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A review on remediation of dye adulterated system by ecologically innocuous "biopolymers/natural gums-based composites". Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 231:123240. [PMID: 36639083 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The mitigation of wastewater exploiting biopolymers/natural gums-based composites is an appealing research theme in today's scenario. The following review presents a comprehensive description of the polysaccharides derived from biopolymers (chitosan, collagen, cellulose, starch, pectin, lignin, and alginate) and natural gums (guar, gellan, carrageenan, karaya, moringa oliefera, tragacanth, and xanthan gum). These biopolymers/natural gums-based composites depicted excellent surface functionality, non-toxicity, economic and environmental viability, which corroborated them as potential candidates in the decontamination process. The presence of -OH, -COOH, and -NH functional groups in their backbone rendered them tailorable for modification/functionalization, and anchor an array of pollutants via electrostatic interaction, hydrogen bonding, and Van der Waals forces. Further, due to these functional moieties, these bio-based composites revealed an excellent adsorption capacity than conventional adsorbents. This review provides an overview of the classification of biopolymers/natural gums based on their origin, different ways of their modification, and the remediation of dye-contaminated aqueous environments employing diverse bio-based adsorbents. The isotherm, kinetic modelling along with thermodynamics of the adsorption process is discussed. Additionally, the reusable efficacy of these bio-adsorbents is reviewed.
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Dhar AK, Himu HA, Bhattacharjee M, Mostufa MG, Parvin F. Insights on applications of bentonite clays for the removal of dyes and heavy metals from wastewater: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:5440-5474. [PMID: 36418828 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-24277-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In recent decades, increased industrial, agricultural, and domestic activities have resulted in the release of various pollutants into the aquatic systems, which require a reliable and environmentally friendly method to remove them. Adsorption is one of the most cost-effective and sustainable wastewater treatment techniques. A plethora of low-cost bio-based adsorbents have been developed worldwide so far to supplant activated carbon and its high processing costs. Bentonite clays (BCs), whether in natural or modified form, have gained enormous potential in wastewater treatment and have been used successfully as a novel and cost-effective bio-sorbent for removing organic and inorganic pollutants from the liquid suspension. It has become a sustainable solution for wastewater treatment due to its variety of surface and structural properties, superior chemical stability, high capacity for cation exchange, elevated surface area due to its layered structure, non-toxicity, abundance, low cost, and high adsorption capacity compared to other clays. This review encompasses comprehensive literature about various modification techniques and adsorption mechanisms of BCs concerning dyes and heavy metal removal from wastewater. A critical overview of different parameters for optimizing adsorption capacity and regeneration via the desorption technique has also been presented here. Finally, a conclusion has been drawn with some future research recommendations based on technological challenges encountered in industrializing these materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avik Kumar Dhar
- Department of Textiles, Merchandising, and Interiors, University of Georgia, 321 Dawson Hall, 305 Sanford Drive, Athens, GA-30602, USA.
