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Hou S, Xu J, Wang J, Wang H, Zhang P. Mechanochemical Oxidative Coupling of Amine to Azo-based Polymers by Hypervalent Iodine Oxidant. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202303126. [PMID: 37819596 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Among porous organic polymers (POPs), azo-linked POPs represent a crucial class of materials, making them the focus of numerous catalytic systems proposed for their synthesis. However, the synthetic process is limited to metal-catalyzed, high-temperature, and liquid-phase reactions. In this study, we employ mechanochemical oxidative metal-free systems to encompass various syntheses of azo-based polymers. Drawing inspiration from the "rule of six" principle (six or more carbons on an azide group render the organic compound relatively safe), an azo compound featuring significant steric hindrance is obtained using the hypervalent iodine oxidation strategy. Furthermore, during the polymerization process, steric hindrance is enhanced in monomers to effectively prevent explosions resulting from direct contact between hypervalent iodine oxidants and primary amines. Indeed, this approach provides a facile and innovative solid-phase synthesis method for synthesizing azo-based materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengtai Hou
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Close-to-Nature Restoration Technology of Wetlands, School of Eco-Environment, Hebei University, 071002, Baoding, China
| | - Jialu Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Junjie Wang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Close-to-Nature Restoration Technology of Wetlands, School of Eco-Environment, Hebei University, 071002, Baoding, China
| | - Hongjie Wang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Close-to-Nature Restoration Technology of Wetlands, School of Eco-Environment, Hebei University, 071002, Baoding, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Close-to-Nature Restoration Technology of Wetlands, School of Eco-Environment, Hebei University, 071002, Baoding, China
| | - Pengfei Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240, Shanghai, P. R. China
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2
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Talmazan RA, Refugio Monroy J, del Río‐Portilla F, Castillo I, Podewitz M. Encapsulation Enhances the Catalytic Activity of C-N Coupling: Reaction Mechanism of a Cu(I)/Calix[8]arene Supramolecular Catalyst. ChemCatChem 2022; 14:e202200662. [PMID: 36605358 PMCID: PMC9804476 DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202200662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Development of C-N coupling methodologies based on Earth-abundant metals is a promising strategy in homogeneous catalysis for sustainable processes. However, such systems suffer from deactivation and low catalytic activity. We here report that encapsulation of Cu(I) within the phenanthroyl-containing calix[8]arene derivative 1,5-(2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroyl)-2,3,4,6,7,8-hexamethyl-p-tert-butylcalix[8]arene (C8PhenMe6 ) significantly enhances C-N coupling activity up to 92 % yield in the reaction of aryl halides and aryl amines, with low catalyst loadings (2.5 % mol). A tailored multiscale computational protocol based on Molecular Dynamics simulations and DFT investigations revealed an oxidative addition/reductive elimination process of the supramolecular catalyst [Cu(C8PhenMe6)I]. The computational investigations uncovered the origins of the enhanced catalytic activity over its molecular analogues: Catalyst deactivation through dimerization is prevented, and product release facilitated. Capturing the dynamic profile of the macrocycle and the impact of non-covalent interactions on reactivity allows for the rationalization of the behavior of the flexible supramolecular catalysts employed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radu A. Talmazan
- Institute of Materials ChemistryTU WienGetreidemarkt 91060ViennaAustria
- Institute of General, Inorganic, and Theoretical Chemistry and Center of Molecular BiosciencesUniversity of InnsbruckInnrain 80/826020InnsbruckAustria
| | - J. Refugio Monroy
- Instituto de QuímicaUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoCircuito ExteriorCU, Ciudad de México04510México
- Present address: Department of ChemistryHumboldt Universität zu BerlinBrook-Taylor-Strasse 212489BerlinGermany
| | - Federico del Río‐Portilla
- Instituto de QuímicaUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoCircuito ExteriorCU, Ciudad de México04510México
| | - Ivan Castillo
- Instituto de QuímicaUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoCircuito ExteriorCU, Ciudad de México04510México
| | - Maren Podewitz
- Institute of Materials ChemistryTU WienGetreidemarkt 91060ViennaAustria
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3
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Finck L, Oestreich M. Synthesis of Non-Symmetric Azoarenes by Palladium-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling of Silicon-Masked Diazenyl Anions and (Hetero)Aryl Halides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202210907. [PMID: 35959922 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202210907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The photoswitchable motif of azobenzenes is of great importance across the life and materials sciences. This maintains a constant demand for their efficient synthesis, especially that of non-symmetric derivatives. We disclose here a general strategy for their synthesis through an unprecedented C(sp2 )-N(sp2 ) cross-coupling where functionalized aryl-substituted diazenes masked with a silyl group are employed as diazenyl pronucleophiles. These equivalents of fragile diazenyl anions couple with a diverse set of (hetero)aryl bromides under palladium catalysis with no loss of dinitrogen. The competing denitrogenative biaryl formation is fully suppressed. The reaction requires only a minimal excess, that is 1.2 equivalents, of the diazenyl component. By this, a broad range of azoarenes decorated with two electron-rich/deficient aryl groups can be accessed in a predictable way with superb functional-group tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Finck
