1
|
Berrino E, Cantin T, Artault M, Beck S, Jessen C, Marrot J, Guégan F, Mingot A, Kornath A, Thibaudeau S. Accumulation, Characterization and Reactivity of Chiral Ammonium-Carboxonium Dications in Superacid. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202404066. [PMID: 38587216 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202404066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
The accumulation of chiral ammonium-oxocarbenium dications in superacid is evidenced by low-temperature NMR spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis and confirmed by DFT calculations. Its potential for the diastereoselective remote hydrofunctionalization of non-activated alkene is also explored.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Berrino
- IC2MP UMR CNRS 7285, Université de Poitiers, 4 rue Michel, Brunet, 86073 Poitiers cedex 9, France
| | - Thomas Cantin
- IC2MP UMR CNRS 7285, Université de Poitiers, 4 rue Michel, Brunet, 86073 Poitiers cedex 9, France
| | - Maxime Artault
- IC2MP UMR CNRS 7285, Université de Poitiers, 4 rue Michel, Brunet, 86073 Poitiers cedex 9, France
| | - Stefanie Beck
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Butenandtstr. 5-13, D-81377, München, Germany
| | - Christoph Jessen
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Butenandtstr. 5-13, D-81377, München, Germany
| | - Jérôme Marrot
- UMR CNRS 8180, 45 avenue des États-Unis, 78035, Versailles Cedex, France
| | - Frédéric Guégan
- IC2MP UMR CNRS 7285, Université de Poitiers, 4 rue Michel, Brunet, 86073 Poitiers cedex 9, France
| | - Agnès Mingot
- IC2MP UMR CNRS 7285, Université de Poitiers, 4 rue Michel, Brunet, 86073 Poitiers cedex 9, France
| | - Andreas Kornath
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Butenandtstr. 5-13, D-81377, München, Germany
| | - Sébastien Thibaudeau
- IC2MP UMR CNRS 7285, Université de Poitiers, 4 rue Michel, Brunet, 86073 Poitiers cedex 9, France
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Feng Z, Marset X, Tostado J, Kircher J, She Z, Golz C, Mata RA, Simon M, Alcarazo M. 5-(Trifluorovinyl)dibenzothiophenium Triflate: Introducing the 1,1,2-Trifluoroethylene Tether in Drug-Like Structures. Chemistry 2022; 29:e202203966. [PMID: 36545870 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This manuscript reports the synthesis and structure of an unprecedented sulfonium salt, 5-(trifluorovinyl)dibenzothiophenium triflate, and its use as a versatile reagent for the introduction of the bioisosteric 1,1,2-trifluoroethylene linker in drug-like structures. The protocol developed consists of the reaction of this compound with alcohols and phenols to deliver a complete set of 1,2,2-trifluoro-2-(alkoxy-/aryloxy)ethyl sulfonium salts, which have been purified by column chromatography and fully characterized. Subsequent single electron reduction under mild photochemical conditions efficiently affords the corresponding fluoroalkyl radicals that are trapped either intra- or intermolecularly through their reaction with (hetero)arenes. Theoretical calculations are used to evaluate the conformational consequences derived from the presence of the CF2 -CHF tether.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zeyu Feng
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstr 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Xavier Marset
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstr 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jaime Tostado
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstr 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Johannes Kircher
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstr 6, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Zhijie She
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstr 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christopher Golz
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstr 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ricardo A Mata
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstr 6, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Martin Simon
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstr 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Manuel Alcarazo
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstr 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Pupo G, Gouverneur V. Hydrogen Bonding Phase-Transfer Catalysis with Alkali Metal Fluorides and Beyond. