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Dent FJ, Harbottle D, Warren NJ, Khodaparast S. Exploiting breath figure reversibility for in situ pattern modulation and hierarchical design. SOFT MATTER 2023; 19:2737-2744. [PMID: 36987660 PMCID: PMC10091834 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm01650h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The breath figure (BF) method employs condensation droplets as dynamic templates for patterning polymer films. In the classical approach, dropwise condensation and film solidification are simultaneously induced through solvent evaporation, leading to empirically derived patterns with limited predictability of the final design. Here we use the temporally arrested BF methodology, controlling condensation and polymerisation independently to create diverse BF patterns with varied pore size, arrangement and distribution. External temperature control enables us to further investigate and exploit the inherent reversibility of the phase change process that governs the pattern formation. We modulate the level of subcooling and superheating to achieve subsequent regimes of condensation and evaporation, permitting in situ regulation of the droplet growth and shrinkage kinetics. The full reversibility of the phase change processes joined with active photopolymerisation in the current approach thus allows arresting of predictable BF kinetics at intermediate stages, thereby accessing patterns with varied pore size and spacing for unchanged material properties and environmental conditions. This simultaneous active control over both the kinetics of phase change and polymer solidification offers affordable routes for the fabrication of diverse predictable porous surfaces; manufacture of monolithic hierarchical BF patterns are ultimately facilitated through the advanced control of the BF assembly using the method presented here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis J Dent
- School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - David Harbottle
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Nicholas J Warren
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
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2
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Qu T, Chang Q, You D, Huang M, Gong X, Wang J, Li B, Zheng G, Hu F, Zhong F, Gong C, Liu H. Fabrication of Adsorption-Type Hierarchical Functional Films by Using a Facile Swollen Based Breath Figure Method. Macromol Rapid Commun 2022; 43:e2200403. [PMID: 35926148 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The morphology transition from primary to hierarchical adsorption-type microporous domains of amphiphilic block copolymer (BCP) honeycomb-structured films is demonstrated by a facile swollen based breath figure (BF) method. The characteristic parameters of poly(4-vinylpyridine)-block-polystyrene (P4VP-b-PS) hierarchical micro- and submicro-porous films can be controlled by changing the length of segments or subsequent swelling conditions. A plausible mechanism is demonstrated in this research. A typical amphiphilic BCP with very low volume content of hydrophilic blocks (fP4VP ≤ 0.050) can efficiently stabilize water droplets and inherently assist in the formation of morphology transition. This BCP film can be used for Cr(VI) removal from wastewater, which additionally has enormous potential application in the field of novel optical devices, soft lithography, size-selective separation, etc. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Qu
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hubei Engineering University, Xiaogan, Hubei, 432000, China
| | - Qicheng Chang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hubei Engineering University, Xiaogan, Hubei, 432000, China
| | - Dekang You
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hubei Engineering University, Xiaogan, Hubei, 432000, China
| | - Man Huang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hubei Engineering University, Xiaogan, Hubei, 432000, China
| | - Xianyan Gong
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hubei Engineering University, Xiaogan, Hubei, 432000, China
| | - Jie Wang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hubei Engineering University, Xiaogan, Hubei, 432000, China
| | - Bojie Li
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hubei Engineering University, Xiaogan, Hubei, 432000, China