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 115, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Oestreich
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 115, 10623, Berlin, Germany
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4
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Finck L, Oestreich M. Synthesis of Non‐Symmetric Azoarenes by Palladium‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling of Silicon‐Masked Diazenyl Anions and (Hetero)Aryl Halides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202210907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Finck
- Technische Universität Berlin: Technische Universitat Berlin Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Martin Oestreich
- Technische Universität Berlin: Technische Universitat Berlin Chemistry Straße des 17. Juni 115 10623 Berlin GERMANY
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Singh S, Trivedi L, Vasudev PG, Passarella D, Negi AS. An Efficient Merging of DBU/Enolate and DBU/Benzyl Bromide Organocycles for the Synthesis of alpha Benzylated1-Indanone Derivatives. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj00783e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The merging of dual organocycles of the bicyclic amidine base 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-en (DBU) was demonstrated for the synthesis of alpha benzylated 1-indanones. A highly reactive enolate intermediate was formed in the...
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6
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Lazareva NF, Gostevskii BA. Synthesis of 2,2′-Bis(silyl)azobenzenes by Oxidation of 2-(Silyl)anilines. RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070363220010119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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7
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Haque F, Halder A, Ghosh S, Ghoshal D. Five coordination polymers of Cd(II) and Co(II) using 3,3′-azobispyridine and different dicarboxylates: Synthesis, structures and adsorption properties. Polyhedron 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2019.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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8
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Hudwekar AD, Verma PK, Kour J, Balgotra S, Sawant SD. Transition Metal-Free Oxidative Coupling of Primary Amines in Polyethylene Glycol at Room Temperature: Synthesis of Imines, Azobenzenes, Benzothiazoles, and Disulfides. European J Org Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201801610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Abhinandan D. Hudwekar
- Medicinal Chemistry Division; CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine; Canal Road -180001 Jammu India
- Anusandhan Bhawan; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR); 2 Rafi Marg 110001 New Delhi India
| | - Praveen K. Verma
- Medicinal Chemistry Division; CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine; Canal Road -180001 Jammu India
| | - Jaspreet Kour
- Medicinal Chemistry Division; CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine; Canal Road -180001 Jammu India
- Anusandhan Bhawan; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR); 2 Rafi Marg 110001 New Delhi India
| | - Shilpi Balgotra
- Medicinal Chemistry Division; CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine; Canal Road -180001 Jammu India
- Anusandhan Bhawan; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR); 2 Rafi Marg 110001 New Delhi India
| | - Sanghapal D. Sawant
- Medicinal Chemistry Division; CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine; Canal Road -180001 Jammu India
- Anusandhan Bhawan; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR); 2 Rafi Marg 110001 New Delhi India
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9
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Sarkar S, Sarkar P, Ghosh P. Selective Single-Step Oxidation of Amine to Cross-Azo Compounds with an Unhampered Primary Benzyl Alcohol Functionality. Org Lett 2018; 20:6725-6729. [PMID: 30350675 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b02829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
This is the first report of a single-step synthesis of primary benzyl alcohol containing different cross-azo compounds (14 examples) by Cu(II) in the presence of a newly synthesized amino-ether heteroditopic macrobicycle cage. Interestingly, even with extreme conditions, the benzyl alcohol remains unoxidized by the Cu(II) catalyst due to the protective etherial pocket of the cage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayan Sarkar
- School of Chemical Sciences , Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science , 2A & 2B Raja S.C. Mullick Road , Kolkata 700032 , India
| | - Piyali Sarkar
- School of Chemical Sciences , Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science , 2A & 2B Raja S.C. Mullick Road , Kolkata 700032 , India
| | - Pradyut Ghosh
- School of Chemical Sciences , Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science , 2A & 2B Raja S.C. Mullick Road , Kolkata 700032 , India
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10
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de Souza GF, von Zuben TW, Salles AG. A metal-catalyst-free oxidative coupling of anilines to aromatic azo compounds in water using bleach. Tetrahedron Lett 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2018.08.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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11
