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Yang Q, Gao X, Song F, Wang X, Zhang T, Xiong P, Bai Y, Liu X, Liu X, Zhang J, Fu G, Tan Y, Han Y, Zhang Q. Unsaturated Penta-Coordinated Mo 5c5+ Sites Enabled Low-Temperature Oxidation of C-H Bonds in Ethers. JACS AU 2023; 3:3141-3154. [PMID: 38034970 PMCID: PMC10685418 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.3c00479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Selective oxidation of C-H bonds under mild conditions is one of the most important and challenging issues in utilization of energy-related molecules. Molybdenum oxide nanostructures containing Mo5+ species are effective for these reactions, but the accurate identification of the structure of active Mo5+ species and the catalytic mechanism remain unclear. Herein, unsaturated penta-coordinated Mo5c5+ with a high fraction in MoOx fabricated by the hydrothermal method were identified as the active sites for low-temperature oxidation of dimethyl ether (DME) by the deep correlation of characterizations, density functional theory calculations, and activity results, giving a methyl formate selectivity of 96.3% and DME conversion of 12.5% at unreported 110 °C. Low-temperature electron spin resonance (ESR) and quasi in situ X-ray photoelectron spectra (XPS) with the designed experiments confirm that the Mo5c5+ species can be formed in situ. Molybdenum located at the pentachronic site is preferable to significantly promote the oxidation of the C-H bond in CH3O* at lower temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Yang
- State
Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion, Institute
of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, China
- University
of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiujuan Gao
- State
Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion, Institute
of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, China
- University
of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Faen Song
- State
Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion, Institute
of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Xiaoxing Wang
- State
Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion, Institute
of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- State
Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion, Institute
of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Pan Xiong
- State
Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion, Institute
of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, China
- University
of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yunxing Bai
- State
Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion, Institute
of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, China
- University
of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xingchen Liu
- State
Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion, Institute
of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Xiaoyan Liu
- Dalian
Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Junfeng Zhang
- State
Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion, Institute
of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Gang Fu
- State
Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Yisheng Tan
- State
Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion, Institute
of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Yizhuo Han
- State
Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion, Institute
of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Qingde Zhang
- State
Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion, Institute
of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, China
- Dalian
National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian 116023, China
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2
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Thrane J, Falholt Elvebakken C, Juelsholt M, Lindahl Christiansen T, Jensen KMØ, Pilsgaard Hansen L, Fahl Lundegaard L, Vie Mentzel U, Thorhauge M, Degn Jensen A, Høj M. Highly Stable Apatite Supported Molybdenum Oxide Catalysts for Selective Oxidation of Methanol to Formaldehyde: Structure, Activity and Stability. ChemCatChem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202101220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Thrane
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering Technical University of Denmark (DTU) Søltofts Plads 228 A DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
| | - Christopher Falholt Elvebakken
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering Technical University of Denmark (DTU) Søltofts Plads 228 A DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
| | - Mikkel Juelsholt
- Department of Chemistry University of Copenhagen (KU) Universitetsparken 5 DK-2100 København Ø Denmark
| | | | - Kirsten M. Ø. Jensen
- Department of Chemistry University of Copenhagen (KU) Universitetsparken 5 DK-2100 København Ø Denmark
| | | | | | - Uffe Vie Mentzel
- Haldor Topsøe A/S Haldor Topsøes Allé 1 DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
| | - Max Thorhauge
- Haldor Topsøe A/S Haldor Topsøes Allé 1 DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
| | - Anker Degn Jensen
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering Technical University of Denmark (DTU) Søltofts Plads 228 A DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
| | - Martin Høj
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering Technical University of Denmark (DTU) Søltofts Plads 228 A DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
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3
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A Review and Experimental Revisit of Alternative Catalysts for Selective Oxidation of Methanol to Formaldehyde. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal11111329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The selective oxidation of methanol to formaldehyde is a growing million-dollar industry, and has been commercial for close to a century. The Formox process, which is the largest production process today, utilizes an iron molybdate catalyst, which is highly selective, but has a short lifetime of 6 months due to volatilization of the active molybdenum oxide. Improvements of the process’s lifetime is, thus, desirable. This paper provides an overview of the efforts reported in the scientific literature to find alternative catalysts for the Formox process and critically assess these alternatives for their industrial potential. The catalysts can be grouped into three main categories: Mo containing, V containing, and those not containing Mo or V. Furthermore, selected interesting catalysts were synthesized, tested for their performance in the title reaction, and the results critically compared with previously published results. Lastly, an outlook on the progress for finding new catalytic materials is provided as well as suggestions for the future focus of Formox catalyst research.
