1
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Guntermann R, Frey L, Biewald A, Hartschuh A, Clark T, Bein T, Medina DD. Regioisomerism in Thienothiophene-Based Covalent Organic Frameworks─A Tool for Band-Gap Engineering. J Am Chem Soc 2024. [PMID: 38830115 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c02365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
The craft of tuning optical properties is well-established for crystalline inorganic and hybrid solids. However, a far greater challenge is to tune the optical properties of organic materials systematically by design. We now introduce a synthesis concept that enables us to alter the optical properties of crystalline covalent organic frameworks (COFs) systematically using isomeric structures of thienothiophene-based building blocks (T23/32T) combined with a variety of tetratopic aromatic amines, e.g., the Wurster moiety (W-NH2). This concept is demonstrated for the synthesis of COFs in bulk and film forms and provides highly crystalline and porous isomeric COFs featuring predesigned photophysical properties. The band gap of the framework can be tuned continuously and precisely by chemically doping the pristine W23TT COF with its related constitutional isomer building block. Density-functional theory investigations of COF model compounds indicate that the extent of π-conjugation is among the key characteristics enabling the band-gap engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Guntermann
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Nanoscience (CeNS), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU), Butenandtstraße 11 (E), Munich 81377, Germany
| | - Laura Frey
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Nanoscience (CeNS), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU), Butenandtstraße 11 (E), Munich 81377, Germany
| | - Alexander Biewald
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Nanoscience (CeNS), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU), Butenandtstraße 11 (E), Munich 81377, Germany
| | - Achim Hartschuh
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Nanoscience (CeNS), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU), Butenandtstraße 11 (E), Munich 81377, Germany
| | - Timothy Clark
- Computer-Chemistry-Center, Department of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Naegelsbachstraße 25, Erlangen 91052, Germany
| | - Thomas Bein
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Nanoscience (CeNS), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU), Butenandtstraße 11 (E), Munich 81377, Germany
| | - Dana D Medina
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Nanoscience (CeNS), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU), Butenandtstraße 11 (E), Munich 81377, Germany
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2
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Isci R, Baysak E, Kesan G, Minofar B, Eroglu MS, Duygulu O, Gorkem SF, Ozturk T. Non-covalent modification of single wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) by thienothiophene derivatives. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:16602-16610. [PMID: 36317494 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr04582f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Non-covalent functionalization of single wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) has been conducted using several binding agents with surface π-interaction forces in recent studies. Herein, we present the first example of non-covalent functionalization of sidewalls of SWCNTs using thienothiophene (TT) derivatives without requiring any binding agents. Synthesized TT derivatives, TT-CN-TPA, TT-CN-TPA2 and TT-COOH-TPA, were attached directly to SWCNTs through non-covalent interactions to obtain new TT-based SWCNT hybrids, HYBRID 1-3. Taking advantage of the presence of sulfur atoms in the structure of TT, HYBRID 1, as a representative, was treated with Au nanoparticles for the adsorption of Au by sulfur atoms, which generated clear TEM images of the particles. The images indicated the attachment of TTs to the surface of SWCNTs. Thus, the presence of sulfur atoms in TT units made the binding of TTs to SWCNTs observable via TEM analysis through adsorption of Au nanoparticles by the sulfur atoms. Surface interactions between TTs and SWCNTs of the new hybrids were also clarified by classical molecular dynamic simulations, a quantum mechanical study, and SEM, TEM, AFM and contact angle (CA) analyses. The minimum distance between a TT and a SWCNT reached up to 3.5 Å, identified with strong peaks on a radial distribution function (RDF), while maximum interaction energies were raised to -316.89 kcal mol-1, which were determined using density functional theory (DFT).
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Affiliation(s)
- Recep Isci
- Department of Chemistry, Science Faculty, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, Istanbul 34469, Turkey.
| | - Elif Baysak
- Department of Chemistry, Science Faculty, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, Istanbul 34469, Turkey.
| | - Gurkan Kesan
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská, 1760, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Babak Minofar
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská, 1760, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Laboratory of Structural Biology and Bioinformatics, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Zamek 136, 37333 Nove Hrady, Czech Republic
| | - Mehmet S Eroglu
- Metallurgical and Materials Engineering Dept., Faculty of Engineering, Marmara University, Aydınevler, Maltepe, 34854, Istanbul, Turkey
- Chemistry Group, Organic Chemistry Laboratory, TUBITAK National Metrology Institute, Gebze, Kocaeli, 54 41470, Turkey
| | - Ozgur Duygulu
- Material Technologies, TUBITAK Marmara Research Center, Gebze, Kocaeli, 41470, Turkey
| | - Sultan F Gorkem
- Chemistry Department, Eskisehir Technical University, 26470 Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Turan Ozturk
- Department of Chemistry, Science Faculty, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, Istanbul 34469, Turkey.