| | - Humayra Akhter Himu
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Bangladesh University of Textiles, Tejgaon, Dhaka-1208, Bangladesh
| | - Maitry Bhattacharjee
- Department of Chemical, Materials, and Biomedical Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, GA-30602, USA
| | - Md Golam Mostufa
- Department of Textile Engineering, Shyamoli Textile Engineering College, Dhaka, 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Fahmida Parvin
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka-1342, Bangladesh
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Shahinpour A, Tanhaei B, Ayati A, Beiki H, Sillanpää M. Binary dyes adsorption onto novel designed magnetic clay-biopolymer hydrogel involves characterization and adsorption performance: Kinetic, equilibrium, thermodynamic, and adsorption mechanism. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.120303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Rostamzadeh D, Sadeghi S. Ni doped zinc oxide nanoparticles supported bentonite clay for photocatalytic degradation of anionic and cationic synthetic dyes in water treatment. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2022.113947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Pai S, Kini MS, Mythili R, Selvaraj R. Adsorptive removal of AB113 dye using green synthesized hydroxyapatite/magnetite nanocomposite. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 210:112951. [PMID: 35183516 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.112951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, magnetite nanoparticles (Fe3O4NPs) synthesized using Thunbergia grandiflora leaf extract as a reducing agent were doped with hydroxyapatite sourced from waste bivalve clamshells to produce hydroxyapatite/magnetite nanocomposite (HA/Fe3O4NPs). The magnetic nanocomposite was examined using several characterization techniques. The results of XRD and FESEM, analysis showed HA/Fe3O4NPs have a crystalline phase and irregular spherical particles respectively. EDAX and FTIR confirmed the presence of specific elements and functional groups of both iron oxide and hydroxyapatite nanoparticles respectively. The surface area and superparamagnetic property of the composite were determined by BET and VSM analysis. Central Composite Design (CCD) was used to optimize the adsorption process to remove of AB113 from aqueous solutions. The optimal adsorption efficiency was found out to be 94.38% at pH 8, AB113 dye concentration 54 ppm, HA/Fe3O4NPs dose 84 mg, and an agitation speed of 174 rpm. The monolayer Langmuir isotherm was the best model with a sorption capacity of 109.98 mg/g which was higher than the reported values. The pseudo-second-order kinetic model displayed a good fit with an R2 = 0.99. Thermodynamic parameters were assessed which confirmed the exothermic adsorption process. Therefore, the synthesized magnetic nanocomposite can be employed as a novel nanoadsorbent for the removal of anionic dyes from waste effluents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shraddha Pai
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - M Srinivas Kini
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India.
| | - Raja Mythili
- PG & Research Department of Biotechnology, Mahendra Arts & Science College, Kalippatti, 637501, Namakkal, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Raja Selvaraj
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India.
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Lan D, Zhu H, Zhang J, Li S, Chen Q, Wang C, Wu T, Xu M. Adsorptive removal of organic dyes via porous materials for wastewater treatment in recent decades: A review on species, mechanisms and perspectives. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 293:133464. [PMID: 34974043 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.133464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Organic dyes, a type of high toxic and carcinogenic chemicals that present severe threats to human and aquatic life, are the most commonly seen organic pollutants in wastewater of industries such as textile, rubber, cosmetic industry etc. Various techniques for the removal of dyes are compared in this review. Adsorption has proven to be a facile and promising approach for the removal of dyes in wastewater. This work focuses on the latest development of various porous materials for the adsorption of organic dyes. The characteristics, functionalization and modification of different porous materials are also presented. Furthermore, adsorption behaviors and mechanism of these adsorbents in the adsorption of organic dyes are critically reviewed. Finally, challenges and opportunities for future research in the development of novel materials for the highly efficient removal of dyes are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawei Lan
- New Materials Institute, The University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo, 315100, PR China; Key Laboratory of Carbonaceous Wastes Processing and Process Intensification of Zhejiang Province, The University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo, 315100, China
| | - Huiwen Zhu
- New Materials Institute, The University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo, 315100, PR China; Key Laboratory of Carbonaceous Wastes Processing and Process Intensification of Zhejiang Province, The University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo, 315100, China
| | - Jianwen Zhang
- New Materials Institute, The University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo, 315100, PR China; Key Laboratory of Carbonaceous Wastes Processing and Process Intensification of Zhejiang Province, The University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo, 315100, China
| | - Shuai Li
- New Materials Institute, The University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo, 315100, PR China; Key Laboratory of Carbonaceous Wastes Processing and Process Intensification of Zhejiang Province, The University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo, 315100, China
| | - Quhan Chen
- New Materials Institute, The University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo, 315100, PR China; Key Laboratory of Carbonaceous Wastes Processing and Process Intensification of Zhejiang Province, The University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo, 315100, China
| | - Chenxi Wang
- New Materials Institute, The University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo, 315100, PR China; Key Laboratory of Carbonaceous Wastes Processing and Process Intensification of Zhejiang Province, The University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo, 315100, China
| | - Tao Wu
- New Materials Institute, The University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo, 315100, PR China; Key Laboratory of Carbonaceous Wastes Processing and Process Intensification of Zhejiang Province, The University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo, 315100, China.
