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Williams AP, King JP, Sokolova A, Tabor RF. Small-angle scattering of complex fluids in flow. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 328:103161. [PMID: 38728771 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2024.103161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Complex fluids encompass a significant proportion of the materials that we use today from feedstocks such as cellulose fibre dispersions, materials undergoing processing or formulation, through to consumer end products such as shampoo. Such systems exhibit intricate behaviour due to their composition and microstructure, particularly when analysing their texture and response to flow (rheology). In particular, these fluids when flowing may undergo transitions in their nano- to microstructure, potentially aligning with flow fields, breaking and reassembling or reforming, or entirely changing phase. This manifests as macroscopic changes in material properties, such as core-annular flow of concentrated emulsions in pipelines or the favourable texture of liquid soaps. Small-angle scattering provides a unique method for probing underlying changes in fluid nano- to microstructure, from a few angströms to several microns, of complex fluids under flow. In particular, the alignment of rigid components or shape changes of soft components can be explored, along with local inter-particle ordering and global alignment with macroscopic flow fields. This review highlights recent important developments in the study of such complex fluid systems that couple flow or shear conditions with small-angle scattering measurements, and highlights the physical insight obtained by these experiments. Recent results from neutron scattering measurements made using a simple flow cell are presented, offering a facile method to explore alignment of complex fluids in an easily accessible geometry, and contextualised within existing and potential future research questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley P Williams
- Laboratory for Neutron Scattering and Imaging, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Joshua P King
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Anna Sokolova
- Australian Centre for Neutron Scattering, ANSTO, Lucas Heights, NSW 2234, Australia
| | - Rico F Tabor
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
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2
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Le Brun AP, Gilbert EP. Advances in sample environments for neutron scattering for colloid and interface science. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 327:103141. [PMID: 38631095 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2024.103141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
This review describes recent advances in sample environments across the full complement of applicable neutron scattering techniques to colloid and interface science. Temperature, pressure, flow, tensile testing, ultrasound, chemical reactions, IR/visible/UV light, confinement, humidity and electric and magnetic field application, as well as tandem X-ray methods, are all addressed. Consideration for material choices in sample environments and data acquisition methods are also covered as well as discussion of current and potential future use of machine learning and artificial intelligence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton P Le Brun
- Australian Centre for Neutron Scattering, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO), New Illawarra Road, Lucas Heights, NSW 2234, Australia
| | - Elliot Paul Gilbert
- Australian Centre for Neutron Scattering, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO), New Illawarra Road, Lucas Heights, NSW 2234, Australia.
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3
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Mao R, Wang X, Cai S, Zhang G, Wang J. Quantitative investigation on the nonlinear viscoelasticity of magnetorheological gel under large amplitude oscillatory shear. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.130293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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4
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López-Barrón CR, Burghardt WR, Kweon MS. Local and Global Stretching of Polymer Chains during Startup of Extensional Flow. ACS Macro Lett 2020; 9:26-31. [PMID: 35638655 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.9b00772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The nonlinear rheological response to extensional flows in entangled polymers is related to the segmental chain stretching and to the chemical identity of the monomeric units. The latter has a strong effect on the drag coefficients, and therefore, quantification of molecular conformation changes in the subnanometer scale (at the monomer level) are crucial to fully understand nonlinear viscoelastic behavior in polymer melts. We report in situ time-resolved extensional rheo-small-angle neutron scattering (tEr-SANS) and wide-angle X-ray scattering (tEr-WAXS) during startup of uniaxial flow on a monodisperse polystyrene melt. Flow-induced segmental alignment was quantified with tEr-SANS, whereas local alignment of the backbone-backbone and phenyl-phenyl interactions were measured with tEr-WAXS. Linear relations between the three alignment factors and stress were observed at low stresses, which confirmed the validity of simple stress-SANS and stress-WAXS rules (SSR and SWR, respectively). Significant differences in SSR and SWR coefficients, as well as the stress values for failure of the two rules suggest very different correlations between global (at the segmental level) and local (at the monomer level) conformations with stress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wesley R. Burghardt
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Mu Sung Kweon
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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5
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Lee JC, Porcar L, Rogers SA. Recovery rheology via rheo‐SANS: Application to step strains under out‐of‐equilibrium conditions. AIChE J 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.16797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johnny C.‐W. Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign Urbana Illinois
| | | | - Simon A. Rogers
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign Urbana Illinois
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6