- Chemistry Group, Organic Chemistry Laboratory, TUBITAK National Metrology Institute, Gebze, Kocaeli, 54 41470, Turkey
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3
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Vasilopoulou M, Mohd Yusoff ARB, Daboczi M, Conforto J, Gavim AEX, da Silva WJ, Macedo AG, Soultati A, Pistolis G, Schneider FK, Dong Y, Jacoutot P, Rotas G, Jang J, Vougioukalakis GC, Chochos CL, Kim JS, Gasparini N. High efficiency blue organic light-emitting diodes with below-bandgap electroluminescence. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4868. [PMID: 34381038 PMCID: PMC8357948 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25135-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Blue organic light-emitting diodes require high triplet interlayer materials, which induce large energetic barriers at the interfaces resulting in high device voltages and reduced efficiencies. Here, we alleviate this issue by designing a low triplet energy hole transporting interlayer with high mobility, combined with an interface exciplex that confines excitons at the emissive layer/electron transporting material interface. As a result, blue thermally activated delay fluorescent organic light-emitting diodes with a below-bandgap turn-on voltage of 2.5 V and an external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 41.2% were successfully fabricated. These devices also showed suppressed efficiency roll-off maintaining an EQE of 34.8% at 1000 cd m−2. Our approach paves the way for further progress through exploring alternative device engineering approaches instead of only focusing on the demanding synthesis of organic compounds with complex structures. Thermally activated delayed fluorescence organic light-emitting diodes (TADF-OLEDs) rely on high triplet energy interlayers to confine excitons, which results in reduced performance. Here, the authors report high-performance blue TADF-OLEDs with below bandgap electroluminescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Vasilopoulou
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, National Centre for Scientific Research Demokritos, Terma Patriarchou Grigoriou, Agia Paraskevi, Greece.
| | - Abd Rashid Bin Mohd Yusoff
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea.
| | - Matyas Daboczi
- Department of Physics and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Julio Conforto
- Universidade Tecnologica Federal do Parana, GPGEI, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Anastasia Soultati
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, National Centre for Scientific Research Demokritos, Terma Patriarchou Grigoriou, Agia Paraskevi, Greece
| | - George Pistolis
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, National Centre for Scientific Research Demokritos, Terma Patriarchou Grigoriou, Agia Paraskevi, Greece
| | | | - Yifan Dong
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Polina Jacoutot
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Georgios Rotas
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Jin Jang
- Advanced Display Research Center, Department of Information Display, Kyung Hee University, Dongdaemoon-gu, Seoul, South Korea
| | | | - Christos L Chochos
- Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, Athens, Greece.
| | - Ji-Seon Kim
- Department of Physics and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Nicola Gasparini
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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4
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Mahmoudi C, Bulut I, Jing J, Fall S, Heinrich B, Méry S, Heiser T, Lévêque P, Steveler E, Majdoub M, Leclerc N. Regioisomers of Organic Semiconducting Dumbbell‐Shaped Molecules: Synthesis and Structure‐Properties Relationship. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202100473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chaima Mahmoudi
- Institut de Chimie et Procédés pour l'Énergie l'Environnement et la Santé (ICPEES) UMR 7515-CNRS Université de Strasbourg, ECPM 25 rue Becquerel 67087 Strasbourg France
- Laboratoire des Interfaces et Matériaux Avancés (LIMA) Faculté des Sciences de Monastir (Université de Monastir), Bd. De l'Environnement 5019 Monastir Tunisia
| | - Ibrahim Bulut
- Institut de Chimie et Procédés pour l'Énergie l'Environnement et la Santé (ICPEES) UMR 7515-CNRS Université de Strasbourg, ECPM 25 rue Becquerel 67087 Strasbourg France
| | - Jiang Jing
- Laboratoire ICube UMR 7357-CNRS Université de Strasbourg 23 rue du Loess 67037 Strasbourg France
| | - Sadiara Fall
- Laboratoire ICube UMR 7357-CNRS Université de Strasbourg 23 rue du Loess 67037 Strasbourg France
| | - Benoît Heinrich