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:5200-5213. [PMID: 35294171 PMCID: PMC9084554 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c00190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Phase-transfer catalysis (PTC) is one of the most powerful catalytic manifolds for asymmetric synthesis. Chiral cationic or anionic PTC strategies have enabled a variety of transformations, yet studies on the use of insoluble inorganic salts as nucleophiles for the synthesis of enantioenriched molecules have remained elusive. A long-standing challenge is the development of methods for asymmetric carbon-fluorine bond formation from readily available and cost-effective alkali metal fluorides. In this Perspective, we describe how H-bond donors can provide a solution through fluoride binding. We use examples, primarily from our own research, to discuss how hydrogen bonding interactions impact fluoride reactivity and the role of H-bond donors as phase-transfer catalysts to bring solid-phase alkali metal fluorides in solution. These studies led to hydrogen bonding phase-transfer catalysis (HB-PTC), a new concept in PTC, originally crafted for alkali metal fluorides but offering opportunities beyond enantioselective fluorination. Looking ahead, the unlimited options that one can consider to diversify the H-bond donor, the inorganic salt, and the electrophile, herald a new era in phase-transfer catalysis. Whether abundant inorganic salts of lattice energy significantly higher than those studied to date could be considered as nucleophiles, e.g., CaF2, remains an open question, with solutions that may be found through synergistic PTC catalysis or beyond PTC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Pupo
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Véronique Gouverneur
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Martins FA, Chagas P, Thomasi SS, Oliveira LCA, Diniz R, Freitas MP. Theoretical and X-ray evidence of electrostatic phosphonium anti and gauche effects. Chemphyschem 2022; 23:e202100856. [PMID: 34995018 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202100856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Sulfur, not phosphorus, is the only known third-row element capable of experiencing an electrostatic gauche effect with fluorine. Some six-membered rings containing an endocyclic phosphorus atom and a β-fluorine substituent that can interconvert to axial ( gauche relative to phosphorus) and equatorial positions were then analysed. While phosphines do not establish an electrostatic attraction between fluorine and phosphorus, some oxidised forms exhibit surprising stability for the sterically disfavoured axial orientation. Because the nature of this behaviour was not obvious, since an intramolecular hydrogen bond can appear, a phosphonium derivative was further studied and its axial conformation was found to be highly stable. A preference for the gauche arrangement appears even for the acyclic and sterically hindered (2-fluoroethyl)triphenylphosphonium cation. On the other hand, (ethane-1,2-diyl)bis(phosphonium) cations are exclusively in anti conformation due to an (+/+)-electrostatic repulsion between the positively charged phosphonium groups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francisco A Martins
- Federal University of Lavras: Universidade Federal de Lavras, Chemistry, Av. Lagoa Azul, Casa, Lavras, 37200-900, Lavras, BRAZIL
| | | | - Sérgio S Thomasi
- Federal University of Lavras: Universidade Federal de Lavras, Chemistry, BRAZIL
| | | | - Renata Diniz
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Chemistry, BRAZIL
| | - Matheus P Freitas
- Federal University of Lavras, Department of Chemsitry, Campus UFLA, CP 3037, 37200-000, Lavras, BRAZIL
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Richardson P. Applications of fluorine to the construction of bioisosteric elements for the purposes of novel drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2021; 16:1261-1286. [PMID: 34074189 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2021.1933427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Introduction There continues to be an exponential rise in the number of small molecule drugs that contain either a fluorine atom or a fluorinated fragment. While the unique properties of fluorine enable the precise modulation of a molecule's physicochemical properties, strategic bioisosteric replacement of fragments with fluorinated moieties represents an area of significant growth.Areas covered This review discusses the strategic employment of fluorine substitution in the design and development of bioisosteres in medicinal chemistry. In addition, the classic exploitation of trifluoroethylamine group as an amide bioisostere is discussed. In each of the case studies presented, emphasis is placed on the context-dependent influence of the fluorinated fragment on the overall properties/binding of the compound of interest.Expert opinion Whereas utilization of bioisosteric replacements to modify molecular structures is commonplace within drug discovery, the overarching lesson to be learned is that the chances of success with this strategy significantly increase as the knowledge of the structure/environment of the biological target grows. Coupled to this, breakthroughs and learnings achieved using bioisosteres within a specific program are context-based, and though may be helpful in guiding future intuition, will not necessarily be directly translated to future programs. Another important point is to bear in mind what implications a structural change based on a bioisosteric replacement will have on the candidate molecule. Finally, the development of new methods and reagents for the controlled regioselective introduction of fluorine and fluorinated moieties into biologically relevant compounds particularly in drug discovery remains a contemporary challenge in organic chemistry.
