1
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Yang C, Luo Y, Li Z, Wei C, Liao S. The Role of Lanthanum Stearate on Strain-Induced Crystallization and the Mechanical Properties of Whole Field Latex Rubber. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:276. [PMID: 38276684 PMCID: PMC10819546 DOI: 10.3390/polym16020276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Natural rubber (NR) is extensively utilized in numerous industries, such as aerospace, military, and transportation, because of its exceptional elasticity and all-around mechanical qualities. However, commercial NR made using various techniques typically has distinct mechanical characteristics. For instance, whole field latex rubber (SCR-WF) cured with accelerator 2-Mercaptobenzothiazole exhibits poor mechanical properties. This work attempts to enhance the mechanical property of SCR-WF via the addition of lanthanum stearate (LaSt). The influence of LaSt on strain-induced crystallization (SIC) and the mechanical properties of SCR-WF were investigated. The results of crosslinking density measured by the equilibrium swelling method demonstrate that the presence of LaSt significantly increases the crosslinking density of SCR-WF with lower loading of LaSt. The results of the mechanical properties show that the introduction of LaSt can enhance the tensile strength and fracture toughness of SCR-WF. To reveal the mechanism of LaSt improving the mechanical properties of SCR-WF, synchrotron radiation wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) experiments were used to investigate the SIC behaviors of SCR-WF. We found that the LaSt leads to higher crystallinity of SIC for the strain higher than 3.5. The tube model indicates the contribution of LaSt in both crosslinking and topological constraints. This work may provide an instruction for developing SCR-WF with superior mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changjin Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China;
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Tropical Island Resources, Ministry of Education, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (Y.L.); (Z.L.); (C.W.)
| | - Yuhang Luo
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Tropical Island Resources, Ministry of Education, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (Y.L.); (Z.L.); (C.W.)
| | - Zechun Li
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Tropical Island Resources, Ministry of Education, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (Y.L.); (Z.L.); (C.W.)
| | - Chuanyu Wei
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Tropical Island Resources, Ministry of Education, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (Y.L.); (Z.L.); (C.W.)
| | - Shuangquan Liao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China;
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Tropical Island Resources, Ministry of Education, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (Y.L.); (Z.L.); (C.W.)
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2
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Tsunoda K, Kitamura Y, Urayama K. Transition of rupture mode of strain crystallizing elastomers in tensile edge-crack tests. SOFT MATTER 2023; 19:1966-1976. [PMID: 36810918 DOI: 10.1039/d3sm00060e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
We revisit the classical results that the fracture energy density (Wb) of strain crystallizing (SC) elastomers exhibits an abrupt change at a characteristic value () of initial notch length (c0) in tensile edge-crack tests. We elucidate that the abrupt change of Wb reflects the transition in rupture mode between the catastrophic crack growth without a significant SIC effect at c0 > and the crack growth like that under cyclic loading (dc/dn mode) at c0 < as a result of a pronounced SIC effect near the crack tip. At c0 < , the tearing energy (G) was considerably enhanced by hardening via SIC near the crack tip, preventing and postponing catastrophic crack growth. The fracture dominated by the dc/dn mode at c0 < was validated by the c0-dependent G characterized by G = (c0/B)1/2/2 and the specific striations on the fracture surface. As the theory expects, coefficient B quantitatively agreed with the result of a separate cyclic loading test using the same specimen. We propose the methodology to quantify the tearing energy enhanced via SIC (GSIC) and to evaluate the dependence of GSIC on ambient temperature (T) and strain rate (). The disappearance of the transition feature in the Wb-c0 relationships enables us to estimate definitely the upper limits of the SIC effects for T (T*) and (*). Comparisons of the GSIC, T*, and * values between natural rubber (NR) and its synthetic analog reveal the superior reinforcement effect via SIC in NR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhiko Tsunoda
- Sustainable and Advanced Materials Division, Bridgestone Corporation, Tokyo 187-8531, Japan.
| | - Yuji Kitamura
- Sustainable and Advanced Materials Division, Bridgestone Corporation, Tokyo 187-8531, Japan
| | - Kenji Urayama
- Department of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan.