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4
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Modified iron-molybdate catalysts with various metal oxides by a mechanochemical method: enhanced formaldehyde yield in methanol partial oxidation. Front Chem Sci Eng 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11705-020-2008-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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5
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Methanol to Formaldehyde: An Overview of Surface Studies and Performance of an Iron Molybdate Catalyst. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal11080893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Formaldehyde is a primary chemical in the manufacturing of various consumer products. It is synthesized via partial oxidation of methanol using a mixed oxide iron molybdate catalyst (Fe2(MoO4)3–MoO3). This is one of the standard energy-efficient processes. The mixed oxide iron molybdate catalyst is an attractive commercial catalyst for converting methanol to formaldehyde. However, a detailed phase analysis of each oxide phase and a complete understanding of the catalyst formulation and deactivation studies is required. It is crucial to correctly formulate each oxide phase and influence the synthesis methods precisely. A better tradeoff between support and catalyst and oxygen revival on the catalyst surface is vital to enhance the catalyst’s selectivity, stability, and lifetime. This review presents recent advances on iron molybdate’s catalytic behaviour for formaldehyde production—a deep recognition of the catalyst and its critical role in the processes are highlighted. Finally, the conclusion and prospects are presented at the end.
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Thrane J, Mentzel UV, Thorhauge M, Høj M, Jensen AD. Hydroxyapatite supported molybdenum oxide catalyst for selective oxidation of methanol to formaldehyde: studies of industrial sized catalyst pellets. Catal Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cy01931c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Promising alternative catalysts for the Formox process as industrial sized pellets and the influence of pellet density on catalyst performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Thrane
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering
- Technical University of Denmark (DTU)
- DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby
- Denmark
| | | | | | - Martin Høj
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering
- Technical University of Denmark (DTU)
- DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby
- Denmark
| | - Anker Degn Jensen
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering
- Technical University of Denmark (DTU)
- DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby
- Denmark
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7
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Investigation of MoOx/Al2O3 under Cyclic Operation for Oxidative and Non-Oxidative Dehydrogenation of Propane. Catalysts 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/catal10121370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
A MoOx/Al2O3 catalyst was synthesised and tested for oxidative (ODP) and non-oxidative (DP) dehydrogenation of propane in a reaction cycle of ODP followed by DP and a second ODP run. Characterisation results show that the fresh catalyst contains highly dispersed Mo oxide species in the +6 oxidation state with tetrahedral coordination as [MoVIO4]2− moieties. In situ X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy (XAS) shows that [MoVIO4]2− is present during the first ODP run of the reaction cycle and is reduced to MoIVO2 in the following DP run. The reduced species are partly re-oxidised in the subsequent second ODP run of the reaction cycle. The partly re-oxidised species exhibit oxidation and coordination states that are lower than 6 but higher than 4 and are referred to as MoxOy. These species significantly improved propene formation (relatively 27% higher) in the second ODP run at similar propane conversion activity. Accordingly, the initial tetrahedral [MoVIO4]2− present during the first ODP run of the reaction cycle is active for propane conversion; however, it is unselective for propene. The reduced MoIVO2 species are relatively less active and selective for DP. It is suggested that the MoxOy species generated by the reaction cycle are active and selective for ODP. The vibrational spectroscopic data indicate that the retained surface species are amorphous carbon deposits with a higher proportion of aromatic/olefinic like species.
