ESI-MS investigating the compatibility between SFMEs and the ESI process. The signal intensities of ESI-MS measurements of the model analytes were comparable for SFMEs and aqueous systems. Finally, the vitamin D3 content of a drug treating vitamin D3 deficiency was determined by SF-MEEKC coupled to ESI-MS using 25-hydroxycholecalciferol as an internal standard. Graphical abstract The concept of surfactant-free microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urška Mohorič
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Andrea Beutner
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Krickl
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Didier Touraud
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Werner Kunz
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Frank-Michael Matysik
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany.
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19
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Wolf S, Feldmann C. Mikroemulsionen: neue Möglichkeiten zur Erweiterung der Synthese anorganischer Nanopartikel. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201604263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Silke Wolf
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT); Engesserstraße 15 76131 Karlsruhe Deutschland
| | - Claus Feldmann
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT); Engesserstraße 15 76131 Karlsruhe Deutschland
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20
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Wolf S, Feldmann C. Microemulsions: Options To Expand the Synthesis of Inorganic Nanoparticles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:15728-15752. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201604263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Silke Wolf
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Engesserstrasse 15 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Claus Feldmann
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Engesserstrasse 15 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
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Prevost S, Lopian T, Pleines M, Diat O, Zemb T. Small-angle scattering and morphologies of ultra-flexible microemulsions. J Appl Crystallogr 2016; 49:2063-2072. [PMID: 27980512 PMCID: PMC5139994 DOI: 10.1107/s1600576716016150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Three-component fluids can exhibit structured density fluctuations, and their small-angle scattering patterns present similarities to those of classical microemulsions. One general analytical expression with two additive contributions (one for the two immiscible fluids and a smaller one for a structured fluid) allows the whole phase diagram to be mapped in the single-phase domain. The phase diagrams of ternary mixtures of partly miscible solvents containing a hydrotropic co-solvent exhibit a variable miscibility gap and one critical point. This work investigates the entire monophasic region far from and near to the miscibility gap in octan-1-ol/ethanol/water, for which ultra-flexible microemulsions (UFMEs) are observed by small-angle scattering techniques. SWAXS (combined small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering) allows the elucidation of these types of structure. Three distinct areas can be identified in the phase diagram, with scattering data resembling those from direct, bicontinuous and reverse local structures. These UFMEs are far more polydisperse than their surfactant-based counterparts. Water-rich and solvent-rich domains are only delimited by a small excess of hydrotrope, instead of a well defined surfactant layer of fixed area per molecule. It is shown that all scattering spectra obtained for the nanostructured compositions can be modelled by a simple unified analytical model composed of two uncorrelated contributions. The main one is the Ornstein–Zernike formula for composition fluctuations which gives information about the pseudo-phase domain size. The second is a Lorentzian that captures the structure of at least one of the coexisting pseudo-phases. No Porod law can be measured in the SAXS domain. The proposed expression gives access to two characteristic sizes as well as one inter-aggregate distance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Prevost
- ESRF - The European Synchrotron, 71 avenue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Tobias Lopian
- Institut de Chimie Séparative de Marcoule (ICSM), UMR 5257 (CEA/CNRS/UM2/ENCSM), 30207 Bagnols-sur-Cèze, France; Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Maximilian Pleines
- Institut de Chimie Séparative de Marcoule (ICSM), UMR 5257 (CEA/CNRS/UM2/ENCSM), 30207 Bagnols-sur-Cèze, France; Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Olivier Diat
- Institut de Chimie Séparative de Marcoule (ICSM), UMR 5257 (CEA/CNRS/UM2/ENCSM), 30207 Bagnols-sur-Cèze, France
| | - Thomas Zemb
- Institut de Chimie Séparative de Marcoule (ICSM), UMR 5257 (CEA/CNRS/UM2/ENCSM), 30207 Bagnols-sur-Cèze, France
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Zhang M, Wang J, Zhang P. Controllable Self-Assembly of Amphiphilic Dendrimers on a Silica Surface: The Effect of Molecular Topological Structure and Salinity. J Phys Chem B 2016; 120:10990-10999. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.6b05673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Minghui Zhang