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3
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Appamato I, Bunriw W, Harnchana V, Siriwong C, Mongkolthanaruk W, Thongbai P, Chanthad C, Chompoosor A, Ruangchai S, Prada T, Amornkitbamrung V. Engineering Triboelectric Charge in Natural Rubber-Ag Nanocomposite for Enhancing Electrical Output of a Triboelectric Nanogenerator. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:973-983. [PMID: 36567465 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c17057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
An environmentally friendly triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) is fabricated from a natural rubber (NR)-Ag nanocomposite for harvesting mechanical energy from human motions. Ag nanoparticles (AgNPs) synthesized with two different capping agents are added to NR polymer for improving dielectric constant that contributes to the enhancement of TENG performance. Dielectric constant is modulated via interfacial polarization between AgNPs and NR matrix. The effects of AgNP concentration, particle size and dispersion in NR composite, and type of capping agents on dielectric properties and electrical output of the NR composite TENG are elucidated. It is found that, apart from AgNPs content in the NR-Ag nanocomposite, cations of CTAB capping agent play important roles not only on the dispersion of AgNPs in NR matrix but also on intensifying tribopositive charges in the NR composite. In addition, the application of the NR-Ag TENG as a shoe insole is also demonstrated to convert human footsteps into electricity to power small electronic devices. Furthermore, with the presence of Ag nanoparticles, the fabricated shoe insole also exhibits antibacterial property against Staphylococcus aureus that causes foot odor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Intuorn Appamato
- Materials Science and Nanotechnology Program, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen40002, Thailand
| | - Weeraya Bunriw
- Materials Science and Nanotechnology Program, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen40002, Thailand
| | - Viyada Harnchana
- Department of Physics, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen40002, Thailand
- Institute of Nanomaterials Research and Innovation for Energy (IN-RIE), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen40002, Thailand
| | - Chomsri Siriwong
- Materials Chemistry Research Center and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen40002Thailand
| | - Wiyada Mongkolthanaruk
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen40002, Thailand
| | - Prasit Thongbai
- Department of Physics, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen40002, Thailand
- Institute of Nanomaterials Research and Innovation for Energy (IN-RIE), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen40002, Thailand
| | - Chalathorn Chanthad
- National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), NSTDA, 111 Thailand Science Park, Paholyothin Road, Klong Luang, Pathum Thani12120, Thailand
| | - Apiwat Chompoosor
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ramkhamhaeng University, Bangkok10240, Thailand
| | - Sukhum Ruangchai
- Department of Physics, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen40002, Thailand
- Institute of Nanomaterials Research and Innovation for Energy (IN-RIE), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen40002, Thailand
| | - Teerayut Prada
- Department of Physics, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen40002, Thailand
| | - Vittaya Amornkitbamrung
- Department of Physics, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen40002, Thailand
- Institute of Nanomaterials Research and Innovation for Energy (IN-RIE), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen40002, Thailand
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4
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Candau N, Fernandes JPC, Vasmer E, Maspoch ML. Cellulose nanocrystals as nucleating agents for the strain induced crystallization in natural rubber. SOFT MATTER 2022; 18:8663-8674. [PMID: 36349700 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm01291j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Vulcanized natural rubber (NR)/cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) composites with a CNC content of up to 5 wt% using physical blending and dicumyl peroxide crosslinking were prepared. The tensile properties were investigated at slow and high strain rates. The slow strain rate tests revealed an increase of the elastic modulus concomitant with a decrease of strain at the crystallization onset while increasing the CNC fraction. The high strain rate tests performed near adiabatic conditions demonstrated the ability of the CNC to improve the elastocaloric properties of the NR matrix, with an increase of 30% and 15% of heating and cooling capacities, respectively, in the presence of 3 wt% CNC. Such results were ascribed to (i) a higher thermoelastic effect, due to strain amplification in the NR matrix in the presence of CNC and (ii) a nucleating effect of the CNC on strain induced crystallization. This series of materials can be proposed as a promising eco-friendly alternative to conventional carbon black filled rubber as potential green elastocaloric materials (heating pump, cooling machines).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Candau
- Centre Català del Plàstic (CCP) - Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya Barcelona Tech (EEBE-UPC), Av. D'Eduard Maristany, 16, 08019, Spain.
| | | | - Emilien Vasmer
- Centre Català del Plàstic (CCP) - Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya Barcelona Tech (EEBE-UPC), Av. D'Eduard Maristany, 16, 08019, Spain.
| | - Maria Lluisa Maspoch
- Centre Català del Plàstic (CCP) - Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya Barcelona Tech (EEBE-UPC), Av. D'Eduard Maristany, 16, 08019, Spain.
