1,3,4,5-Tetrasubstituted Poly(1,2,3-triazolium) Obtained through Metal-Free AA+BB Polyaddition of a Diazide and an Activated Internal Dialkyne

A tetra(ethylene glycol)-based 1,3,4,5-tetrasubstituted poly(1,2,3-triazolium) is synthesized in two steps including: i) the catalyst-free polyaddition of a diazide and an activated internal dialkyne and ii) the N-alkylation of the resulting 1,2,3-triazole groups. In order to provide detailed structure/properties correlations different analogs are also synthesized. First, parent poly(1,2,3-triazole)s are obtained via AA+BB polyaddition using copper(I)-catalyzed alkyne-azide cycloaddition or metal-free thermal alkyne-azide cycloaddition (TAAC). Poly(1,2,3-triazole)s with higher molar masses are obtained in higher yields by TAAC polyaddition. A 1,3,4-trisubstituted poly(1,2,3-triazolium) structural analog obtained by TAAC polyaddition using a terminal activated dialkyne and subsequent N-alkylation of the 1,2,3-triazole groups enables discussing the influence of the methyl group in the C-4 or C-5 position on thermal and ion conducting properties. Obtained polymers are characterized by 1H, 13C, and 19F NMR spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, size exclusion chromatography, and broadband dielectric spectroscopy. The targeted 1,3,4,5-tetrasubstituted poly(1,2,3-triazolium) exhibits a glass transition temperature of -23 °C and a direct current ionic conductivity of 2.0 × 10-6 S cm-1 at 30 °C under anhydrous conditions. The developed strategy offers opportunities to further tune the electron delocalization of the 1,2,3-triazolium cation and the properties of poly(1,2,3-triazolium)s using this additional substituent as structural handle.

Initiating a high-temperature zinc ion battery through a triazolium-based ionic liquid

Triazolium-based ionic liquids (T1, T2 and T3) with or without terminal hydroxyl groups were prepared via Cu(i) catalysed azide-alkyne click chemistry and their properties were investigated using various technologies. The hydroxyl groups obviously affected their physicochemical properties, where with a decrease in the number of hydroxyl groups, their stability and conductivity were enhanced. T1, T2 and T3 showed relatively high thermal stability, and their electrochemical stability windows (ESWs) were 4.76, 4.11 and 3.52 V, respectively. T1S-20 was obtained via the addition of zinc trifluoromethanesulfonic acid (Zn(CF3SO3)2) and lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI) to T1, displaying conductivity and ESW values of 1.55 × 10-3 S cm-1 and 6.36 V at 30 °C, respectively. Subsequently, a Zn/Li3V2(PO4)3 battery was assembled using T1S-20 as the electrolyte and its performances at 30 °C and 80 °C were investigated. The battery showed a capacity of 81 mA h g-1 at 30 °C, and its capacity retention rate was 89% after 50 cycles. After increasing the temperature to 80 °C, its initial capacity increased to 111 mA h g-1 with a capacity retention rate of 93.6% after 100 cycles, which was much higher than that of the aqueous electrolyte (WS-20)-based zinc ion battery (71.8%). Simultaneously, the T1S-20 electrolyte-based battery exhibited a good charge/discharge efficiency, and its Coulomb efficiency was 99%. Consequently, the T1S-20 electrolyte displayed a better performance in the Zn/Li3V2(PO4)3 battery than that with the aqueous electrolyte, especially at high temperature.

One-pot synthesis of poly(ionic liquid)s with 1,2,3-triazolium-based backbones via clickable ionic liquid monomers

Clickable α-azide-ω-alkyne ionic liquid monomers were developed and subsequently applied to the one-pot synthesis of ionically conducting poly(ionic liquid)s with 1,2,3-triazolium-based backbones through a click chemistry strategy. This approach does not require the use of solvents, polymerisation mediators, or catalysts. The obtained poly(ionic liquid)s were characterized by NMR, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, and impedance spectroscopy analysis. Moreover, these poly(ionic liquid)s were cross-linked via N-alkylation with a dianion quarternizing agent to achieve enhanced ionic conductivity and mechanical strength. The resulting free-standing films showed a Young's modulus up to 4.8 MPa and ionic conductivities up to 4.60 × 10-8 S cm-1 at 30 °C. This facile synthetic strategy has the potential to expand the availability of poly(ionic liquid)s and promote the development of functional materials.