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Colloid,
Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Jinben Wang
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Colloid,
Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Pei Zhang
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Colloid,
Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
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Lopian T, Schöttl S, Prévost S, Pellet-Rostaing S, Horinek D, Kunz W, Zemb T. Morphologies Observed in Ultraflexible Microemulsions with and without the Presence of a Strong Acid. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2016; 2:467-75. [PMID: 27504493 PMCID: PMC4965855 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.6b00116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
We show that three different morphologies exist near the two-phase boundary of ternary systems containing a hydrotropic cosolvent. Based on synchrotron small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering combined with molecular dynamics, we rationalize the specific scattering signature of direct, bicontinuous, and reverse mesoscale solubilization. Surprisingly, these mesostructures are resilient toward strong acids, which are required in industrial applications. However, on a macroscopic scale, the phase boundary shifts in salting-in and salting-out in the direct and respectively reverse regime, leading to a crossing of the binodals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Lopian
- Institut
de Chimie Séparative de Marcoule, UMR 5257(CEA/CNRS/UM2/ENCSM), 30207 Bagnols sur
Cèze, France
- Institute
of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University
of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Schöttl
- Institute
of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University
of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Sylvain Prévost
- ESRF—the
European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Stéphane Pellet-Rostaing
- Institut
de Chimie Séparative de Marcoule, UMR 5257(CEA/CNRS/UM2/ENCSM), 30207 Bagnols sur
Cèze, France
| | - Dominik Horinek
- Institute
of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University
of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
- E-mail:
| | - Werner Kunz
- Institute
of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University
of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Zemb
- Institut
de Chimie Séparative de Marcoule, UMR 5257(CEA/CNRS/UM2/ENCSM), 30207 Bagnols sur
Cèze, France
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24
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Leontidis E. Chaotropic salts interacting with soft matter: Beyond the lyotropic series. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cocis.2016.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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25
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Witala M, Lages S, Nygård K. Mesoscale ordering in binary aqueous solvents induced by ion size asymmetry. SOFT MATTER 2016; 12:4778-4782. [PMID: 27112965 DOI: 10.1039/c6sm00580b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Surprising weak assembly behavior has lately been found in binary aqueous solvents containing antagonistic salt. The underlying mechanism is still under debate, particularly the role of ion size asymmetry. Here we use small-angle X-ray scattering to study the effect of ion size asymmetry on the mesoscale ordering in a binary solvent composed of water and 2,6-dimethylpyridine with added symmetrical quaternary ammonium salt. By systematically elongating the hydrocarbon side-chain lengths, and hence developing cation-to-anion size asymmetry, we provide the first experimental evidence of a gradual build-up of the solvent's mesoscale ordering. These results are in qualitative agreement with model-independent theoretical predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Witala
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Sebastian Lages
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, PO Box 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Kim Nygård
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden.
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27
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Murphy T, Hayes R, Imberti S, Warr GG, Atkin R. Ionic liquid nanostructure enables alcohol self assembly. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:12797-809. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp01739h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Weakly structured solutions are formed from mixtures of one or more amphiphiles and a polar solvent (usually water), and often contain additional organic components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Murphy
- Priority Research Centre for Advanced Fluids and Interfaces
- Newcastle Institute for Energy & Resources
- University of Newcastle
- Callaghan
- Australia
| | - Robert Hayes
- Priority Research Centre for Advanced Fluids and Interfaces
- Newcastle Institute for Energy & Resources
- University of Newcastle
- Callaghan
- Australia
| | | | | | - Rob Atkin
- Priority Research Centre for Advanced Fluids and Interfaces
- Newcastle Institute for Energy & Resources
- University of Newcastle
- Callaghan
- Australia
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