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5
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Candau N, Albiter NL, Coll PR, Maspoch ML. Dynamically vulcanized polylactic acid/natural rubber/waste rubber blends: Effect of the crosslinking agent on the morphology and tensile properties. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Candau
- Centre Català del Plàstic, Departament de Ciència i Enginyeria de Materials Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. Barcelonatech Barcelona Spain
| | - Noel León Albiter
- Centre Català del Plàstic, Departament de Ciència i Enginyeria de Materials Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. Barcelonatech Barcelona Spain
| | - Pol Roura Coll
- Centre Català del Plàstic, Departament de Ciència i Enginyeria de Materials Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. Barcelonatech Barcelona Spain
| | - Maria Lluïsa Maspoch
- Centre Català del Plàstic, Departament de Ciència i Enginyeria de Materials Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. Barcelonatech Barcelona Spain
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6
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Osumi R, Yasui T, Tanaka R, Mai TT, Takagi H, Shimizu N, Tsunoda K, Sakurai S, Urayama K. Impact of Strain-Induced Crystallization on Fast Crack Growth in Stretched cis-1,4-Polyisoprene Rubber. ACS Macro Lett 2022; 11:747-752. [PMID: 35608107 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.2c00241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
cis-1,4-Polyisoprene (IR) elastomers harden via strain-induced crystallization (SIC) when the imposed stretch (λ) exceeds the onset value of SIC (λ*). We investigate the Mode-I fast crack growth in the IR sheets as a function of λ in a pure shear geometry. The steady-state crack velocity (V) increases with increasing λ, and V exceeds the shear wave speed of sound at λ > λs. Further stretch beyond λ* (>λs) causes SIC-driven hardening, resulting in a pronounced increase in V. The characteristics of the crack-tip strain field are also significantly influenced by the SIC-driven hardening: The crack-tip opening displacement increases with increasing λ at λ < λ* but exhibits an abrupt reduction beyond λ*. The crack-tip singularity and the area of strain increment caused by the crack growth change discontinuously around λ*. The abrupt variations in these crack-tip characteristics result from the considerable differences in the mechanical properties prior to the crack growth between the entirely amorphous state at λ < λ* and the partially crystallized state at λ > λ*.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Osumi
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Yasui
- Department of Biobased Materials Science, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Ruito Tanaka
- Department of Biobased Materials Science, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Thanh-Tam Mai
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Hideaki Takagi
- Photon Factory, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Shimizu
- Photon Factory, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Tsunoda
- Advanced Materials Division, Bridgestone Corporation, Tokyo 187-8531, Japan
| | - Shinichi Sakurai
- Department of Biobased Materials Science, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Kenji Urayama
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
- Department of Material Chemistry, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
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7
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Chongcharoenchaikul T, Miyaji K, Junkong P, Poompradub S, Ikeda Y. Effects of organic components in cuttlebone on the morphological and mechanical properties of peroxide cross-linked cuttlebone/natural rubber composites. RSC Adv 2022; 12:13557-13565. [PMID: 35530387 PMCID: PMC9070083 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra01885c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The clarification of the role of organic components in cuttlebone particles on the morphological and mechanical properties in terms of the strain-induced crystallization (SIC) of peroxide cross-linked cuttlebone/natural rubber (NR) composites was revealed for the first time in this study. The organic components in cuttlebone particles affected the increased bound rubber layers and the decreased rubber chain orientation due to the formation of interfacial interactions (filler-to-filler and/or filler-to-rubber interactions). During SIC, the presence of organic components in cuttlebone particles did not significantly affect the crystallinity index and crystallite size in cuttlebone/NR composites. The increased moduli in the stress–strain curve resulted from the presence of biofiller, SIC, and organic components in the cuttlebone. Therefore, the presence of organic components in biofiller is an important factor in improving the mechanical properties of green rubber composite materials. The role of organic components in cuttlebone particles on the morphological and mechanical properties in terms of the strain-induced crystallization of peroxide cross-linked cuttlebone/NR composites was revealed for the first time in this study.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Thitipat Chongcharoenchaikul