Collapse
|
6
|
Mondal R, Agbaria M, Nairoukh Z. Fluorinated Rings: Conformation and Application. Chemistry 2021; 27:7193-7213. [PMID: 33512034 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202005425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The introduction of fluorine atoms into molecules and materials across many fields of academic and industrial research is now commonplace, owing to their unique properties. A particularly interesting feature is the impact of fluorine substitution on the relative orientation of a C-F bond when incorporated into organic molecules. In this Review, we will be discussing the conformational behavior of fluorinated aliphatic carbo- and heterocyclic systems. The conformational preference of each system is associated with various interactions introduced by fluorine substitution such as charge-dipole, dipole-dipole, and hyperconjugative interactions. The contribution of each interaction on the stabilization of the fluorinated alicyclic system, which manifests itself in low conformations, will be discussed in detail. The novelty of this feature will be demonstrated by presenting the most recent applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rajarshi Mondal
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel
| | - Mohamed Agbaria
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel
| | - Zackaria Nairoukh
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Rodrigues Silva D, de Azevedo Santos L, Hamlin TA, Fonseca Guerra C, Freitas MP, Bickelhaupt FM. The Gauche Effect in XCH 2 CH 2 X Revisited. Chemphyschem 2021; 22:641-648. [PMID: 33555663 PMCID: PMC8048458 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202100090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We have quantum chemically investigated the rotational isomerism of 1,2-dihaloethanes XCH2 CH2 X (X = F, Cl, Br, I) at ZORA-BP86-D3(BJ)/QZ4P. Our Kohn-Sham molecular orbital (KS-MO) analyses reveal that hyperconjugative orbital interactions favor the gauche conformation in all cases (X = F-I), not only for X = F as in the current model of this so-called gauche effect. We show that, instead, it is the interplay of hyperconjugation with Pauli repulsion between lone-pair-type orbitals on the halogen substituents that constitutes the causal mechanism for the gauche effect. Thus, only in the case of the relatively small fluorine atoms, steric Pauli repulsion is too weak to overrule the gauche preference of the hyperconjugative orbital interactions. For the larger halogens, X⋅⋅⋅X steric Pauli repulsion becomes sufficiently destabilizing to shift the energetic preference from gauche to anti, despite the opposite preference of hyperconjugation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Rodrigues Silva
- Department of Theoretical ChemistryAmsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS)Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM)Vrije Universiteit AmsterdamDe Boelelaan 10831081 HVAmsterdam (TheNetherlands
- Departamento de QuímicaInstituto de Ciências NaturaisUniversidade Federal de Lavras37200-900Lavras-MGBrazil
| | - Lucas de Azevedo Santos
- Department of Theoretical ChemistryAmsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS)Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM)Vrije Universiteit AmsterdamDe Boelelaan 10831081 HVAmsterdam (TheNetherlands
- Departamento de QuímicaInstituto de Ciências NaturaisUniversidade Federal de Lavras37200-900Lavras-MGBrazil
| | - Trevor A. Hamlin
- Department of Theoretical ChemistryAmsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS)Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM)Vrije Universiteit AmsterdamDe Boelelaan 10831081 HVAmsterdam (TheNetherlands
| | - Célia Fonseca Guerra
- Department of Theoretical ChemistryAmsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS)Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM)Vrije Universiteit AmsterdamDe Boelelaan 10831081 HVAmsterdam (TheNetherlands
- Leiden Institute of ChemistryGorlaeus LaboratoriesLeiden UniversityEinsteinweg 552333 CCLeiden (TheNetherlands
| | - Matheus P. Freitas
- Departamento de QuímicaInstituto de Ciências NaturaisUniversidade Federal de Lavras37200-900Lavras-MGBrazil
| | - F. Matthias Bickelhaupt
- Department of Theoretical ChemistryAmsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS)Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM)Vrije Universiteit AmsterdamDe Boelelaan 10831081 HVAmsterdam (TheNetherlands
- Institute for Molecules and Materials (IMM)Radboud UniversityHeyendaalseweg 1356525 AJNijmegen (TheNetherlands