| | - Genwen Zheng
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hubei Engineering University, Xiaogan, Hubei, 432000, China.,Hubei Engineering & Technology Research Center for Functional Materials from Biomass, Hubei Engineering University, Xiaogan, Hubei, 432000, China
| | - Fuqiang Hu
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hubei Engineering University, Xiaogan, Hubei, 432000, China
| | - Fei Zhong
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hubei Engineering University, Xiaogan, Hubei, 432000, China
| | - Chunli Gong
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hubei Engineering University, Xiaogan, Hubei, 432000, China.,Hubei Engineering & Technology Research Center for Functional Materials from Biomass, Hubei Engineering University, Xiaogan, Hubei, 432000, China
| | - Hai Liu
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hubei Engineering University, Xiaogan, Hubei, 432000, China.,Hubei Engineering & Technology Research Center for Functional Materials from Biomass, Hubei Engineering University, Xiaogan, Hubei, 432000, China
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3
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Guo Y, Sun X, Wang R, Tang H, Wang L, Zhang L, Qin S. Construction of porous poly (l-lactic acid) surface via carbon quantum dots-assisted static Breath-Figures method. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.129110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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4
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Trejo-Maldonado M, Elizalde LE, Le Droumaguet B, Grande D. Synthesis of triazole-functionalized diblock copolymers as templates for porous materials. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2021.104919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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5
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Marcasuzaa P, Save M, Gérard P, Billon L. When a pH-triggered nanopatterned shape transition drives the wettability of a hierarchically self-organized film: A bio-inspired effect of "sea Anemone". J Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 581:96-101. [PMID: 32771753 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2020.07.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS Hierarchically structured surfaces including sensitive materials presents the advantage to exalt wettability variation due to the combination of micro structure effect directed by Cassie Baxter and/or Wenzel behaviour which is tuned by the surface energy variation of sensitive polymer films. EXPERIMENTS Herein is reported the synthesis and the hierarchical structuration of a pH sensitive diblock copolymer P(S-stat-MMA)-b-P4VP with a pH-sensitive Poly 4-vinylpyridine P4VP block. Applying the Breath Figure method casting (minute time scale process), this diblock copolymer allows to obtain a micro porous honeycomb film while a wall nano-structuration due to self-assembly of diblock copolymer is observed. FINDINGS The pH-triggered wettability is studied and correlated with the morphology evolution of P4VP nano-domains investigated by AFM in a liquid cell. Indeed, a nano-dots to nano-rings/donuts transition is highlighted when decreasing the pH below the pKa of the P4VP. This nano "sea Anemone" shape transition induces the macroscopic changes of the wettability of a hierarchically self-organized honeycomb film, explained by the protonation of P4VP chains inducing electrostatic repulsion and then hydrophilic surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Marcasuzaa
- Universite de Pau et Pays Adour, E2S UPPA, CNRS, IPREM UMR 5254, 2 avenue du Président Angot, Pau F-64053, France; Bio-inspired Materials Group: Functionalities & Self-assembly, Universite de Pau et Pays Adour, 2 avenue du Président Angot, Pau F-64053, France
| | - Maud Save
- Universite de Pau et Pays Adour, E2S UPPA, CNRS, IPREM UMR 5254, 2 avenue du Président Angot, Pau F-64053, France
| | - Pierre Gérard
- Arkema, Groupement de Recherches de lacq, RN 117, 64170 Lacq, France
| | - Laurent Billon
- Universite de Pau et Pays Adour, E2S UPPA, CNRS, IPREM UMR 5254, 2 avenue du Président Angot, Pau F-64053, France; Bio-inspired Materials Group: Functionalities & Self-assembly, Universite de Pau et Pays Adour, 2 avenue du Président Angot, Pau F-64053, France.
