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Garrido M, Barrejón M, Berrocal JA, Syrgiannis Z, Prato M. Polyaromatic cores for the exfoliation of popular 2D materials. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:8986-8994. [PMID: 35699137 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr00894g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials have attracted interest from the scientific community due to their unique properties. The production of these materials has been carried out by diverse methodologies, the liquid phase exfoliation being the most promising one due to its simplicity and potential scalability. The use of several stabilizers allows to obtain dispersions of these 2D nanomaterials in solvents with low boiling points. Herein we describe a general exfoliation method for different 2D materials employing a biphasic water/dichloromethane system and two different (poly)aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). This method allows us to obtain dispersions of the exfoliated 2D materials with high concentrations in the organic solvent. Due to the low boiling point of dichloromethane, and therefore its easy removal, the obtained dispersions can be employed as additives for different composites. We corroborate that the exfoliation efficiency is improved due to the π-π and van der Waals interactions between the PAHs and the layers of the 2D materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Garrido
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, INSTM UdR Trieste, Università degli Studi di Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 1, Trieste 34127, Italy.
| | - Myriam Barrejón
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, INSTM UdR Trieste, Università degli Studi di Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 1, Trieste 34127, Italy.
- Neural Repair and Biomaterials Laboratory, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos (SESCAM), Finca la Peraleda s/n, 45071 Toledo, Spain
| | - José Augusto Berrocal
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Zois Syrgiannis
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, INSTM UdR Trieste, Università degli Studi di Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 1, Trieste 34127, Italy.
- Simpson Querrey Institute for BioNanotechnology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Maurizio Prato
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, INSTM UdR Trieste, Università degli Studi di Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 1, Trieste 34127, Italy.
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramón 194, Donostia-San Sebastián 20014, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao 48013, Spain
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Godoy AP, Ecorchard P, Beneš H, Tolasz J, Smržová D, Seixas L, Pedrotti JJ, de Souza EAT, El Seoud OA, Donato RK. Ultrasound exfoliation of graphite in biphasic liquid systems containing ionic liquids: A study on the conditions for obtaining large few-layers graphene. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2019; 55:279-288. [PMID: 30712861 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2019.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Herein we describe a successful protocol for graphite exfoliation using a biphasic liquid system (water/dichloromethane, DCM) containing ionic liquids (ILs; 1,3-dibenzylimidazolium benzoate- and 1-naphthoate). The use of (surface active) IL and sonication led to stable DCM/water (O/W) emulsion, which enhanced graphene formation, suppressed its re-aggregation and decreased shear/cavitation damage. The O/W emulsion stabilization by the ILs was studied by dynamic light scattering (DLS), whereas their interaction with the graphene sheets were described by Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations. Moreover, a comprehensive investigation on cavitation-based exfoliation in the O/W systems was performed to assess the importance of operational parameters, including, the type of ultrasound processor, ultrasound power and insonation, and the influence of the exfoliation medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna P Godoy
- MackGraphe (Graphene and Nanomaterials Research Center), Mackenzie Presbyterian University, Rua da Consolação, 930, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Petra Ecorchard
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry of the CAS, v.v.i., 25068 Řež, Czech Republic
| | - Hynek Beneš
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry of the CAS, v.v.i., Heyrovsky Sq. 2, 16206 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Tolasz
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry of the CAS, v.v.i., 25068 Řež, Czech Republic
| | - Darina Smržová
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry of the CAS, v.v.i., 25068 Řež, Czech Republic
| | - Leandro Seixas
- MackGraphe (Graphene and Nanomaterials Research Center), Mackenzie Presbyterian University, Rua da Consolação, 930, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Jairo J Pedrotti
- MackGraphe (Graphene and Nanomaterials Research Center), Mackenzie Presbyterian University, Rua da Consolação, 930, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Eunezio A T de Souza
- MackGraphe (Graphene and Nanomaterials Research Center), Mackenzie Presbyterian University, Rua da Consolação, 930, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Omar A El Seoud
- Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Av. Professor Lineu Prestes, 748, 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ricardo K Donato
- MackGraphe (Graphene and Nanomaterials Research Center), Mackenzie Presbyterian University, Rua da Consolação, 930, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Schwarz D, Noda Y, Klouda J, Schwarzová-Pecková K, Tarábek J, Rybáček J, Janoušek J, Simon F, Opanasenko MV, Čejka J, Acharjya A, Schmidt J, Selve S, Reiter-Scherer V, Severin N, Rabe JP, Ecorchard P, He J, Polozij M, Nachtigall P, Bojdys MJ. Twinned Growth of Metal-Free, Triazine-Based Photocatalyst Films as Mixed-Dimensional (2D/3D) van der Waals Heterostructures. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29:1703399. [PMID: 28859235 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201703399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Design and synthesis of ordered, metal-free layered materials is intrinsically difficult due to the limitations of vapor deposition processes that are used in their making. Mixed-dimensional (2D/3D) metal-free van der Waals (vdW) heterostructures based on triazine (C3 N3 ) linkers grow as large area, transparent yellow-orange membranes on copper surfaces from solution. The membranes have an indirect band gap (Eg,opt = 1.91 eV, Eg,elec = 1.84 eV) and are moderately porous (124 m2 g-1 ). The material consists of a crystalline 2D phase that is fully sp2 hybridized and provides structural stability, and an amorphous, porous phase with mixed sp2 -sp hybridization. Interestingly, this 2D/3D vdW heterostructure grows in a twinned mechanism from a one-pot reaction mixture: unprecedented for metal-free frameworks and a direct consequence of on-catalyst synthesis. Thanks to the efficient type I heterojunction, electron transfer processes are fundamentally improved and hence, the material is capable of metal-free, light-induced hydrogen evolution from water without the need for a noble metal cocatalyst (34 µmol h-1 g-1 without Pt). The results highlight that twinned growth mechanisms are observed in the realm of "wet" chemistry, and that they can be used to fabricate otherwise challenging 2D/3D vdW heterostructures with composite properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Schwarz