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Erdeljac N, Mück‐Lichtenfeld C, Daniliuc CG, Gilmour R. Conformational Analysis of Acyclic α-Fluoro Sulfur Motifs. Chemistry 2020; 26:13704-13715. [PMID: 32735052 PMCID: PMC7702044 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202003361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Bioactive small molecules containing α-fluoro sulfur motifs [RS(O)n CH2 F] are appearing with increasing frequency in the pharmaceutical and agrochemical sectors. Prominent examples include the anti-asthma drug Flovent® and the phenylpyrazole insecticide pyrafluprole. Given the popularity of these structural units in bioactive small molecule design, together with the varying oxidation states of sulfur, a conformational analysis of α-fluoro sulfides, sulfoxides, and sulfones, would be instructive in order to delineate the non-covalent interactions that manifest themselves in structure. A combined crystallographic and computational analysis demonstrates the importance of hyperconjugative donor-acceptor interactions in achieving acyclic conformational control. The conformational disparity in the syn- and anti-diastereoisomers of α-fluorosulfoxides is particularly noteworthy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Erdeljac
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutWestfälische Wilhelms-Universität MünsterCorrensstraße 3648149MünsterGermany
| | - Christian Mück‐Lichtenfeld
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutWestfälische Wilhelms-Universität MünsterCorrensstraße 3648149MünsterGermany
| | - Constantin G. Daniliuc
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutWestfälische Wilhelms-Universität MünsterCorrensstraße 3648149MünsterGermany
| | - Ryan Gilmour
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutWestfälische Wilhelms-Universität MünsterCorrensstraße 3648149MünsterGermany
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Brüllingen E, Neudörfl JM, Goldfuss B. Ligand's electronegativity controls the sense of enantioselectivity in BIFOP-X palladium-catalyzed allylic alkylations. NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj02798j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Palladium-catalyzed allylic alkylations of Na(CH(CO2Me)2 with 1,3-diphenylallyl acetate, employing BIFOP-X (X = H, D, Cl, CN, N3) ligands, yield the C–C coupling product (up to 91% yield, 70% ee). A NBO effect reveals a change of stereochemistry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Brüllingen
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Cologne
- Organic Chemistry
- 50939 Cologne
- Germany
| | - Jörg-Martin Neudörfl
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Cologne
- Organic Chemistry
- 50939 Cologne
- Germany
| | - Bernd Goldfuss
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Cologne
- Organic Chemistry
- 50939 Cologne
- Germany
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Castelli U, Lohier JF, Drukenmüller I, Mingot A, Bachman C, Alayrac C, Marrot J, Stierstorfer K, Kornath A, Gaumont AC, Thibaudeau S. Evidence of Phosphonium-Carbenium Dication Formation in a Superacid: Precursor to Fluorinated Phosphine Oxides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201811032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ugo Castelli
- IC2MP-UMR CNRS 7582-; Université de Poitiers; 4 rue Michel Brunet TSA 51106 86073 Poitiers cedex 9 France
| | - Jean-François Lohier
- Normandie Université; ENSICAEN; UNICAEN; CNRS, Laboratoire LCMT (UMR 6507 & FR 3038); 14000 Caen France
| | - Ines Drukenmüller
- Department of Chemistry; Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich; Butenandtstrasse 5-13 81377 München Germany
| | - Agnès Mingot
- IC2MP-UMR CNRS 7582-; Université de Poitiers; 4 rue Michel Brunet TSA 51106 86073 Poitiers cedex 9 France
| | - Christian Bachman
- IC2MP-UMR CNRS 7582-; Université de Poitiers; 4 rue Michel Brunet TSA 51106 86073 Poitiers cedex 9 France
| | - Carole Alayrac
- Normandie Université; ENSICAEN; UNICAEN; CNRS, Laboratoire LCMT (UMR 6507 & FR 3038); 14000 Caen France
| | - Jérôme Marrot
- UMR CNRS 8180; 45 avenue des États-Unis 78035 Versailles Cedex France
| | - Karin Stierstorfer
- Department of Chemistry; Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich; Butenandtstrasse 5-13 81377 München Germany
| | - Andreas Kornath
- Department of Chemistry; Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich; Butenandtstrasse 5-13 81377 München Germany
| | - Annie-Claude Gaumont
- Normandie Université; ENSICAEN; UNICAEN; CNRS, Laboratoire LCMT (UMR 6507 & FR 3038); 14000 Caen France
| | - Sébastien Thibaudeau
- IC2MP-UMR CNRS 7582-; Université de Poitiers; 4 rue Michel Brunet TSA 51106 86073 Poitiers cedex 9 France
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Castelli U, Lohier JF, Drukenmüller I, Mingot A, Bachman C, Alayrac C, Marrot J, Stierstorfer K, Kornath A, Gaumont AC, Thibaudeau S. Evidence of Phosphonium-Carbenium Dication Formation in a Superacid: Precursor to Fluorinated Phosphine Oxides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 58:1355-1360. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201811032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ugo Castelli