- Institut de Physique et de Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg (IPCMS) UMR 7504-CNRS Université de Strasbourg 23 rue du Loess 67034 Strasbourg France
| | - Stéphane Méry
- Institut de Physique et de Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg (IPCMS) UMR 7504-CNRS Université de Strasbourg 23 rue du Loess 67034 Strasbourg France
| | - Thomas Heiser
- Laboratoire ICube UMR 7357-CNRS Université de Strasbourg 23 rue du Loess 67037 Strasbourg France
| | - Patrick Lévêque
- Laboratoire ICube UMR 7357-CNRS Université de Strasbourg 23 rue du Loess 67037 Strasbourg France
| | - Emilie Steveler
- Laboratoire ICube UMR 7357-CNRS INSA Strasbourg 24 Boulevard de la victoire 67084 France
| | - Mustapha Majdoub
- Laboratoire des Interfaces et Matériaux Avancés (LIMA) Faculté des Sciences de Monastir (Université de Monastir), Bd. De l'Environnement 5019 Monastir Tunisia
| | - Nicolas Leclerc
- Institut de Chimie et Procédés pour l'Énergie l'Environnement et la Santé (ICPEES) UMR 7515-CNRS Université de Strasbourg, ECPM 25 rue Becquerel 67087 Strasbourg France
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5
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Blazinic V, Ericsson LKE, Levine I, Hansson R, Opitz A, Moons E. Impact of intentional photo-oxidation of a donor polymer and PC 70BM on solar cell performance. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:22259-22271. [PMID: 31588441 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp04384e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
A short lifetime is the main factor hindering the wider implementation of low-cost organic photovoltaics in large-area and outdoor applications. Ingress of oxygen and water vapour through non-ideal encapsulation layers is a known cause of degradation for polymer/fullerene based solar cells. To better understand the origin of this performance degradation, we study the effect of intentional exposure of the photo-active layer to simulated sunlight (AM1.5) in air both on the solar cell performance and on the molecular semiconductor materials. Cathode-free thin films of a blend of the electron donor polymer poly[2,3-bis-(3-octyloxyphenyl)quinoxaline-5,8-diyl-alt-thiophene-2,5-diyl] (TQ1) and the electron acceptor fullerene derivative [6,6]-phenyl-C70-butyric acid methyl ester (PC70BM) were exposed to simulated sunlight in air. Fourier-transform infrared spectra demonstrate the formation of carbonyl photo-oxidation products in the blend films, as well as in the pristine polymer and fullerene films. Solar cells prepared with photo-oxidized active layers show increasingly degraded electrical performance (lower short circuit current, open circuit voltage and fill factor) with increasing exposure time. The increased diode ideality factor indicates that trap-assisted recombination hinders device operation after exposure. The external quantum efficiency decreases drastically with increasing exposure time over the whole photon energy range, while the UV-vis absorption spectra of the blend films only show a mild photo-induced bleaching. This demonstrates that not only the photo-induced degradation of the solar cell performance is not predominantly caused by the loss in light absorption, but charge transport and collection are also hampered. This is explained by the fact that photo-oxidation of PC70BM causes bonds in its conjugated cage to break, as evidenced by the decreased π* intensity in C1s-NEXAFS spectra of PC70BM films. This degradation of unoccupied states of PC70BM will hinder the transport of photo-generated electrons to the electrode. Surface photovoltage spectroscopy gives direct evidence for gap states at the surface of a PC70BM film, formed after 2 hours of exposure and resulting in upward band bending at the PC70BM/air surface. These observations indicate that the photo-oxidation of PC70BM is likely to be the main cause of the performance degradation observed when the photoactive layer of a TQ1:PC70BM solar cell is intentionally exposed to light in air.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanja Blazinic
- Department of Engineering and Physics, Karlstad University, SE-651 88 Karlstad, Sweden.
| | - Leif K E Ericsson
- Department of Engineering and Physics, Karlstad University, SE-651 88 Karlstad, Sweden.
| | - Igal Levine
- Department of Materials and Interfaces, Weizmann Institute of Science, P.B. 26, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Rickard Hansson
- Department of Engineering and Physics, Karlstad University, SE-651 88 Karlstad, Sweden.
| | - Andreas Opitz
- Department of Physics, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10099 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ellen Moons
- Department of Engineering and Physics, Karlstad University, SE-651 88 Karlstad, Sweden.