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6
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Dong J, Li J, Wang H, Liu B, Peng B, Chen J, Lin S. Fabrication of Polypseudorotaxane-Based Responsive Film via Breath Figure Method. ACTA CHIMICA SINICA 2021. [DOI: 10.6023/a21030105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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7
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Alvarez S, Marcasuzaa P, Billon L. Bio-Inspired Silica Films Combining Block Copolymers Self-Assembly and Soft Chemistry: Paving the Way toward Artificial Exosqueleton of Seawater Diatoms. Macromol Rapid Commun 2020; 42:e2000582. [PMID: 33274818 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202000582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
This review is in line with the principles of bio-inspiration and biomimicry in order to envisage a softer and more environmentally friendly chemistry. Here, the source of inspiration is a microalga from the oceans with the ability to build an exoskeleton of silica under ambient conditions. Following this model, this review is interested in different ways of creating porous silica films with a hierarchical porosity similar to diatoms. For this purpose, polymeric/hybrid/inorganic films structured in honeycomb using the breath figure method are reported. This versatile and easy to implement method based on the principle of rapid evaporation of a solvent in a humid atmosphere is widely used in the formation of structured films with micron-sized pores. In addition to this, the self-assembly of copolymer at the nanoscale can be addressed to obtain a hierarchically structured film. Following this structuration step, the degradation of a sacrificial block is then described from the most energy-intensive to soft process, allowing an added nanoporosity to the micron porosity of the BF method. Finally, hierarchical porous silica films are described using the sol-gel process, which is known as a soft chemistry process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Alvarez
- Universite de Pau et Pays de l'Adour, E2S UPPA, CNRS, Institut des Sciences Analytiques & de PhysicoChimie pour l'Environnement & les Matériaux, UMR5254, 2 avenue du Président Angot, Pau, F-64053, France.,Bio-Inspired Materials Group: Functionalities and Self-Assembly, E2S UPPA, IPREM UMR 5254, 2 avenue du Président Angot, Pau, F-64053, France
| | - Pierre Marcasuzaa
- Universite de Pau et Pays de l'Adour, E2S UPPA, CNRS, Institut des Sciences Analytiques & de PhysicoChimie pour l'Environnement & les Matériaux, UMR5254, 2 avenue du Président Angot, Pau, F-64053, France.,Bio-Inspired Materials Group: Functionalities and Self-Assembly, E2S UPPA, IPREM UMR 5254, 2 avenue du Président Angot, Pau, F-64053, France
| | - Laurent Billon
- Universite de Pau et Pays de l'Adour, E2S UPPA, CNRS, Institut des Sciences Analytiques & de PhysicoChimie pour l'Environnement & les Matériaux, UMR5254, 2 avenue du Président Angot, Pau, F-64053, France.,Bio-Inspired Materials Group: Functionalities and Self-Assembly, E2S UPPA, IPREM UMR 5254, 2 avenue du Président Angot, Pau, F-64053, France
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8
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Aynard A, Pessoni L, Billon L. Directed self-assembly in “breath figure” templating of block copolymers followed by soft hydrolysis-condensation: One step towards synthetic bio-inspired silica diatoms exoskeleton. POLYMER 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.123047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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9
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Liang J, Li B, Wu L. Recent advances on porous interfaces for biomedical applications. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:7231-7245. [PMID: 32734999 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm00997k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Porous structures on solid surfaces prepared artificially through the water droplet template method have the features of easy operation, low cost and self-removal of templates, and thus are widely applied in the fields of medicine, biomedicine, adsorption, catalysis, and separation, optical and electronic materials. Due to their tunable dimensions, abundant selection of materials, mechanical stability, high porosity, and enlarged pore surface, the formed porous interfaces show specific significance in bio-related systems. In this study, recent achievements related to applications of porous interfaces and a focus into biological and medical-related systems are summarized. The discussion involves the preparation of porous interfaces, and porous interface-induced cell behaviors including culture, growth, proliferation, adhesion, and differentiation of cells. The inhibitory effect of bacteria and separated features of microorganisms supported by porous interfaces, the immobilization of biomolecules related to proteins, DNA and enzymes, and the controllable drug delivery are also discussed. The summary of recent advances pointed out in the study, are suggestive of insights for motivating unique potential applications including their extension to porous interfaces in biomedical materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liang
- Key Laboratory of Straw Biology and Utilization, The Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China.
| | - Bao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China.
| | - Lixin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China.