- IC2MP-UMR CNRS 7582-; Université de Poitiers; 4 rue Michel Brunet TSA 51106 86073 Poitiers cedex 9 France
| | - Jean-François Lohier
- Normandie Université; ENSICAEN; UNICAEN; CNRS, Laboratoire LCMT (UMR 6507 & FR 3038); 14000 Caen France
| | - Ines Drukenmüller
- Department of Chemistry; Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich; Butenandtstrasse 5-13 81377 München Germany
| | - Agnès Mingot
- IC2MP-UMR CNRS 7582-; Université de Poitiers; 4 rue Michel Brunet TSA 51106 86073 Poitiers cedex 9 France
| | - Christian Bachman
- IC2MP-UMR CNRS 7582-; Université de Poitiers; 4 rue Michel Brunet TSA 51106 86073 Poitiers cedex 9 France
| | - Carole Alayrac
- Normandie Université; ENSICAEN; UNICAEN; CNRS, Laboratoire LCMT (UMR 6507 & FR 3038); 14000 Caen France
| | - Jérôme Marrot
- UMR CNRS 8180; 45 avenue des États-Unis 78035 Versailles Cedex France
| | - Karin Stierstorfer
- Department of Chemistry; Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich; Butenandtstrasse 5-13 81377 München Germany
| | - Andreas Kornath
- Department of Chemistry; Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich; Butenandtstrasse 5-13 81377 München Germany
| | - Annie-Claude Gaumont
- Normandie Université; ENSICAEN; UNICAEN; CNRS, Laboratoire LCMT (UMR 6507 & FR 3038); 14000 Caen France
| | - Sébastien Thibaudeau
- IC2MP-UMR CNRS 7582-; Université de Poitiers; 4 rue Michel Brunet TSA 51106 86073 Poitiers cedex 9 France
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Erdeljac N, Kehr G, Ahlqvist M, Knerr L, Gilmour R. Exploring physicochemical space via a bioisostere of the trifluoromethyl and ethyl groups (BITE): attenuating lipophilicity in fluorinated analogues of Gilenya® for multiple sclerosis. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:12002-12005. [PMID: 30221278 DOI: 10.1039/c8cc05643a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The direct, catalytic vicinal difluorination of terminal alkenes via an I(i)/I(iii) manifold was exploited to install a chiral, hybrid bioisostere of the CF3 and Et groups (BITE) in Gilenya®; the first orally available drug for the clinical management of Multiple Sclerosis (MS). This subtle fluorination pattern allows lipophilicity (log D) to be tempered compared to the corresponding CF3 and Et derivatives (CH2CH3 > CH2CF3 > CHFCH2F).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Erdeljac
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Aufiero M, Gilmour R. Informing Molecular Design by Stereoelectronic Theory: The Fluorine Gauche Effect in Catalysis. Acc Chem Res 2018; 51:1701-1710. [PMID: 29894155 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.8b00192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The axioms of stereoelectronic theory constitute an atlas to navigate the contours of molecular space. All too rarely lauded, the advent and development of stereoelectronic theory has been one of organic chemistry's greatest triumphs. Inevitably, however, in the absence of a comprehensive treatise, many of the field's pioneers do not receive the veneration that they merit. Rather their legacies are the stereoelectronic pillars that persist in teaching and research. This ubiquity continues to afford practitioners of organic chemistry with an abundance of opportunities for creative endeavor in reaction design, in conceiving novel activation modes, in preorganizing intermediates, or in stabilizing productive transition states and products. Antipodal to steric governance, which mitigates destabilizing nonbonding interactions, stereoelectronic control allows well-defined, often complementary, conformations to be populated. Indeed, the prevalence of stabilizing hyperconjugative interactions in biosynthetic processes renders this approach to molecular preorganization decidedly biomimetic and, by extension, expansive. In this Account, the evolution and application of a simple donor-acceptor model based on the fluorine gauche effect is delineated. Founded on reinforcing hyperconjugative interactions involving C(sp3)-H bonding orbitals and C(sp3)-X antibonding orbitals [σC-H → σC-X*], this general stratagem has been used in conjunction with an array of secondary noncovalent interactions to achieve acyclic conformational control (ACC) in structures of interest. These secondary effects range from 1,3-allylic strain (A1,3) through to electrostatic charge-dipole and cation-π interactions. Synergy between these interactions ensures that rotation about strategic C(sp3)-C(sp3) bonds is subject to the stereoelectronic requirement for antiperiplanarity (180°). Logically, in a generic [X-CH2-CH2-Y] system (X, Y = electron withdrawing groups) conformations in which the two C(sp3)-X bonds are synclinal (i.e., gauche) are significantly populated. As such, simple donor-acceptor models are didactically and predictively powerful in achieving topological preorganization. In