1
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Tsutsui Y, Yanaka I, Takeda K, Kondo M, Takizawa S, Kojima R, Konishi A, Yasuda M. Selective recognition between aromatics and aliphatics by cage-shaped borates supported by a machine learning approach. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:4283-4291. [PMID: 38602393 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob00408f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Selective recognition between hydrocarbon moieties is a longstanding issue. Although we developed a π-pocket Lewis acid catalyst with high selectivity for aromatic aldehydes over aliphatic ones, a general strategy for catalyst design remains elusive. As an approach that transfers the molecular recognition based on multiple cooperative non-covalent interactions within the π-pocket to a rational catalyst design, herein, we demonstrate Lewis acid catalysts showing improved selectivity through the support of an ensemble algorithm with random forest, Ada Boost, and XG Boost as a machine learning (ML) approach. Using 7963 explanatory variables extracted from model hetero-Diels-Alder reactions, the ensemble algorithm predicted the chemoselectivity of unlearned catalysts. Experiments confirmed the prediction. The proposed catalyst shows the highest selective recognition, reminiscing enzymatic catalytic activity. Additionally, a SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) method suggested that the selectivity originates from the polarizability and three-dimensional size of the catalyst. This insight leads to rational design guidelines for Lewis acid catalysts with dispersion forces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuya Tsutsui
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Issei Yanaka
- Department of Engineering, Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu, 432-8561, Japan.
| | - Kazuhiro Takeda
- Department of Engineering, Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu, 432-8561, Japan.
| | - Masaru Kondo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | | | - Ryosuke Kojima
- Department of Biomedical Data Intelligence, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Akihito Konishi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, 565-0871, Japan.
- Innovative Catalysis Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (ICS-OTRI), Osaka University, Suita, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Makoto Yasuda
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, 565-0871, Japan.
- Innovative Catalysis Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (ICS-OTRI), Osaka University, Suita, 565-0871, Japan
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2
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Li X, Song Q. "Homoleptic" Tetracoordinate Boron Compounds. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:5295-5314. [PMID: 38488071 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c00102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
"Homoleptic" tetracoordinate boron compounds, in which the central boron atom links to four identical atoms, are a special and important family of boron compounds. During the past decades, they have been extensively employed in inorganic, organic, macromolecular, and materials chemistry. Many of them exhibit a diverse range of outstanding properties, and therefore, the synthesis and application of those compounds have emerged as a hot research topic in modern boron chemistry. This review summarizes and discusses the "homoleptic" tetracoordinate boron compounds, which are organized according to the kinds of atoms coordinated to the central boron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- Institute of Next Generation Matter Transformation, College of Materials Science & Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, China
| | - Qiuling Song
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery, Fujian Province University, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China
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3
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Liu X, Tomita K, Konishi A, Yasuda M. Cage-Shaped Phosphites Having C 3 -Symmetric Chiral Environment: Steric Control of Lewis Basicity and Application as Chiral Ligands in Rhodium-Catalyzed Conjugate Additions. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202302611. [PMID: 37666793 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Designing chiral ligands with an axial symmetry higher than C2 -rotational symmetry is one of the most crucial approaches to improving enantioselectivity in asymmetric synthesis. Herein, C3 -symmetric chiral cage-shaped phosphites are reported. Their Lewis basicity and chiral environment are precisely controlled by the tethered group. The cage-shaped phosphites successfully worked as chiral ligands in Rh-catalyzed asymmetric conjugate additions, realizing acceptable yields with excellent enantioselectivity, and were used to synthesize a pharmacologically important molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Liu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kazuma Tomita
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Akihito Konishi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
- Innovative Catalysis Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (ICS-OTRI), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Makoto Yasuda
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
- Innovative Catalysis Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (ICS-OTRI), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
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4
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Tsutsui Y, Tanaka D, Manabe Y, Ikinaga Y, Yano K, Fukase K, Konishi A, Yasuda M. Synthesis of Cage‐Shaped Borates Bearing Pyrenylmethyl Groups: Efficient Lewis Acid Catalyst for Photoactivated Glycosylations Driven by Intramolecular Excimer Formation. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202202284. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuya Tsutsui
- Department of Applied Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering Osaka University 2-1 Yamadaoka Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Daiki Tanaka
- Department of Applied Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering Osaka University 2-1 Yamadaoka Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Manabe
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science Osaka University 1-1 Machikaneyama Toyonaka Osaka 560-0043 Japan
- Forefront Research Center Osaka University 1-1 Machikaneyama Toyonaka Osaka 560-0043 Japan
| | - Yuka Ikinaga
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science Osaka University 1-1 Machikaneyama Toyonaka Osaka 560-0043 Japan
| | - Kumpei Yano
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science Osaka University 1-1 Machikaneyama Toyonaka Osaka 560-0043 Japan
| | - Koichi Fukase
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science Osaka University 1-1 Machikaneyama Toyonaka Osaka 560-0043 Japan