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology Matsugasaki, Sakyo Kyoto 606-8585 Japan.,Department of Chemical Technology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University Phatumwan Bangkok 10330 Thailand .,Center for Rubber Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology Matsugasaki, Sakyo Kyoto 606-8585 Japan
| | - Kosuke Miyaji
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology Matsugasaki, Sakyo Kyoto 606-8585 Japan.,Center for Rubber Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology Matsugasaki, Sakyo Kyoto 606-8585 Japan
| | - Preeyanuch Junkong
- Center for Rubber Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology Matsugasaki, Sakyo Kyoto 606-8585 Japan .,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University Ratchathewee Bangkok 10400 Thailand
| | - Sirilux Poompradub
- Department of Chemical Technology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University Phatumwan Bangkok 10330 Thailand .,Center for Rubber Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology Matsugasaki, Sakyo Kyoto 606-8585 Japan .,Center of Excellence on Petrochemical and Materials Technology, Chulalongkorn University Phatumwan Bangkok 10330 Thailand.,Green Materials for Industrial Application Research Unit, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University Phatumwan Bangkok 10330 Thailand
| | - Yuko Ikeda
- Center for Rubber Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology Matsugasaki, Sakyo Kyoto 606-8585 Japan .,Faculty of Molecular Chemistry and Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology Matsugasaki, Sakyo Kyoto 606-8585 Japan
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8
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Lin F, Jia W, Zhong L, Liu F, Zhang H, Wang B, Song Y. Effect of main chain modification during reversion on
strain‐induced
crystallization of polyisoprene rubbers. POLYM ENG SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.25958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Feng Liu
- EVE Rubber Institute Qingdao China
| | | | - Bin Wang
- EVE Rubber Institute Qingdao China
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9
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Eco-Friendly Triboelectric Material Based on Natural Rubber and Activated Carbon from Human Hair. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14061110. [PMID: 35335443 PMCID: PMC8955187 DOI: 10.3390/polym14061110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) has emerged as a novel energy technology that converts mechanical energy from surrounding environments to electricity. The TENG fabricated from environmentally friendly materials would encourage the development of next-generation energy technologies that are green and sustainable. In the present work, a green triboelectric material has been fabricated from natural rubber (NR) filled with activated carbon (AC) derived from human hair. It is found that the TENG fabricated from an NR-AC composite as a tribopositive material and a poly-tetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) sheet as a tribonegative one generates the highest peak-to-peak output voltage of 89.6 V, highest peak-to-peak output current of 6.9 µA, and can deliver the maximum power density of 242 mW/m2. The finding of this work presents a potential solution for the development of a green and sustainable energy source.
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10
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Candau N, Vives E, Fernández AI, Maspoch ML. Elastocaloric effect in vulcanized natural rubber and natural/wastes rubber blends. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.124309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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11
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Selectively Etched Halloysite Nanotubes as Performance Booster of Epoxidized Natural Rubber Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13203536. [PMID: 34685294 PMCID: PMC8537228 DOI: 10.3390/polym13203536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Halloysite Nanotubes (HNT) are chemically similar to clay, which makes them incompatible with non-polar rubbers such as natural rubber (NR). Modification of NR into a polar rubber is of interest. In this work, Epoxidized Natural Rubber (ENR) was prepared in order to obtain a composite that could assure filler-matrix compatibility. However, the performance of this composite was still not satisfactory, so an alternative to the basic HNT filler was pursued. The surface area of HNT was further increased by etching with acid; the specific surface increased with treatment time. The FTIR spectra confirmed selective etching on the Al-OH surface of HNT with reduction in peak intensity in the regions 3750-3600 cm-1 and 825-725 cm-1, indicating decrease in Al-OH structures. The use of acid-treated HNT improved modulus, tensile strength, and tear strength of the filled composites. This was attributed to the filler-matrix interactions of acid-treated HNT with ENR. Further evidence was found from the Payne effect being reduced to 44.2% through acid treatment of the filler. As for the strain-induced crystallization (SIC) in the composites, the stress-strain curves correlated well with the degree of crystallinity observed from synchrotron wide-angle X-ray scattering.