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Bender P, Zákutná D, Disch S, Marcano L, Alba Venero D, Honecker D. Using the singular value decomposition to extract 2D correlation functions from scattering patterns. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA A-FOUNDATION AND ADVANCES 2019; 75:766-771. [PMID: 31475920 DOI: 10.1107/s205327331900891x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The truncated singular value decomposition (TSVD) is applied to extract the underlying 2D correlation functions from small-angle scattering patterns. The approach is tested by transforming the simulated data of ellipsoidal particles and it is shown that also in the case of anisotropic patterns (i.e. aligned ellipsoids) the derived correlation functions correspond to the theoretically predicted profiles. Furthermore, the TSVD is used to analyze the small-angle X-ray scattering patterns of colloidal dispersions of hematite spindles and magnetotactic bacteria in the presence of magnetic fields, to verify that this approach can be applied to extract model-free the scattering profiles of anisotropic scatterers from noisy data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Bender
- Physics and Materials Science Research Unit, University of Luxembourg, 162A Avenue de la Faïencerie, L-1511 Luxembourg, Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
| | - Dominika Zákutná
- Large Scale Structures Group, Institut Laue-Langevin, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, F-38042 Grenoble, France
| | - Sabrina Disch
- Department für Chemie, Universität zu Köln, Luxemburger Strasse 116, D-50939 Köln, Germany
| | - Lourdes Marcano
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Diego Alba Venero
- ISIS Neutron and Muon Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, OX11 0QX, UK
| | - Dirk Honecker
- Large Scale Structures Group, Institut Laue-Langevin, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, F-38042 Grenoble, France
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7
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Unveiling Temporal Nonlinear Structure-Rheology Relationships under Dynamic Shearing. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11071189. [PMID: 31315259 PMCID: PMC6680679 DOI: 10.3390/polym11071189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding how microscopic rearrangements manifest in macroscopic flow responses is one of the central goals of nonlinear rheological studies. Using the sequence-of-physical-processes framework, we present a natural 3D structure–rheology space that temporally correlates the structural and nonlinear viscoelastic parameters. Exploiting the rheo-small-angle neutron scattering (rheo-SANS) techniques, we demonstrate the use of the framework with a model system of polymer-like micelles (PLMs), where we unveil a sequence of microscopic events that micelles experience under dynamic shearing across a range of frequencies. The least-aligned state of the PLMs is observed to migrate from the total strain extreme toward zero strain with increasing frequency. Our proposed 3D space is generic, and can be equally applied to other soft materials under any sort of deformation, such as startup shear or uniaxial extension. This work therefore provides a natural approach for researchers to study complex out-of-equilibrium structure–rheology relationships of soft materials.
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8
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Lee JCW, Weigandt KM, Kelley EG, Rogers SA. Structure-Property Relationships via Recovery Rheology in Viscoelastic Materials. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 122:248003. [PMID: 31322410 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.122.248003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The recoverable strain is shown to correlate to the temporal evolution of microstructure via time-resolved small-angle neutron scattering and dynamic shear rheology. Investigating two distinct polymeric materials of wormlike micelles and fibrin network, we demonstrate that, in addition to the nonlinear structure-property relationships, the shear and normal stress evolution is dictated by the recoverable strain. A distinct sequence of physical processes under large amplitude oscillatory shear (LAOS) is identified that clearly contains information regarding both the steady-state flow curve and the linear-regime frequency sweep, contrary to most interpretations that LAOS responses are either distinct from or somehow intermediate between the two cases. This work provides a physically motivated and straightforward path to further explore the structure-property relationships of viscoelastic materials under dynamic flow conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnny Ching-Wei Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Katie M Weigandt
- Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
| | - Elizabeth G Kelley
- Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
| | - Simon A Rogers
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Illinois 61801, USA
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9
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Wolff M, Saini A, Simonne D, Adlmann F, Nelson A. Time Resolved Polarised Grazing Incidence Neutron Scattering from Composite Materials. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11030445. [PMID: 30960429 PMCID: PMC6473511 DOI: 10.3390/polym11030445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutron scattering experiments are a unique tool in material science due to their sensitivity to light elements and magnetic induction. However, for kinetic studies the low brilliance at existing sources poses challenges. In the case of periodic excitations these challenges can be overcome by binning the scattering signal according to the excitation state of the sample. To advance into this direction we have performed polarised and time resolved grazing incidence neutron scattering measurements on an aqueous solution of the polymer F127 mixed with magnetic nano-particles. Magnetic nano-composites like this provide magnetically tuneable properties of the polymer crystal as well as magnetic meta-crystals. Even though the grazing incidence small angle scattering and polarised signals are too weak to be evaluated at this stage we demonstrate that such experiments are feasible. Moreover, we show that the intensity of the 111 Bragg peak of the fcc micellar crystal depends on the actual shear rate, with the signal being maximised when the shear rate is lowest (and vice-versa).