- Forefront Research Center Osaka University 1-1 Machikaneyama Toyonaka Osaka 560-0043 Japan
| | - Akihito Konishi
- Department of Applied Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering Osaka University 2-1 Yamadaoka Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan
- Innovative Catalysis Science Division Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (ICS-OTRI) Osaka University Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan
- Center for Atomic and Molecular Technologies Graduate School of Engineering Osaka University 2-1 Yamadaoka Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Makoto Yasuda
- Department of Applied Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering Osaka University 2-1 Yamadaoka Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan
- Innovative Catalysis Science Division Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (ICS-OTRI) Osaka University Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan
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5
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Tanaka D, Tsutsui Y, Konishi A, Nakaoka K, Nakajima H, Baba A, Chiba K, Yasuda M. Selective Activation of Aromatic Aldehydes Promoted by Dispersion Interactions: Steric and Electronic Factors of a π-Pocket within Cage-Shaped Borates for Molecular Recognition. Chemistry 2020; 26:15023-15034. [PMID: 32870540 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202003594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Selective bond formations are one of the most important reactions in organic synthesis. In the Lewis acid mediated electrophile reactions of carbonyls, the selective formation of a carbonyl-acid complex plays a critical role in determining selectivity, which is based on the difference in the coordinative interaction between the carbonyl and Lewis acid center. Although this strategy has attained progress in selective bond formations, the discrimination between similarly sized aromatic and aliphatic carbonyls that have no functional anchors to strongly interact with the metal center still remains a challenging issue. Herein, this work focuses on molecular recognition driven by dispersion interactions within some aromatic moieties. A Lewis acid catalyst with a π-space cavity, which is referred to as a π-pocket, as the recognition site for aromatic carbonyls is designed. Cage-shaped borates 1B with various π-pockets demonstrated significant chemoselectivity for aromatic aldehydes 3 b-f over that of aliphatic 3 a in competitive hetero-Diels-Alder reactions. The effectiveness of our catalysts was also evidenced by intramolecular recognition of the aromatic carbonyl within a dicarbonyl substrate. Mechanistic and theoretical studies demonstrated that the selective activation of aromatic substrates was driven by the preorganization step with a larger dispersion interaction, rather than the rate-determining step of the C-C bond formation, and this was likely to contribute to the preferred activation of aromatic substrates over that of aliphatic ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiki Tanaka
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 5650871, Japan
| | - Yuya Tsutsui
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 5650871, Japan
| | - Akihito Konishi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 5650871, Japan.,Center for Atomic and Molecular Technologies, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 5650871, Japan
| | - Koichi Nakaoka
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 5650871, Japan
| | - Hideto Nakajima
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 5650871, Japan
| | - Akio Baba
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 5650871, Japan
| | - Kouji Chiba
- Material Science Division, MOLSIS Inc., 1-28-38 Shinkawa, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 1040033, Japan
| | - Makoto Yasuda
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 5650871, Japan
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6
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Tanaka D, Kadonaga Y, Manabe Y, Fukase K, Sasaya S, Maruyama H, Nishimura S, Yanagihara M, Konishi A, Yasuda M. Synthesis of Cage-Shaped Aluminum Aryloxides: Efficient Lewis Acid Catalyst for Stereoselective Glycosylation Driven by Flexible Shift of Four- to Five-Coordination. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:17466-17471. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b08875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daiki Tanaka
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Kadonaga
- Division of Science, Institute for Radiation Sciences, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Manabe
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
- Core for Medicine and Science Collaborative Research and Education, Project Research Center for Fundamental Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Koichi Fukase
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
- Core for Medicine and Science Collaborative Research and Education, Project Research Center for Fundamental Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Shota Sasaya
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hikaru Maruyama
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Sota Nishimura
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Mayu Yanagihara
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Akihito Konishi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Center for Atomic and Molecular Technologies, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Makoto Yasuda
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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7
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Nishimoto Y, Nakao S, Machinaka S, Hidaka F, Yasuda M. Synthesis and Characterization of Pheox- and Phebox-Aluminum Complexes: Application as Tunable Lewis Acid Catalysts in Organic Reactions. Chemistry 2019; 25:10792-10796. [PMID: 31090111 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201901791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Pheox- and Phebox-aluminum complexes were synthesized and subsequently characterized by spectroscopic analysis. These complexes acted as Lewis acid catalysts, and their catalytic activities were controlled by using the Pheox, Phebox, and heteroatom ligands. The Pheox-aluminum complex exhibited an opposite substrate selectivity to AlCl3 in a competitive hetero-Diels-Alder reaction between electron-rich and electron-deficient aldehydes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Nishimoto
- Frontier Research Base for Global Young Researchers Center for, Open Innovation Research and Education (COiRE), Graduate School of, Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shuichi Nakao
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shota Machinaka
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Fumiko Hidaka
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Makoto Yasuda
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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8