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12
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Potency of Urea-Treated Halloysite Nanotubes for the Simultaneous Boosting of Mechanical Properties and Crystallization of Epoxidized Natural Rubber Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13183068. [PMID: 34577969 PMCID: PMC8470401 DOI: 10.3390/polym13183068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) are naturally occurring tubular clay made of aluminosilicate sheets rolled several times. HNT has been used to reinforce many rubbers. However, the narrow diameter of this configuration causes HNT to have poor interfacial contact with the rubber matrix. Therefore, increasing the distance between layers could improve interfacial contact with the matrix. In this work, Epoxidized Natural Rubber (ENR)/HNT was the focus. The HNT layer distance was successfully increased by a urea-mechanochemical process. Attachment of urea onto HNT was verified by FTIR, where new peaks appeared around 3505 cm−1 and 3396 cm−1, corresponding to urea’s functionalities. The intercalation of urea to the distance gallery of HNT was revealed by XRD. It was also found that the use of urea-treated HNT improved the modulus, tensile strength, and tear strength of the composites. This was clearly responsible for interactions between ENR and urea-treated HNT. It was further verified by observing the Payne effect. The value of the Payne effect was found to be reduced at 62.38% after using urea for treatment. As for the strain-induced crystallization (SIC) of the composites, the stress–strain curves correlated well with the results from synchrotron wide-angle X-ray scattering.
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13
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Bunriw W, Harnchana V, Chanthad C, Huynh VN. Natural Rubber-TiO 2 Nanocomposite Film for Triboelectric Nanogenerator Application. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:2213. [PMID: 34279358 PMCID: PMC8271377 DOI: 10.3390/polym13132213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this research, natural rubber (NR)-TiO2 nanocomposites were developed for triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) application to harvest mechanical energy into electrical energy. Rutile TiO2 nanoparticles were used as fillers in NR material to improve dielectric properties so as to enhance the energy conversion performance of the NR composite TENG. The effect of filler concentration on TENG performance of the NR-TiO2 composites was investigated. In addition, ball-milling method was employed to reduce the agglomeration of TiO2 nanoparticles in order to improve their dispersion in the NR film. It was found that the TENG performance was significantly enhanced due to the increased dielectric constant of the NR-TiO2 composite films fabricated from the ball-milled TiO2. The TENG, fabricated from the NR-TiO2 composite using 24 h ball-milled TiO2 at 0.5%wt, delivered the highest power density of 237 mW/m2, which was almost four times higher than that of pristine NR TENG. Furthermore, the applications of the fabricated NR-TiO2 TENG as a power source to operate portable electronics devices were also demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weeraya Bunriw
- Materials Science and Nanotechnology Program, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Viyada Harnchana
- Department of Physics, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
- Institute of Nanomaterials Research and Innovation for Energy (IN-RIE), NANOTEC-KKU RNN on Nanomaterials Research and Innovation for Energy, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Chalathorn Chanthad
- National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), NSTDA, 111 Thailand Science Park, Paholyothin Road, Klong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Van Ngoc Huynh
- DTU Bioengineering, Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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14
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Suphasorn P, Appamato I, Harnchana V, Thongbai P, Chanthad C, Siriwong C, Amornkitbamrung V. Ag Nanoparticle-Incorporated Natural Rubber for Mechanical Energy Harvesting Application. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26092720. [PMID: 34066365 PMCID: PMC8125236 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26092720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The energy conversion performance of the triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) is a function of triboelectric charges which depend on the intrinsic properties of materials to hold charges or the dielectric properties of triboelectric materials. In this work, Ag nanoparticles were synthesized and used to incorporate into natural rubber (NR) in order to enhance the dielectric constant for enhancing the electrical output of TENG. It was found that the size of Ag nanoparticles was reduced with the increasing CTAB concentration. Furthermore, the CTAB surfactant helped the dispersion of metallic Ag nanoparticles in the NR-insulating matrix, which promoted interfacial polarization that affected the dielectric properties of the NR composite. Ag nanoparticle-incorporated NR films exhibited an improved dielectric constant of up to almost 40% and an enhanced TENG performance that generated the highest power density of 262.4 mW/m2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawanrat Suphasorn
- Materials Science and Nanotechnology Program, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; (P.S.); (I.A.)
| | - Intuorn Appamato
- Materials Science and Nanotechnology Program, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; (P.S.); (I.A.)
| | - Viyada Harnchana
- Department of Physics, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; (P.T.); (V.A.)
- Institute of Nanomaterials Research and Innovation for Energy (IN-RIE), NANOTEC-KKU RNN on Nanomaterials Research and Innovation for Energy, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
- Correspondence:
| | - Prasit Thongbai
- Department of Physics, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; (P.T.); (V.A.)