the case of the gauche effect, the low steric demand of fluorine ensures that the remaining substituents at the C(sp3) hybridized center are placed in a predictable area of molecular space: An exit vector analogy is thus appropriate. Furthermore, the intrinsic chemical stability of the C-F bond is advantageous, thus it may be considered as an inert conformational steering group: This juxtaposition of size and electronegativity renders fluorinated organic molecules unique among the organo-halogen series. Cognizant that the replacement of one fluorine atom in the difluoroethylene motif by another electron withdrawing group preserves the gauche conformation, it was reasoned that β-fluoroamines would be intriguing candidates for investigation. The burgeoning field of Lewis base catalysis, particularly via iminium ion activation, provided a timely platform from which to explore a postulated fluorine-iminium ion gauche effect. Necessarily, activation of this stereoelectronic effect requires a process of intramolecularization to generate the electron deficient neighboring group: Examples include protonation, condensation to generate iminium salts, or acylation. This process, akin to substrate binding, has obvious parallels with enzymatic catalysis, since it perturbs the conformational dynamics of the system [ synclinal-endo, antiperiplanar, synclinal-exo]. This Account details the development of conformationally predictable small molecules based on the [X-Cα-Cβ-F] motif through a logical process of molecular design and illustrates their synthetic value in enantioselective catalysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marialuisa Aufiero
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Ryan Gilmour
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Pupo G, Ibba F, Ascough DMH, Vicini AC, Ricci P, Christensen KE, Pfeifer L, Morphy JR, Brown JM, Paton RS, Gouverneur V. Asymmetric nucleophilic fluorination under hydrogen bonding phase-transfer catalysis. Science 2018; 360:638-642. [PMID: 29748281 DOI: 10.1126/science.aar7941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Common anionic nucleophiles such as those derived from inorganic salts have not been used for enantioselective catalysis because of their insolubility. Here, we report that merging hydrogen bonding and phase-transfer catalysis provides an effective mode of activation for nucleophiles that are insoluble in organic solvents. This catalytic manifold relies on hydrogen bonding complexation to render nucleophiles soluble and reactive, while simultaneously inducing asymmetry in the ensuing transformation. We demonstrate the concept using a chiral bis-urea catalyst to form a tridentate hydrogen bonding complex with fluoride from its cesium salt, thereby enabling highly efficient enantioselective ring opening of episulfonium ion. This fluorination method is synthetically valuable considering the scarcity of alternative protocols and points the way to wider application of the catalytic approach with diverse anionic nucleophiles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Pupo
- University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Francesco Ibba
- University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
| | - David M H Ascough
- University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Anna Chiara Vicini
- University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Paolo Ricci
- University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Kirsten E Christensen
- University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Lukas Pfeifer
- University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
| | - John Richard Morphy
- Medicinal Chemistry, Eli Lilly and Company Limited, Erl Wood Manor, Sunninghill Road, Windlesham GU20 6PH, UK
| | - John M Brown
- University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Robert S Paton
- University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Véronique Gouverneur
- University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Teschers CS, Daniliuc CG, Kehr G, Gilmour R. Conformational control enabled by the fluorine gauche effect in a model of the β2-AR agonist salbutamol (Ventolin™). J Fluor Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2018.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
16
|
Andrade LAF, Freitas MP. Not all third-row elements experience the fluorine gauche effect: β-fluorinated organophosphorus compounds. NEW J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7nj02463k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Conformational analyses of β-fluorinated organophosphorus compounds were theoretically carried out to probe the role of a possible fluorine–phosphorus gauche effect in conformer stabilization, specifically using a phosphine, a phosphine oxide, phosphinic and phosphonic acids, and the corresponding anions as model compounds.