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8
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Shimoda K, Ishikawa S, Tashiro M, Kumaki M, Hiyoshi N, Ueda W. Synthesis of High Dimensionally Structured Mo-Fe Mixed Metal Oxide and Its Catalytic Activity for Selective Oxidation of Methanol. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:5252-5255. [PMID: 32223149 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b03713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
High-dimensionally structured Mo-Fe oxide (HDS-MoFeO) was synthesized through an assembly of structural units supplied from Keplerate-type polyoxometalate, {Mo72Fe30}, under an appropriate hydrothermal condition. HDS-MoFeO showed excellent catalytic activity for the selective oxidation of methanol with slightly lower selectivity for formaldehyde than that of a conventional Mo-Fe oxide catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Shimoda
- Department of Material and Life Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Kanagawa University, 3-27-1, Rokkakubashi, Kanagawa-ku, Yokohama 221-8686, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ishikawa
- Department of Material and Life Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Kanagawa University, 3-27-1, Rokkakubashi, Kanagawa-ku, Yokohama 221-8686, Japan
| | - Masaya Tashiro
- Institute for Catalysis, Hokkaido University, N-21, W-10, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kumaki
- Department of Material and Life Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Kanagawa University, 3-27-1, Rokkakubashi, Kanagawa-ku, Yokohama 221-8686, Japan
| | - Norihito Hiyoshi
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 4-2-1 Nigatake, Miyagino, Sendai 983-8551, Japan
| | - Wataru Ueda
- Department of Material and Life Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Kanagawa University, 3-27-1, Rokkakubashi, Kanagawa-ku, Yokohama 221-8686, Japan
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9
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Gaur A, Stehle M, Raun KV, Thrane J, Jensen AD, Grunwaldt JD, Høj M. Structural dynamics of an iron molybdate catalyst under redox cycling conditions studied with in situ multi edge XAS and XRD. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:11713-11723. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cp01506g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Combination of in situ multi-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy at the Mo K- and Fe K-edges in combination with X-ray diffraction successfully uncovered structural dynamics and phase transformations of an iron molybdate catalyst during redox cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhijeet Gaur
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- Karlsruhe
- Germany
- Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology
| | - Matthias Stehle
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- Karlsruhe
- Germany
| | - Kristian Viegaard Raun
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering
- Technical University of Denmark (DTU)
- Kgs. Lyngby
- Denmark
| | - Joachim Thrane
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering
- Technical University of Denmark (DTU)
- Kgs. Lyngby
- Denmark
| | - Anker Degn Jensen
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering
- Technical University of Denmark (DTU)
- Kgs. Lyngby
- Denmark
| | - Jan-Dierk Grunwaldt
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- Karlsruhe
- Germany
- Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology
| | - Martin Høj
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering
- Technical University of Denmark (DTU)
- Kgs. Lyngby
- Denmark
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10
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Bauer D, Ashton TE, Brett DJ, Shearing PR, Matsumi N, Darr JA. Mixed molybdenum and vanadium oxide nanoparticles with excellent high-power performance as Li-ion battery negative electrodes. Electrochim Acta 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2019.134695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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11
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Gaur A, Schumann M, Raun KV, Stehle M, Beato P, Jensen AD, Grunwaldt J, Høj M. Operando
XAS/XRD and Raman Spectroscopic Study of Structural Changes of the Iron Molybdate Catalyst during Selective Oxidation of Methanol. ChemCatChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201901025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abhijeet Gaur
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) D-76131 Karlsruhe Germany
- Institute of Catalysis Research and TechnologyKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Max Schumann
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) D-76131 Karlsruhe Germany
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical EngineeringTechnical University of Denmark (DTU) DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
| | - Kristian Viegaard Raun
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical EngineeringTechnical University of Denmark (DTU) DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
| | - Matthias Stehle
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) D-76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Pablo Beato