- Institute of Nanomaterials Research and Innovation for Energy (IN-RIE), NANOTEC-KKU RNN on Nanomaterials Research and Innovation for Energy, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Chalathorn Chanthad
- National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), NSTDA, 111 Thailand Science Park, Paholyothin Road, KlongLuang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand;
| | - Chomsri Siriwong
- Materials Chemistry Research Center, Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand;
| | - Vittaya Amornkitbamrung
- Department of Physics, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; (P.T.); (V.A.)
- Institute of Nanomaterials Research and Innovation for Energy (IN-RIE), NANOTEC-KKU RNN on Nanomaterials Research and Innovation for Energy, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
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15
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Candau N, Stoclet G, Tahon JF, Demongeot A, Yilgor E, Yilgor I, Menceloglu YZ, Oguz O. Mechanical reinforcement and memory effect of strain-induced soft segment crystals in thermoplastic polyurethane-urea elastomers. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.123708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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16
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Zhang X, Wu J, Xu Z, Yue D, Wu S, Yan S, Lu Y, Zhang L. Comparative study on the molecular chain orientation and strain-induced crystallization behaviors of HNBR with different acrylonitrile content under uniaxial stretching. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.123520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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17
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Low DYS, Supramaniam J, Soottitantawat A, Charinpanitkul T, Tanthapanichakoon W, Tan KW, Tang SY. Recent Developments in Nanocellulose-Reinforced Rubber Matrix Composites: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:550. [PMID: 33673391 PMCID: PMC7918781 DOI: 10.3390/polym13040550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Research and development of nanocellulose and nanocellulose-reinforced composite materials have garnered substantial interest in recent years. This is greatly attributed to its unique functionalities and properties, such as being renewable, sustainable, possessing high mechanical strengths, having low weight and cost. This review aims to highlight recent developments in incorporating nanocellulose into rubber matrices as a reinforcing filler material. It encompasses an introduction to natural and synthetic rubbers as a commodity at large and conventional fillers used today in rubber processing, such as carbon black and silica. Subsequently, different types of nanocellulose would be addressed, including its common sources, dimensions, and mechanical properties, followed by recent isolation techniques of nanocellulose from its resource and application in rubber reinforcement. The review also gathers recent studies and qualitative findings on the incorporation of a myriad of nanocellulose variants into various types of rubber matrices with the main goal of enhancing its mechanical integrity and potentially phasing out conventional rubber fillers. The mechanism of reinforcement and mechanical behaviors of these nanocomposites are highlighted. This article concludes with potential industrial applications of nanocellulose-reinforced rubber composites and the way forward with this technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren Yi Sern Low
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang 43900, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia;
- Chemical Engineering Discipline, School of Engineering, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 47500, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia;
| | - Janarthanan Supramaniam
- Chemical Engineering Discipline, School of Engineering, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 47500, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia;
| | - Apinan Soottitantawat
- Center of Excellence in Particle Technology and Materials Processing, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (A.S.); (T.C.); (W.T.)
| | - Tawatchai Charinpanitkul
- Center of Excellence in Particle Technology and Materials Processing, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (A.S.); (T.C.); (W.T.)
| | - Wiwut Tanthapanichakoon
- Center of Excellence in Particle Technology and Materials Processing, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (A.S.); (T.C.); (W.T.)