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Ao J, Liu Y, Jia S, Xue L, Li D, Tan Y, Qin W, Yan H. Acid-promoted furan annulation and aromatization: An access to benzo[ b ]furan derivatives. Tetrahedron 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2017.11.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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9
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Dong CP, Kodama S, Uematsu A, Nomoto A, Ueshima M, Ogawa A. Metal-Free Blue Dye Synthesis: Oxidative Coupling of Benzylamines and N,N-Dimethylanilines to Yield 4,4′-Diaminotriarylmethanes in the Presence of Salicylic Acid as a Co-oxidant. J Org Chem 2017; 82:12530-12538. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b02296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chun-ping Dong
- Department of Applied Chemistry,
Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Nakaku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
| | - Shintaro Kodama
- Department of Applied Chemistry,
Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Nakaku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
| | - Akinori Uematsu
- Department of Applied Chemistry,
Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Nakaku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
| | - Akihiro Nomoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry,
Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Nakaku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
| | - Michio Ueshima
- Department of Applied Chemistry,
Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Nakaku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
| | - Akiya Ogawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry,
Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Nakaku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
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10
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Konishi A, Nakaoka K, Nakajima H, Chiba K, Baba A, Yasuda M. Tuning Lewis Acidity by a Transannular pπ
-σ* Interaction between Boron and Silicon/Germanium Atoms Supported by a Cage-Shaped Framework. Chemistry 2017; 23:5219-5223. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201700659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akihito Konishi
- Department of Applied Chemistry; Graduate School of Engineering; Osaka University; 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan
- Center for Atomic and Molecular Technologies; Graduate School of Engineering; Osaka University; 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Koichi Nakaoka
- Department of Applied Chemistry; Graduate School of Engineering; Osaka University; 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Hideto Nakajima
- Department of Applied Chemistry; Graduate School of Engineering; Osaka University; 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Kouji Chiba
- Science and Technology System Division; Ryoka Systems Inc., Tokyo Skytree East Tower; 1-1-2 Oshiage, Sumida-ku Tokyo 131-0045 Japan
| | - Akio Baba
- Department of Applied Chemistry; Graduate School of Engineering; Osaka University; 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Makoto Yasuda
- Department of Applied Chemistry; Graduate School of Engineering; Osaka University; 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan
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11
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Synthesis and characterization of sterically crowded aryloxides: ‘Mitsubishi’-class of tetrametallic aluminum complexes. Polyhedron 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2016.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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12
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Lei BH, Yang Z, Pan S. Enhancing optical anisotropy of crystals by optimizing bonding electron distribution in anionic groups. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:2818-2821. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cc09986f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Contrivable deep-UV coherent light from an originally non-phase-matchable crystal was achieved by optimizing bonding electron distribution in anionic groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing-Hua Lei
- Key Laboratory of Functional Materials and Devices for Special Environments
- Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics & Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences; Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Electronic Information Materials and Devices
- Urumqi 830011
- China
| | - Zhihua Yang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Materials and Devices for Special Environments
- Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics & Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences; Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Electronic Information Materials and Devices
- Urumqi 830011
- China
| | - Shilie Pan
- Key Laboratory of Functional Materials and Devices for Special Environments
- Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics & Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences; Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Electronic Information Materials and Devices
- Urumqi 830011
- China
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13
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Konishi A, Nakaoka K, Maruyama H, Nakajima H, Eguchi T, Baba A, Yasuda M. C3-Symmetric Boron Lewis Acid with a Cage-Shape for Chiral Molecular Recognition and Asymmetric Catalysis. Chemistry 2016; 23:1273-1277. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201605712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akihito Konishi
- Department of Applied Chemistry; Graduate School of Engineering; Osaka University; 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan
- Center for Atomic and Molecular Technologies; Graduate School of Engineering; Osaka University; 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Koichi Nakaoka
- Department of Applied Chemistry; Graduate School of Engineering; Osaka University; 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Hikaru Maruyama
- Department of Applied Chemistry; Graduate School of Engineering; Osaka University; 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Hideto Nakajima
- Department of Applied Chemistry; Graduate School of Engineering; Osaka University; 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Tomohiro Eguchi
- Department of Applied Chemistry; Graduate School of Engineering; Osaka University; 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Akio Baba
- Department of Applied Chemistry; Graduate School of Engineering; Osaka University; 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Makoto Yasuda
- Department of Applied Chemistry; Graduate School of Engineering; Osaka University; 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan
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