- Haldor Topsøe A/S DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
| | - Anker Degn Jensen
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical EngineeringTechnical University of Denmark (DTU) DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
| | - Jan‐Dierk Grunwaldt
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) D-76131 Karlsruhe Germany
- Institute of Catalysis Research and TechnologyKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Martin Høj
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical EngineeringTechnical University of Denmark (DTU) DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
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12
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Grim RG, To AT, Farberow CA, Hensley JE, Ruddy DA, Schaidle JA. Growing the Bioeconomy through Catalysis: A Review of Recent Advancements in the Production of Fuels and Chemicals from Syngas-Derived Oxygenates. ACS Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.8b03945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Gary Grim
- National Bioenergy Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Anh T. To
- National Bioenergy Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Carrie A. Farberow
- National Bioenergy Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Jesse E. Hensley
- National Bioenergy Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Daniel A. Ruddy
- National Bioenergy Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Joshua A. Schaidle
- National Bioenergy Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
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13
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Kondrat SA, van Bokhoven JA. A Perspective on Counting Catalytic Active Sites and Rates of Reaction Using X-Ray Spectroscopy. Top Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11244-018-1057-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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14
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Choksi T, Greeley J. Partial Oxidation of Methanol on MoO3 (010): A DFT and Microkinetic Study. ACS Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.6b01633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tej Choksi
- School
of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Jeffrey Greeley
- School
of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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Chapman S, Brookes C, Bowker M, Gibson EK, Wells PP. Design and stabilisation of a high area iron molybdate surface for the selective oxidation of methanol to formaldehyde. Faraday Discuss 2016; 188:115-29. [PMID: 27067956 DOI: 10.1039/c5fd00153f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The performance of Mo-enriched, bulk ferric molybdate, employed commercially for the industrially important reaction of the selective oxidation of methanol to formaldehyde, is limited by a low surface area, typically 5-8 m(2) g(-1). Recent advances in the understanding of the iron molybdate catalyst have focused on the study of MoOx@Fe2O3 (MoOx shell, Fe2O3 core) systems, where only a few overlayers of Mo are present on the surface. This method of preparing MoOx@Fe2O3 catalysts was shown to support an iron molybdate surface of higher surface area than the industrially-favoured bulk phase. In this research, a MoOx@Fe2O3 catalyst of even higher surface area was stabilised by modifying a haematite support containing 5 wt% Al dopant. The addition of Al was an important factor for stabilising the haematite surface area and resulted in an iron molybdate surface area of ∼35 m(2) g(-1), around a 5 fold increase on the bulk catalyst. XPS confirmed Mo surface-enrichment, whilst Mo XANES resolved an amorphous MoOx surface monolayer supported on a sublayer of Fe2(MoO4)3 that became increasingly extensive with initial Mo surface loading. The high surface area MoOx@Fe2O3 catalyst proved amenable to bulk characterisation techniques; contributions from Fe2(MoO4)3 were detectable by Raman, XAFS, ATR-IR and XRD spectroscopies. The temperature-programmed pulsed flow reaction of methanol showed that this novel, high surface area catalyst (3ML-HSA) outperformed the undoped analogue (3ML-ISA), and a peak yield of 94% formaldehyde was obtained at ∼40 °C below that for the bulk Fe2(MoO4)3 phase. This work demonstrates how core-shell, multi-component oxides offer new routes for improving catalytic performance and understanding catalytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Chapman
- University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK and UK Catalysis Hub, Research Complex at Harwell, RAL, Oxford, OX11 0FA, UK.
| | - Catherine Brookes
- UK Catalysis Hub, Research Complex at Harwell, RAL, Oxford, OX11 0FA, UK. and Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3XQ, UK
| | - Michael Bowker
- UK Catalysis Hub, Research Complex at Harwell, RAL, Oxford, OX11 0FA, UK. and Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3XQ, UK
| | - Emma K Gibson
- UK Catalysis Hub, Research Complex at Harwell, RAL, Oxford, OX11 0FA, UK. and University College London, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK
| | - Peter P Wells
- UK Catalysis Hub, Research Complex at Harwell, RAL, Oxford, OX11 0FA, UK. and University College London, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK
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