- Academy of Science, Royal Society of Thailand, Bangkok 10300, Thailand
| | - Khang Wei Tan
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang 43900, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia;
| | - Siah Ying Tang
- Chemical Engineering Discipline, School of Engineering, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 47500, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia;
- Advanced Engineering Platform, School of Engineering, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 47500, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
- Tropical Medicine and Biology Platform, School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 47500, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
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18
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Behera PK, Mohanty S, Gupta VK. Self-healing elastomers based on conjugated diolefins: a review. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py01458c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The introduction of dynamic covalent and physical crosslinks into diolefin-based elastomers improves mechanical and self-healing properties. The presence of dynamic crosslinks also helps in the reprocessing of elastomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasanta Kumar Behera
- Polymer Synthesis & Catalysis Group
- Reliance Research and Development Center
- Reliance Industries Limited
- Navi Mumbai 400701
- India
| | - Subhra Mohanty
- Polymer Synthesis & Catalysis Group
- Reliance Research and Development Center
- Reliance Industries Limited
- Navi Mumbai 400701
- India
| | - Virendra Kumar Gupta
- Polymer Synthesis & Catalysis Group
- Reliance Research and Development Center
- Reliance Industries Limited
- Navi Mumbai 400701
- India
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19
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Segiet D, Neuendorf LM, Tiller JC, Katzenberg F. Realizing a shape-memory effect for synthetic rubber (IR). POLYMER 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.122788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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20
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Zhang X, Sun S, Ning N, Yan S, Wu X, Lu Y, Zhang L. Visualization and Quantification of the Microstructure Evolution of Isoprene Rubber during Uniaxial Stretching Using AFM Nanomechanical Mapping. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b02656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xi Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Elastomer Materials Energy Conservation and Resources, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- Center of Advanced Elastomer Materials, College of Material Science & Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Shuquan Sun
- Engineering Research Center of Elastomer Materials Energy Conservation and Resources, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- Center of Advanced Elastomer Materials, College of Material Science & Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Nanying Ning
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic−Organic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- Engineering Research Center of Elastomer Materials Energy Conservation and Resources, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- Center of Advanced Elastomer Materials, College of Material Science & Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Shouke Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xiaohui Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic−Organic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- Engineering Research Center of Elastomer Materials Energy Conservation and Resources, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- Center of Advanced Elastomer Materials, College of Material Science & Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yonglai Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic−Organic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- Engineering Research Center of Elastomer Materials Energy Conservation and Resources, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- Center of Advanced Elastomer Materials, College of Material Science & Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Liqun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic−Organic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- Engineering Research Center of Elastomer Materials Energy Conservation and Resources, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- Center of Advanced Elastomer Materials, College of Material Science & Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
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21
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Richardson P, Martín-Fabiani I, Shaw P, Alsaffar E, Velasquez E, Ross-Gardner P, Shaw PL, Adams JM, Keddie JL. Competition between Crystallization and Coalescence during the Film Formation of Poly(Chloroprene) Latex and Effects on Mechanical Properties. Ind Eng Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b02279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philip Richardson
- Department of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
| | - Ignacio Martín-Fabiani
- Department of Materials, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, Leicestershire United Kingdom
| | - Patrick Shaw
- Department of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
| | - Eman Alsaffar
- Synthomer (UK) Ltd, Central Road, Harlow, Essex CM20 2BH, United Kingdom
| | - Emilie Velasquez
- Synthomer (UK) Ltd, Central Road, Harlow, Essex CM20 2BH, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Ross-Gardner
- Synthomer (UK) Ltd, Central Road, Harlow, Essex CM20 2BH, United Kingdom
| | - Peter L. Shaw
- Synthomer (UK) Ltd, Central Road, Harlow, Essex CM20 2BH, United Kingdom
| | - James M. Adams
- Department of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph L. Keddie
- Department of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
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22
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Zhang X, Niu K, Song W, Yan S, Zhao X, Lu Y, Zhang L. The Effect of Epoxidation on Strain-Induced Crystallization of Epoxidized Natural Rubber. Macromol Rapid Commun 2019; 40:e1900042. [PMID: 31021434 DOI: 10.1002/marc.201900042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The effect of epoxidation on strain-induced crystallization (SIC) of epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) and mechanism are studied with synchrotron radiation wide-angle X-ray diffraction (SR-WAXD) and polarized infrared spectroscopy (P-IR). WAXD results reveal that appropriate epoxidation, for example, ENR-25 epoxidized with ≈25% isoprene units, can unexpectedly enhance the SIC of natural rubber (NR), resulting in the improvement of tear resistance. On the other hand, exorbitant epoxidation, for example, ENR-40 epoxidized with ≈40% isoprene units, depresses the SIC and weakens the mechanical properties of NR remarkably. P-IR studies reveal that epoxidation can promote the orientation of chain segments along the stretching direction, which plays a determining role on SIC of NR. Accordingly, hierarchical multiscale schematic models are proposed. This insight into epoxidation on SIC of ENR strongly suggests that ENR with appropriate epoxidation degree is a promising candidate material for the fabrication of high-performance engineering rubber products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Elastomer Materials Energy Conservation and Resources, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China.,Center of Advanced Elastomer Materials, College of Material Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Kaijing Niu
- Engineering Research Center of Elastomer Materials Energy Conservation and Resources, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China.,Center of Advanced Elastomer Materials, College of Material Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Weixiao Song