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6
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Chochos CL, Singh R, Gregoriou VG, Kim M, Katsouras A, Serpetzoglou E, Konidakis I, Stratakis E, Cho K, Avgeropoulos A. Enhancement of the Power-Conversion Efficiency of Organic Solar Cells via Unveiling an Appropriate Rational Design Strategy in Indacenodithiophene- alt-quinoxaline π-Conjugated Polymers. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:10236-10245. [PMID: 29508996 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b18381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We report on the photovoltaic parameters, photophysical properties, optoelectronic properties, self-assembly, and morphology variations in a series of high-performance donor-acceptor (D-A) π-conjugated polymers based on indacenodithiophene and quinoxaline moieties as a function of the number-average molecular weight ([Formula: see text]), the nature of aryl substituents, and the enlargement of the polymer backbone. One of the most important outcome is that from the three optimization approaches followed to tune the chemical structure toward enhanced photovoltaic performance in bulk heterojunction solar cell devices with the fullerene derivative [6,6]-phenyl-C71-butyric acid methyl ester as the electron acceptor, the choice of the aryl substituent is the most efficient rational design strategy. Incorporation of thienyl rings as substituents versus phenyl rings accelerates the electron-hole extraction process to the respective electrode, despite the slightly lower recombination lifetime and, thus, improves the electrical performance of the device. Single-junction solar cells based on ThIDT-TQxT feature a maximum power-conversion efficiency of 7.26%. This study provides significant insights toward understanding of the structure-properties-performance relationship for D-A π-conjugated polymers in solid state, which provide helpful inputs for the design of next-generation polymeric semiconductors for organic solar cells with enhanced performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos L Chochos
- Department of Materials Science Engineering , University of Ioannina , Ioannina 45110 , Greece
- Advent Technologies SA , Patras Science Park, Stadiou Street , Platani-Rio, 26504 Patras , Greece
| | - Ranbir Singh
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Pohang University of Science and Technology , Pohang 790-784 , Korea
| | - Vasilis G Gregoriou
- Advent Technologies SA , Patras Science Park, Stadiou Street , Platani-Rio, 26504 Patras , Greece
- National Hellenic Research Foundation (NHRF) , 48 Vassileos Constantinou Avenue , Athens 11635 , Greece
| | - Min Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Pohang University of Science and Technology , Pohang 790-784 , Korea
| | - Athanasios Katsouras
- Department of Materials Science Engineering , University of Ioannina , Ioannina 45110 , Greece
| | - Efthymis Serpetzoglou
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas , P.O. Box 1527, Heraklion 71110 , Crete , Greece
| | - Ioannis Konidakis
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas , P.O. Box 1527, Heraklion 71110 , Crete , Greece
| | - Emmanuel Stratakis
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas , P.O. Box 1527, Heraklion 71110 , Crete , Greece
| | - Kilwon Cho
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Pohang University of Science and Technology , Pohang 790-784 , Korea
| | - Apostolos Avgeropoulos
- Department of Materials Science Engineering , University of Ioannina , Ioannina 45110 , Greece
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7
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Xing X, Wang C, Liu X, Qin L, Wang E, Zhang F. The trade-off between electrochromic stability and contrast of a thiophene—Quinoxaline copolymer. Electrochim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2017.09.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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8
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Liu M, Gao Y, Zhang Y, Liu Z, Zhao L. Quinoxaline-based conjugated polymers for polymer solar cells. Polym Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7py00850c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Recent developments of quinoxaline-based conjugated polymers for polymer solar cells are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Harbin 150001
- China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
| | - Yueyue Gao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Harbin 150001
- China
| | - Yong Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Harbin 150001
- China
| | - Zhitian Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Wuhan Institute of Technology
- Wuhan 403052
- China
| | - Liancheng Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Harbin 150001
- China
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9
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Xie B, Bi S, Wu R, Yin L, Ji C, Cai Z, Li Y. Efficient small molecule photovoltaic donor based on 2,3-diphenyl-substituted quinoxaline core for solution-processed organic solar cells. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra01859b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
An excellent PCE of 6.25% was achieved based on a novel OSM (TPACN)2Qx containing 2,3-diphenyl-substituted quinoxaline (Qx) as electrophilic core.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao Xie
- School of Chemistry
- Dalian University of Technology
- Dalian
- P. R. China
| | - Sheng Bi
- School of Mechanical Engineering
- Dalian University of Technology
- Dalian
- P. R. China
| | - Rui Wu
- School of Chemistry
- Dalian University of Technology
- Dalian
- P. R. China
| | - Lunxiang Yin
- School of Chemistry
- Dalian University of Technology
- Dalian
- P. R. China
| | - Changyan Ji
- School of Chemistry
- Dalian University of Technology
- Dalian
- P. R. China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Fine Ceramics and Powder Materials
| | - Zhengjiang Cai
- School of Chemistry
- Dalian University of Technology
- Dalian
- P. R. China
| | - Yanqin Li
- School of Chemistry
- Dalian University of Technology
- Dalian
- P. R. China
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10
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Singh A, Singh R, Lin CM, Pola MK, Chang CK, Wei KH, Lin HC. Novel fluoride-substituted donor/acceptor polymers containing benzodithiophene and quinoxaline units for use in low–band gap solar cells. Eur Polym J 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2016.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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11
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Kumar S, Singh P, Srivastava R, Ghosh S. Packing directed beneficial role of 3-D rigid alicyclic arms on the templated molecular aggregation problem. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra08231e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuning of solid state emission by controlling intermolecular interactions and spacing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Kumar
- School of Basic Sciences
- Indian Institute of Technology Mandi
- Mandi-175001
- India
| | - Punita Singh
- Physics of Energy Harvesting Division
- National Physical Laboratory
- New Delhi
- India
| | - Ritu Srivastava
- Physics of Energy Harvesting Division
- National Physical Laboratory
- New Delhi
- India
| | - Subrata Ghosh
- School of Basic Sciences
- Indian Institute of Technology Mandi
- Mandi-175001
- India
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