- Faculty of Science, Department of Organic Chemistry, Charles University, Hlavova 8, 128 43, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Yu Noda
- Faculty of Science, Department of Organic Chemistry, Charles University, Hlavova 8, 128 43, Prague 2, Czech Republic
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the CAS, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Klouda
- Faculty of Science, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Charles University, Hlavova 8, 128 43, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Karolina Schwarzová-Pecková
- Faculty of Science, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Charles University, Hlavova 8, 128 43, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Ján Tarábek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the CAS, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Rybáček
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the CAS, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Janoušek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the CAS, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10, Prague 6, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 3, 160 00, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Frank Simon
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden, Hohe Str. 6, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Maksym V Opanasenko
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Dolejškova 2155/3, 182 00, Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Čejka
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Dolejškova 2155/3, 182 00, Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Amitava Acharjya
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institute of Chemistry, Hardenbergstr. 40, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Johannes Schmidt
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institute of Chemistry, Hardenbergstr. 40, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sören Selve
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institute of Chemistry, Hardenbergstr. 40, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Valentin Reiter-Scherer
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Physics, Physics of Macromolecules, Newtonstr. 15, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nikolai Severin
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Physics, Physics of Macromolecules, Newtonstr. 15, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jürgen P Rabe
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Physics, Physics of Macromolecules, Newtonstr. 15, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Petra Ecorchard
- Materials Chemistry Department, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry AS CR, v.v.i., 250 68, Řež, Czech Republic
| | - Junjie He
- Faculty of Science, Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Charles University, Hlavova 8, 128 43, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Polozij
- Faculty of Science, Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Charles University, Hlavova 8, 128 43, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Nachtigall
- Faculty of Science, Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Charles University, Hlavova 8, 128 43, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Michael J Bojdys
- Faculty of Science, Department of Organic Chemistry, Charles University, Hlavova 8, 128 43, Prague 2, Czech Republic
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the CAS, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10, Prague 6, Czech Republic
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Singhal P, Rattan S. Swift Heavy Ion Irradiation as a Tool for Homogeneous Dispersion of Nanographite Platelets within the Polymer Matrices: Toward Tailoring the Properties of PEDOT:PSS/Nanographite Nanocomposites. J Phys Chem B 2016; 120:3403-13. [PMID: 26982328 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.5b11240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Performance of the polymer nanocomposites is dependent to a great extent on efficient and homogeneous dispersion of nanoparticles in polymeric matrices. The dispersion of nanographite platelets (NGPs) in polymer matrix is a great challenge because of the inherent inert nature of the NGPs, poor wettability toward polymer matrices, and easy agglomeration due to van der Waals interactions. In the present study, attempts have been made to use a new approach involving the irradiation of polymer nanocomposites through swift heavy ion (SHI) to homogeneously disperse the NGPs within the polymer matrices. Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) poly(styrenesulfonate) ( PEDOT PSS)/nanographite nanocomposite (NC) films prepared by the solution blending method were irradiated with SHI (Ni ion beam, 80 MeV) at a fluence range of 1 × 10(10) to 1 × 10(12) ions/cm(2). XRD studies revealed that ion irradiation results in delamination and better dispersion of NGPs in the irradiated nanocomposite films compared to unirradiated films, which is also depicted through SEM, AFM, TEM, and Raman studies. In the irradiated polymer nanocomposite films, the conformation of PEDOT chains changes from coiled to extended coiled structure, which, along with homogeneously dispersed NGPs in irradiated NCs, shows an excellent synergistic effect facilitating charge transport. The remarkable improvement in conductivity from 1.9 × 10(-2) in unirradiated NCs to 0.45 S/cm in irradiated NCs is observed with marked improvement in sensing the response toward nitroaromatic vapors at room temperature. The temperature induced conductivity studies have been carried out for PEDOT PSS/nanographite NCs to comprehend the charge transport mechanism in NC films using the 3D Mott variable range hopping model also. The study reveals SHI as a novel method, addressing the challenge associated with the dispersion of NGPs within the polymer matrix for their enhanced performance toward various applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prachi Singhal
- Directorate of Innovation and Technology Transfer, Amity University Uttar Pradesh , Sec-125, Noida, India
| | - Sunita Rattan
- Amity Institute of Applied Sciences, Amity University Uttar Pradesh , Sec-125, Noida, India
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