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Wolff
- Department for Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Lägerhyddsvägen 1, 752 37 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Apurve Saini
- Department for Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Lägerhyddsvägen 1, 752 37 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - David Simonne
- Department for Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Lägerhyddsvägen 1, 752 37 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Franz Adlmann
- Department for Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Lägerhyddsvägen 1, 752 37 Uppsala, Sweden.
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10
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Chen W, Liu D, Li L. Multiscale characterization of semicrystalline polymeric materials by synchrotron radiation X‐ray and neutron scattering. POLYMER CRYSTALLIZATION 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/pcr2.10043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- National Synchrotron Radiation Lab, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Film University of Science and Technology of China Hefei China
| | - Dong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Neutron Physics and Institute of Nuclear Physics and Chemistry (INPC) China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP) Mianyang China
| | - Liangbin Li
- National Synchrotron Radiation Lab, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Film University of Science and Technology of China Hefei China
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11
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Gupta S, Bleuel M, Schneider GJ. A new ultrasonic transducer sample cell for in situ small-angle scattering experiments. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2018; 89:015111. [PMID: 29390660 DOI: 10.1063/1.5021370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Ultrasound irradiation is a commonly used technique for nondestructive diagnostics or targeted destruction. We report on a new versatile sonication device that fits in a variety of standard sample environments for neutron and X-ray scattering instruments. A piezoelectric transducer permits measuring of the time-dependent response of the sample in situ during or after sonication. We use small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) to demonstrate the effect of a time-dependent perturbation on the structure factor of micelles formed from sodium dodecyl sulfate surfactant molecules. We observe a substantial change in the micellar structure during and after exposure to ultrasonic irradiation. We also observe a time-dependent relaxation to the equilibrium values of the unperturbed system. The strength of the perturbation of the structure factor depends systematically on the duration of sonication. The relaxation behavior can be well reproduced after multiple times of sonication. Accumulation of the recorded intensities of the different sonication cycles improves the signal-to-noise ratio and permits reaching very short relaxation times. In addition, we present SANS data for the micellar form factor on alkyl-poly (ethylene oxide) surfactant molecules irradiated by ultrasound. Due to the flexibility of our new in situ sonication device, different experiments can be performed, e.g., to explore molecular potentials in more detail by introducing a systematic time-dependent perturbation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudipta Gupta
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Physics, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
| | - Markus Bleuel
- NIST Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
| | - Gerald J Schneider
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Physics, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
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12
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Sing MK, Glassman MJ, Vronay-Ruggles XT, Burghardt WR, Olsen BD. Structure and rheology of dual-associative protein hydrogels under nonlinear shear flow. SOFT MATTER 2017; 13:8511-8524. [PMID: 29091099 DOI: 10.1039/c7sm00638a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Dual-associative protein di- and triblock copolymers composed of sticker-decorated midblocks and micelle-forming elastin-like polypeptide (ELP) endblocks form shear-thinning, thermoresponsively reinforceable hydrogels that are potentially useful as injectable materials for a variety of applications. Here, the combination of rheological and in situ scattering measurements under shear on these dual-associative gels is employed in order to better understand how block architecture plays a role in controlling microscopic structural rearrangement and the resulting macroscopic mechanical responses. These gels, which form a disordered sphere phase due to endblock aggregation under quiescent conditions with the midblock domains physically crosslinked by protein associations, exhibit both viscoelastic and thixotropic signatures with relative magnitudes dependent upon gel concentration and block architecture. In situ SAXS measurements during flow indicate that these thixotropic responses correspond to the development of ordered domains following start-up of shear. For both architectures, the rate of alignment increases with increasing concentration. However, the rate of domain formation when increasing the temperature from 35 to 50 °C depends on the interplay between thermoresponsive toughening of the endblocks and softening of the coiled-coil domains such that rate of rearrangement decreases in the triblock while it increases in the diblock. Following a step-down in shear flow, structural rearrangement within the samples results in a thixotropic stress response. Upon cessation of flow, gel recovery is characterized by a concentration-dependent restoration of the micellar network over time, with two timescales observed that correspond to two different length scales of network relaxation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle K Sing