| | - Mengxia Xu
- New Materials Institute, The University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo, 315100, PR China; Key Laboratory of Carbonaceous Wastes Processing and Process Intensification of Zhejiang Province, The University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo, 315100, China
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Li B, Yin H. Excellent biosorption performance of novel alginate-based hydrogel beads crosslinked by lanthanum(III) for anionic azo-dyes from water. J DISPER SCI TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/01932691.2020.1789472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Beigang Li
- Chemistry & Environment Science College, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Hohhot, China
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, Hohhot, China
| | - Haiyang Yin
- Chemistry & Environment Science College, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Hohhot, China
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, Hohhot, China
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Natarajan S, Naresh R, Thiagarajan V. Removal of Anionic Dyes from Water using Polyethylene Glycol Modified Ni‐Al‐layered Double Hydroxide Nanocomposites. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202000051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Subramanian Natarajan
- School of ChemistryBharathidasan University Palkalaiperur Tiruchirappalli Tamil Nadu India
| | - Raghupandiyan Naresh
- School of ChemistryBharathidasan University Palkalaiperur Tiruchirappalli Tamil Nadu India
- Fuel cell divisionCSIR-CERCI Karaikudi 630 003 India
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da Silva RC, de Aguiar SB, da Cunha PLR, de Paula RCM, Feitosa JP. Effect of microwave on the synthesis of polyacrylamide-g-chitosan gel for azo dye removal. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2020.104491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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10
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Sabouri MR, Sohrabi MR, Moghaddam AZ. A Novel and Efficient Dyes Degradation Using Bentonite Supported Zero‐Valent Iron‐Based Nanocomposites. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201904174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Reza Sabouri
- Department of ChemistryIslamic Azad University, North Tehran Branch P.O. Box 1913674711 Tehran Iran
| | - Mahmood Reza Sohrabi
- Department of ChemistryIslamic Azad University, North Tehran Branch P.O. Box 1913674711 Tehran Iran
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Moghaddam AZ, Jazi ME, Allahrasani A, Ganjali MR, Badiei A. Removal of acid dyes from aqueous solutions using a new eco‐friendly nanocomposite of CoFe
2
O
4
modified with Tragacanth gum. J Appl Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/app.48605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Zeraatkar Moghaddam
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of ScienceUniversity of Birjand Birjand South Khorasan Iran
| | - Mehdi Erfani Jazi
- Department of ChemistryMississippi State University Mississippi Mississippi 39762
| | - Ali Allahrasani
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of ScienceUniversity of Birjand Birjand South Khorasan Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Ganjali
- Center of Excellence in Electrochemistry, School of Chemistry, College of ScienceUniversity of Tehran Tehran Iran
- Biosensor Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular‐Cellular Sciences InstituteTehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Alireza Badiei
- School of Chemistry, College of ScienceUniversity of Tehran Tehran Iran
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Wang L, Meng F, Pei M, Guo W, Liu G, Du S. Synthesis of a Cationic Polymer-Bentonite Composite Utilizing a Simple and Green Process for the Adsorption of Acid Orange 7 from Aqueous Solution. J MACROMOL SCI B 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/00222348.2019.1644788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luyan Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, China
| | - Fanqiu Meng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, China
| | - Meishan Pei
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, China
| | - Wenjuan Guo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, China
| | - Guoran Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, China
| | - Sen Du
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, China
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Mallakpour S, Tabesh F. Tragacanth gum based hydrogel nanocomposites for the adsorption of methylene blue: Comparison of linear and non-linear forms of different adsorption isotherm and kinetics models. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 133:754-766. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.04.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Wu M, Chen W, Mao Q, Bai Y, Ma H. Facile synthesis of chitosan/gelatin filled with graphene bead adsorbent for orange II removal. Chem Eng Res Des 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2019.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Nazarzadeh Zare E, Makvandi P, Tay FR. Recent progress in the industrial and biomedical applications of tragacanth gum: A review. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 212:450-467. [PMID: 30832879 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.02.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Natural polymers have distinct advantages over synthetic polymers because of their abundance, biocompatibility, and biodegradability. Tragacanth gum, an anionic polysaccharide, is a natural polymer which is derived from renewable sources. As a biomaterial, tragacanth gum has been used in industrial settings such as food packaging and water treatment, as well as in the biomedical field as drug carriers and for wound healing purposes. The present review provides an overview on the state-of-the-art in the field of tragacanth gum applications. The structure, properties, cytotoxicity, and degradability as well as the recent advances in industrial and biomedical applications of tragacanth gum are reviewed to offer a backdrop for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pooyan Makvandi
- Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials (IPCB), National Research Council (CNR), Naples, Italy; Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Technology in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Franklin R Tay
- Department of Endodontics, The Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA.