Incorporating trifunctional 1,6-heptadiyne moiety into polyacetylene ionomer for improving its physical and conductive properties

A trifunctional diyne comonomer can regulate the structure and optimize the physical state of polyacetylene ionomers, which exhibit a high ionic conductivity of 2.6 × 10⁻⁵–1.0 × 10⁻³ S cm⁻¹ at 30 °C.

Comparison of poly(ethylene glycol)-based networks obtained by cationic ring opening polymerization of neutral and 1,2,3-triazolium diepoxy monomers

The properties of two cross-linked epoxy networks obtained by ring opening polymerization of a synthetic diepoxy 1,2,3-triazolium and a commercial poly(ethylene glycol)diglycidyl ether using benzylamine trifluoroborate as cationic initiator are compared.

Pillararene-Containing Polymers with Tunable Conductivity Based on Host-Guest Complexations

Regulating the conductivity of conducting polymers has spurred increasing studies, aiming at meeting different demands in various fields, including chemosensors, photovoltaic cells, and so on. Herein, linear pillar[5]arene-containing conjugated polymers were designed and synthesized via metathesis cyclopolymerization of pillar[5]arene-functionalized 1,6-heptadiyne. Upon addition of an ionic guest, such polymers could form inclusion complexes, of which the glass transition temperature decreased dramatically. With the aid of ionic guest and host-guest complexations between the pendant pillararenes and guest, these supramolecular materials exhibited tunable conductivity from 10^-12 to 10^-3 S·cm^-1 at 30 °C. In addition, compared with the polymers without pendant pillar[5]arenes, such polymers showed better compatibility with the ionic guest, which could prevent the leakage of the latter one and was good for the conductivity of the material.

Recent advances in alkyne-based click polymerizations

The recent progress in alkyne-based click polymerizations and their application in the preparation of new functional polymers are summarized. The challenges and opportunities in this area are also briefly discussed.

Novolac-based poly(1,2,3-triazolium)s with good ionic conductivity and enhanced CO2 permeation

Novolac-based poly(1,2,3-triazoliums)s with 1,2,3-triazolium in the side groups spaced by oligo(ethylene glycol) show enhanced CO₂ permeability.

A mini review of the synthesis of poly-1,2,3-triazole-based functional materials

Most recent advances of the synthesis of poly-1,2,3-triazole-based functional materials.

Cationic and dicationic 1,2,3-triazolium-based poly(ethylene glycol ionic liquid)s

We report the synthesis and in-depth characterization of two novel poly(ionic liquid)s having poly(ethylene glycol) main chains and side chains having either one or two 1,2,3-triazolium cations with triethylene glycol spacers and bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide counter anion(s).

1,2,3-Triazolium-based linear ionic polyurethanes

We report the synthesis and detailed characterization of a series of ionic polyurethanes issued from the polyaddition of a 1,2,3-triazolium-functionalized diol monomer having a bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide counter-anion with four aliphatic, cycloaliphatic or aromatic commercial diisocyanates.

Enhanced Ionic Conductivity of a 1,2,3-Triazolium-Based Poly(siloxane ionic liquid) Homopolymer

A 1,2,3-triazolium-based poly(siloxane ionic liquid) (PSIL) is synthesized by UV-triggered thiol-ene ligation between a poly[(mercaptopropyl)methylsiloxane] and a tailor-made vinyl-functionalized triethylene glycol-based 1,2,3-triazolium ionic liquid. The quantitative nature of the thiol-ene coupling is demonstrated by ¹H and ¹³C NMR, whereas properties of this new PSIL are discussed based on solubility, size exclusion chromatography, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, and broadband dielectric spectroscopy measurements. Besides exhibiting low glass transition temperature (T_g = -62 °C) and high thermal stability (T_d10 = 284 °C), this new class of poly(1,2,3-triazolium) demonstrates the highest value of bulk anhydrous ionic conductivity reported to date for PILs (σ_DC = 7 × 10^-5 S cm^-1 at 30 °C).