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Wang Y, Li B, Wang B. Synthesis of Cinnolines and Cinnolinium Salt Derivatives by Rh(III)-Catalyzed Cascade Oxidative Coupling/Cyclization Reactions. J Org Chem 2018; 83:10845-10854. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b01548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Baiquan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, People’s Republic of China
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12
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Barak DS, Dighe SU, Avasthi I, Batra S. Iodine-Catalyzed Diazenylation with Arylhydrazine Hydrochlorides in Air. J Org Chem 2018; 83:3537-3546. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b03149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh S. Barak
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector 10, Jankipuram extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Shashikant U. Dighe
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector 10, Jankipuram extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Ilesha Avasthi
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kalyanpur, Kanpur 228016, India
| | - Sanjay Batra
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector 10, Jankipuram extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, New Delhi, 110025, India
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13
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Malekafzali A, Malinovska K, Patureau FW. The cumene/O 2 system: a very simple tool for the radical chain oxidation of some functional groups. NEW J CHEM 2017; 41:6981-6985. [PMID: 30450001 PMCID: PMC6208464 DOI: 10.1039/c7nj01666b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Due to the relative stability of the cumyl radical, cumenes and α-methyl-styrenes are ideally structured to directly harvest the oxidizing reactivity of O2 and initiate radical chain reactions in catalyst-free conditions. In the absence of additional substrates, these processes can lead to acetophenones. In the presence of substrates, the cumene oxidation process can be intercepted in various chain reactions, affording very simple protocols for functional group oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Malekafzali
- FB Chemie , Technische Universiät Kaiserslautern , Erwin-Schrödinger Str. 52 , 67663 Kaiserslautern , Germany . ; http://www.chemie.uni-kl.de/patureau
- Chemistry Department , Tarbiat Modares University , Jalale-Ale-Ahmad Highway , 14117-13116 Tehran , Iran
| | - K Malinovska
- FB Chemie , Technische Universiät Kaiserslautern , Erwin-Schrödinger Str. 52 , 67663 Kaiserslautern , Germany . ; http://www.chemie.uni-kl.de/patureau
| | - F W Patureau
- FB Chemie , Technische Universiät Kaiserslautern , Erwin-Schrödinger Str. 52 , 67663 Kaiserslautern , Germany . ; http://www.chemie.uni-kl.de/patureau
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14
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Zhu S, Shoshani MM, Johnson SA. Versatile (η6-arene)Ni(PCy3) nickel monophosphine precursors. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:13176-13179. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cc08416a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Revisiting the solution behaviour of [(PCy3)2Ni]2N2 reveals a facile synthesis for the versatile Ni(PCy3) transfer reagents, (η6-arene)Ni(PCy3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha Zhu
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry
- University of Windsor
- Windsor
- Canada
| | - Manar M. Shoshani
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry
- University of Windsor
- Windsor
- Canada
| | - Samuel A. Johnson
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry
- University of Windsor
- Windsor
- Canada
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15
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Chauhan P, Ravi M, Singh S, Prajapati P, Yadav PP. Regioselective α-arylation of coumarins and 2-pyridones with phenylhydrazines under transition-metal-free conditions. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra20954d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A transition-metal-free regioselective α-arylation of coumarins and 2-pyridones has been accomplished by the reaction of phenylhydrazines with coumarins or 2-pyridones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parul Chauhan
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry
- CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute
- Lucknow-226031
- India
| | - Makthala Ravi
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry
- CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute
- Lucknow-226031
- India
| | - Shikha Singh
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry
- CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute
- Lucknow-226031
- India
| | - Prashant Prajapati
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research
- Raebareli-229010
- India
| | - Prem P. Yadav
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry
- CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute
- Lucknow-226031
- India
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16
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Anand D, Patel OPS, Maurya RK, Kant R, Yadav PP. Substrate Controlled Synthesis of Benzisoxazole and Benzisothiazole Derivatives via PhI(OAc)2-Mediated Oxidation Followed by Intramolecular Oxidative O–N/S–N Bond Formation. J Org Chem 2015; 80:12410-9. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b02276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Devireddy Anand
- Medicinal
and Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow-226031, India
| | - Om P. S. Patel
- Medicinal
and Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow-226031, India
| | - Rahul K. Maurya
- Medicinal
and Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow-226031, India
| | - Ruchir Kant
- Molecular
and Structural Biology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow-226031, India
| | - Prem P. Yadav
- Medicinal
and Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow-226031, India
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