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Tabani H, Khodaei K, Moghaddam AZ, Alexovič M, Movahed SK, Zare FD, Dabiri M. Introduction of graphene-periodic mesoporous silica as a new sorbent for removal: experiment and simulation. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-018-3698-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Padil VVT, Wacławek S, Černík M, Varma RS. Tree gum-based renewable materials: Sustainable applications in nanotechnology, biomedical and environmental fields. Biotechnol Adv 2018; 36:1984-2016. [PMID: 30165173 PMCID: PMC6209323 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2018.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 07/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The prospective uses of tree gum polysaccharides and their nanostructures in various aspects of food, water, energy, biotechnology, environment and medicine industries, have garnered a great deal of attention recently. In addition to extensive applications of tree gums in food, there are substantial non-food applications of these commercial gums, which have gained widespread attention due to their availability, structural diversity and remarkable properties as 'green' bio-based renewable materials. Tree gums are obtainable as natural polysaccharides from various tree genera possessing exceptional properties, including their renewable, biocompatible, biodegradable, and non-toxic nature and their ability to undergo easy chemical modifications. This review focuses on non-food applications of several important commercially available gums (arabic, karaya, tragacanth, ghatti and kondagogu) for the greener synthesis and stabilization of metal/metal oxide NPs, production of electrospun fibers, environmental bioremediation, bio-catalysis, biosensors, coordination complexes of metal-hydrogels, and for antimicrobial and biomedical applications. Furthermore, polysaccharides acquired from botanical, seaweed, animal, and microbial origins are briefly compared with the characteristics of tree gum exudates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinod V T Padil
- Department of Nanomaterials in Natural Sciences, Institute for Nanomaterials, Advanced Technologies and Innovation, Technical University of Liberec, Studentská 1402/2, Liberec 1 461 17, Czech Republic.
| | - Stanisław Wacławek
- Department of Nanomaterials in Natural Sciences, Institute for Nanomaterials, Advanced Technologies and Innovation, Technical University of Liberec, Studentská 1402/2, Liberec 1 461 17, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Černík
- Department of Nanomaterials in Natural Sciences, Institute for Nanomaterials, Advanced Technologies and Innovation, Technical University of Liberec, Studentská 1402/2, Liberec 1 461 17, Czech Republic.
| | - Rajender S Varma
- Water Resource Recovery Branch, Water Systems Division, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 26 West Martin Luther King Drive, MS 483, Cincinnati, Ohio 45268, USA; Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University in Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
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Fabrication of semisynthetic collagenic materials for mere/synergistic adsorption: A model approach of determining dye allocation by systematic characterization and optimization. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 102:438-456. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.04.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Naskar A, Majumder R. Understanding the adsorption behaviour of acid yellow 99 on Aspergillus niger biomass. J Mol Liq 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2017.05.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Li W, Zuo P, Xu D, Xu Y, Wang K, Bai Y, Ma H. Tunable adsorption properties of bentonite/carboxymethyl cellulose- g -poly(2-(dimethylamino) ethyl methacrylate) composites toward anionic dyes. Chem Eng Res Des 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2017.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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