- Engineering Research Center of Elastomer Materials Energy Conservation and Resources, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China.,Center of Advanced Elastomer Materials, College of Material Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Shouke Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Xiuying Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China.,Engineering Research Center of Elastomer Materials Energy Conservation and Resources, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China.,Center of Advanced Elastomer Materials, College of Material Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Yonglai Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China.,Engineering Research Center of Elastomer Materials Energy Conservation and Resources, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China.,Center of Advanced Elastomer Materials, College of Material Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Liqun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China.,Engineering Research Center of Elastomer Materials Energy Conservation and Resources, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China.,Center of Advanced Elastomer Materials, College of Material Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
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23
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Chang J, Lin Y, Chen W, Tian F, Chen P, Zhao J, Li L. Structural origin for the strain rate dependence of mechanical response of fluoroelastomer F2314. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.24817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiarui Chang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer FilmUniversity of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230026 China
| | - Yuanfei Lin
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer FilmUniversity of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230026 China
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and TechnologySouth China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
| | - Wei Chen
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer FilmUniversity of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230026 China
| | - Fucheng Tian
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer FilmUniversity of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230026 China
| | - Pinzhang Chen
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer FilmUniversity of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230026 China
| | - Jingyun Zhao
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer FilmUniversity of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230026 China
| | - Liangbin Li
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer FilmUniversity of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230026 China
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24
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Chen P, Zhao J, Lin Y, Chang J, Meng L, Wang D, Chen W, Chen L, Li L. In situ characterization of strain-induced crystallization of natural rubber by synchrotron radiation wide-angle X-ray diffraction: construction of a crystal network at low temperatures. SOFT MATTER 2019; 15:734-743. [PMID: 30633295 DOI: 10.1039/c8sm02126k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Strain-induced crystallization (SIC) of natural rubber (NR) at descending temperatures as low as -60 °C is systematically investigated by in situ synchrotron radiation wide-angle X-ray diffraction (SR-WAXD) measurement. The detailed structural evolution of NR during SIC is studied in the strain-temperature space, where up to four regions are defined depending on the SR-WAXD results. In region I, the molecular chains begin to be oriented under tensile loading. The onset of crystallization happens in the very beginning of region II, and the NR crystal acts as a new physical cross-linking point to form a crystal network, namely the series model. The further increment of crystallinity (> ca. 8%) leads to the transition of the crystal network from the series model to the parallel model in region III. The crystal network is finally accomplished in region IV, where the crystallinity remains almost constant. Interestingly, regions III and IV exist only in the intermediate-temperature zone II (-40 °C to -10 °C), which are missing in zones I (-10 °C to 25 °C) and III (-60 °C to -40 °C). This suggests that sufficient crystallinity (χII-III > ca. 8%) is required to form the parallel model. The new crystal network provides a deep understanding of SIC of NR considering the microscopic features, i.e. oriented amorphous component, the onset of crystallization and crystallinity evolution and its correlation with the macroscopic stress-strain curve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinzhang Chen
- National Synchrotron Radiation Lab and CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Film, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
| | - Jingyun Zhao
- National Synchrotron Radiation Lab and CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Film, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
| | - Yuanfei Lin
- National Synchrotron Radiation Lab and CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Film, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China. and South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jiarui Chang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Lab and CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Film, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
| | - Lingpu Meng
- National Synchrotron Radiation Lab and CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Film, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
| | - Daoliang Wang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Lab and CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Film, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
| | - Wei Chen
- National Synchrotron Radiation Lab and CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Film, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
| | - Liang Chen
- National Synchrotron Radiation Lab and CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Film, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
| | - Liangbin Li
- National Synchrotron Radiation Lab and CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Film, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
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25
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Role of strain rate in the strain-induced crystallization (SIC) of natural and synthetic isoprene rubber. Polym J 2018. [DOI: 10.1038/s41428-018-0144-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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26
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Kargarzadeh H, Mariano M, Huang J, Lin N, Ahmad I, Dufresne A, Thomas S. Recent developments on nanocellulose reinforced polymer nanocomposites: A review. POLYMER 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2017.09.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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27
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Affiliation(s)
- Costantino Creton
- Laboratoire
de Sciences et Ingénierie de la Matière Molle, CNRS,
ESPCI Paris, PSL Research University, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris, France
- Laboratoire
Sciences et Ingénierie de la Matière Molle, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Sorbonne-Universités, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris, France
- Global
Station for Soft Matter, Global Institution for Collaborative Research
and Education, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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28
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Complex dependence on the elastically active chains density of the strain induced crystallization of vulcanized natural rubbers, from low to high strain rate. POLYMER 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2016.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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29
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