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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13
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Richards JJ, Wagner NJ, Butler PD. A strain-controlled RheoSANS instrument for the measurement of the microstructural, electrical, and mechanical properties of soft materials. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2017; 88:105115. [PMID: 29092518 DOI: 10.1063/1.4986770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In situ measurements are an increasingly important tool to inform the complex relationship between nanoscale properties and macroscopic material measurements. Knowledge of these phenomena can be used to develop new materials to meet the performance demands of next generation technologies. Conductive complex fluids have emerged as an area of research where the electrical and mechanical properties are key design parameters. To study the relationship between microstructure, conductivity, and rheology, we have developed a small angle neutron scattering (SANS) compatible Couette rheological geometry capable of making impedance spectroscopy measurements under continuous shear. We have also mounted this geometry on a commercial strain controlled rheometer with a modified forced convection oven. In this manuscript, we introduce the simultaneous measurement of impedance spectroscopy, rheological properties and SANS data. We describe the validation of this dielectric RheoSANS instrument and demonstrate its operation using two systems-an ion gel comprising Pluronic® surfactant and ionic liquid, ethyl-ammonium nitrate, and poly(3-hexylthiophene) organogel prepared in a mixture of hexadecane and dichlorobenzene. In both systems, we use this new measurement capability to study the microstructural state of these materials under two different protocols. By monitoring their dielectric rheology at the same time as the SANS measurement, we demonstrate the capacity to directly probe structure-property relationships inherent to the macroscopic material response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey J Richards
- NIST Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
| | - Norman J Wagner
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Center for Neutron Science, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 98195, USA
| | - Paul D Butler
- NIST Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
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14
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López-Barrón CR, Zeng Y, Schaefer JJ, Eberle APR, Lodge TP, Bates FS. Molecular Alignment in Polyethylene during Cold Drawing Using In-Situ SANS and Raman Spectroscopy. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b00504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Aaron P. R. Eberle
- ExxonMobil Research
and Engineering Company, Annandale, New Jersey 08801, United States
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15
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Richards JJ, Gagnon CVL, Krzywon JR, Wagner NJ, Butler PD. Dielectric RheoSANS - Simultaneous Interrogation of Impedance, Rheology and Small Angle Neutron Scattering of Complex Fluids. J Vis Exp 2017. [PMID: 28447997 DOI: 10.3791/55318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
A procedure for the operation of a new dielectric RheoSANS instrument capable of simultaneous interrogation of the electrical, mechanical and microstructural properties of complex fluids is presented. The instrument consists of a Couette geometry contained within a modified forced convection oven mounted on a commercial rheometer. This instrument is available for use on the small angle neutron scattering (SANS) beamlines at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Center for Neutron Research (NCNR). The Couette geometry is machined to be transparent to neutrons and provides for measurement of the electrical properties and microstructural properties of a sample confined between titanium cylinders while the sample undergoes arbitrary deformation. Synchronization of these measurements is enabled through the use of a customizable program that monitors and controls the execution of predetermined experimental protocols. Described here is a protocol to perform a flow sweep experiment where the shear rate is logarithmically stepped from a maximum value to a minimum value holding at each step for a specified period of time while frequency dependent dielectric measurements are made. Representative results are shown from a sample consisting of a gel composed of carbon black aggregates dispersed in propylene carbonate. As the gel undergoes steady shear, the carbon black network is mechanically deformed, which causes an initial decrease in conductivity associated with the breaking of bonds comprising the carbon black network. However, at higher shear rates, the conductivity recovers associated with the onset of shear thickening. Overall, these results demonstrate the utility of the simultaneous measurement of the rheo-electro-microstructural properties of these suspensions using the dielectric RheoSANS geometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey J Richards
- NIST Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology
| | - Cedric V L Gagnon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland
| | - Jeffery R Krzywon
- NIST Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology
| | - Norman J Wagner
- Center for Neutron Science, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware;
| | - Paul D Butler
- NIST Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology
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