Collapse
|
17
|
Baranac-Stojanović M, Stojanović M, Aleksić J. Theoretical study of azido gauche effect and its origin. NEW J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7nj00369b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The strength and origin of the azido gauche effect were studied by ab initio calculations and compared with the well-known fluorine gauche effect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jovana Aleksić
- Center for Chemistry ICTM
- University of Belgrade
- 11000 Belgrade
- Serbia
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Matsuki N, Inoue Y, Mori T. Orbital Control of Photochemical Rearrangement of 4-Aryl-1,1-dicyano-1-butenes through the Hyperconjugative Substitution on the Linker Chain. J Phys Chem Lett 2016; 7:4957-4961. [PMID: 27973867 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.6b02632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Hyperconjugative interaction was demonstrated to play a vital role in the photochemistry of 4-aryl-1,1-dicyano-1-butenes. Thus a simple substituent on the benzylic position effectively induced a new photoreactivity to afford an allylic rearrangement product that is not obtained for the parent substrate. The natural bond orbital analysis was employed to reveal the enhanced relative contributions of hyperconjugation in the excited state, which dramatically alter the photochemical outcomes not only by reducing the strength of the allylic/benzylic bond but more crucially by affecting the conformer distribution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nobuo Matsuki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University , 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Inoue
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University , 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tadashi Mori
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University , 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Scheidt F, Selter P, Santschi N, Holland MC, Dudenko DV, Daniliuc C, Mück-Lichtenfeld C, Hansen MR, Gilmour R. Emulating Natural Product Conformation by Cooperative, Non-Covalent Fluorine Interactions. Chemistry 2016; 23:6142-6149. [PMID: 27788283 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201604632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Pervasive in Nature, the propane unit is an essential component of numerous bioactive molecules. These range from acyclic systems, such as the neurotransmitter γ-aminobutyric acid, through to the bicyclic nuclei of various chromanes and dihydrobenzofurans. In the latter case, cyclisation via cyclic ether formation ensures a highly pre-organised structure, whilst linear scaffolds display more dynamic conformational behaviour resulting from rotation about the two internal C(sp3 )-C(sp3 ) bonds. In this study, the replacement of -[CH2 ]- units by -[CHF]- centres is evaluated as a strategy to achieve acyclic conformational control by hindering these internal rotations. Reinforcing, non-covalent fluorine interactions are validated as powerful design features that result in programmable conformational behaviours: These are encoded by the relative configuration of each centre. By exploiting cooperative neighbouring stereoelectronic effects in a multi-vicinal fluoroalkane it is possible to emulate the overall conformation of the dihydrobenzofuran scaffold found in a variety of natural products with an acyclic mimic. This is described as a function of two bond vectors at the chain termini and validated by combined theoretical, crystallographic and spectroscopic analyses. In view of the favourable physicochemical properties associated with fluorine introduction, this approach to bioactive scaffold design may prove to be expansive.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Felix Scheidt
- Organic Chemistry Institute, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149, Germany
| | - Philipp Selter
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149, Germany
| | - Nico Santschi
- Organic Chemistry Institute, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149, Germany
| | - Mareike C Holland
- Organic Chemistry Institute, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149, Germany
| | - Dmytro V Dudenko
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, University of Mons, Place du Parc 20, 7000, Mons, Belgium
| | - Constantin Daniliuc
- Organic Chemistry Institute, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149, Germany
| | - Christian Mück-Lichtenfeld
- Organic Chemistry Institute, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149, Germany
| | - Michael Ryan Hansen
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149, Germany
| | - Ryan Gilmour
- Organic Chemistry Institute, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149, Germany.,Excellence Cluster EXC 1003, Cells in Motion, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Thiehoff
- Institute for Organic Chemistry; Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster; Corrensstr. 40 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Yannick P. Rey
- Institute for Organic Chemistry; Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster; Corrensstr. 40 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Ryan Gilmour
- Institute for Organic Chemistry; Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster; Corrensstr. 40 48149 Münster Germany
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Santschi N, Thiehoff C, Holland MC, Daniliuc CG, Houk KN, Gilmour R. The Sulfur–Fluorine Gauche Effect in Coinage-Metal Complexes: Augmenting Conformational Equilibria by Complexation. Organometallics 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.6b00564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nico Santschi
- Institute
for Organic Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
- Excellence
Cluster EXC 1003, Cells in Motion, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Christian Thiehoff
- Institute
for Organic Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Mareike C. Holland
- Institute
for Organic Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles 90095-1569, United States
| | - Constantin G. Daniliuc
- Institute
for Organic Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - K. N. Houk
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles 90095-1569, United States
| | - Ryan Gilmour
- Institute
for Organic Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
- Excellence
Cluster EXC 1003, Cells in Motion, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Arimori S, Matsubara O, Takada M, Shiro M, Shibata N. Difluoromethanesulfonyl hypervalent iodonium ylides for electrophilic difluoromethylthiolation reactions under copper catalysis. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2016; 3:160102. [PMID: 27293790 PMCID: PMC4892452 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.160102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Difluoromethanesulfonyl hypervalent iodonium ylides 2 were developed as electrophilic difluoromethylthiolation reagents for a wide range of nucleophiles. Enamines, indoles, β-keto esters, silyl enol ethers and pyrroles were effectively reacted with 2 affording desired difluoromethylthio (SCF2H)-substituted compounds in good to high yields under copper catalysis. The reaction of allyl alcohols with 2 under the same conditions provided difluoromethylsulfinyl (S(O)CF2H) products in good yields. The difluoromethylthiolation of enamines is particularly effective with wide generality, thus the enamine method was nicely extended to the synthesis of a series of difluoromethythiolated cyclic and acyclic β-keto esters, 1,3-diketones, pyrazole and pyrimidine derivatives by a consecutive, two-step one-pot reaction using 2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sadayuki Arimori
- Department of Frontier Materials, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan
| | - Okiya Matsubara
- Department of Frontier Materials, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan
| | - Masahiro Takada
- Department of Frontier Materials, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan
| | - Motoo Shiro
- Rigaku Corporation, 3-9-12 Matsubara-cho, Akishima, Tokyo 196-8666, Japan
| | - Norio Shibata
- Department of Frontier Materials, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan
- Author for correspondence: Norio Shibata e-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Vidhani DV, Krafft ME, Alabugin IV. Gold(I)-Catalyzed Allenyl Cope Rearrangement: Evolution from Asynchronicity to Trappable Intermediates Assisted by Stereoelectronic Switching. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:2769-79. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b12920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh V. Vidhani
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - Marie E. Krafft
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - Igor V. Alabugin
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
|
25
|
Süveges BD, Podlech J. Stereoelectronic effects in conformations of sulfide, sulfoxide, and sulfone α-carbanions. Tetrahedron 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2015.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
26
|
Aleksić J, Stojanović M, Baranac-Stojanović M. Origin of Fluorine/Sulfur Gauche Effect of β-Fluorinated Thiol, Sulfoxide, Sulfone, and Thionium Ion. J Org Chem 2015; 80:10197-207. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b01779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jovana Aleksić
- Center
for Chemistry ICTM, University of Belgrade, P.O. Box 473, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milovan Stojanović
- Center
for Chemistry ICTM, University of Belgrade, P.O. Box 473, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marija Baranac-Stojanović
- Faculty
of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12-16, P.O. Box 158, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| |
Collapse
|