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10
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Guo T, Gao J, Xu M, Ju Y, Li J, Xue H. Hierarchically Porous Organic Materials Derived From Copolymers: Preparation and Electrochemical Applications. POLYM REV 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/15583724.2018.1488730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Teng Guo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jiefeng Gao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Mengjiao Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yun Ju
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jiye Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Huaiguo Xue
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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11
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Benoot N, Marcasuzaa P, Pessoni L, Chasvised S, Reynaud S, Bousquet A, Billon L. Hierarchically organized honeycomb films through block copolymer directed self-assembly in "breath figure" templating and soft microwave-triggered annealing. SOFT MATTER 2018; 14:4874-4880. [PMID: 29850760 DOI: 10.1039/c8sm00137e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Hierarchically organized polymer films are produced with a high level of order from the combination of block copolymer nanophase segregation, "breath figure" methodology and microwave irradiation. A block copolymer based on poly(methyl methacrylate) and poly(n-butylacrylate) featuring cylindrical nanopatterns is involved in the "breath figure" process to create a microporous honeycomb structure. These films are submitted to microwave annealing to enhance the degree of ordering of the nano-segregation without the destruction of the honeycomb microstructure, which is not possible by classical thermal or solvent annealing. Ellipsometry, optical and atomic force microscopy are used to study three key parameters; the substrate nature, the film thickness and the microwave irradiation power. The silicon wafer is the substrate of choice to efficiently act as the heating transfer element and 60 seconds at 10 watts are enough to nicely order the 1 μm thick copolymer films. These conditions are eventually applied on hierarchically organized polymer films to obtain a hexagonal array of 100 nm deep holes within a matrix of perpendicularly aligned nano-cylinders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Benoot
- Univ Pau & Pays Adour, CNRS UMR 5254, IPREM, Equipe Physique & Chimie des Polymères, 2 avenue Angot, 64053, Pau, France.
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12
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Chen S, Gao S, Jing J, Lu Q. Designing 3D Biological Surfaces via the Breath-Figure Method. Adv Healthc Mater 2018; 7:e1701043. [PMID: 29334182 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201701043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The fabrication of biointerfaces that mimic cellular physiological environments is critical to understanding cell behaviors in vitro and for the design of tissue engineering. Breath figure is a self-assemble method that uses water droplets condensed from moisture as template and ends up with a highly ordered hexagonal pore array; this approach is used to fabricate various biological substrates. This progress report provides an overview of strategies to achieve topographical modifications and chemical-patterned arrays, such as modulation of the pore size, shape and selective decoration of the honeycomb holes. Using recent results in the biological fields, potential future applications and developments of honeycomb structures are commented upon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangshuang Chen
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering Tongji University Shanghai 200092 China
| | - Su Gao
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Jiange Jing
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Qinghua Lu
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering Tongji University Shanghai 200092 China
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 China
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13
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Marcasuzaa P, Pearson S, Bosson K, Pessoni L, Dupin JC, Billon L. Reactive nano-patterns in triple structured bio-inspired honeycomb films as a clickable platform. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:13068-13071. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc05333b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Towards unprecedented triple structured bio-inspired honeycomb film by selfassembly of a functional block copolymer during breath figure templating as a nano-patterned clickable platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Marcasuzaa
- Université de Pau & Pays Adour, CNRS, IPREM UMR 5254
- Pau F-64053
- France
- Bio-inspired Materials Group
- Functionality & Self-assembly, Université de Pau & Pays Adour
| | - Samuel Pearson
- Université de Pau & Pays Adour, CNRS, IPREM UMR 5254
- Pau F-64053
- France
- Bio-inspired Materials Group
- Functionality & Self-assembly, Université de Pau & Pays Adour
| | - Karell Bosson
- Université de Pau & Pays Adour, CNRS, IPREM UMR 5254
- Pau F-64053
- France
- Bio-inspired Materials Group
- Functionality & Self-assembly, Université de Pau & Pays Adour
| | - Laurence Pessoni
- Université de Pau & Pays Adour, CNRS, IPREM UMR 5254
- Pau F-64053
- France
- Bio-inspired Materials Group
- Functionality & Self-assembly, Université de Pau & Pays Adour
| | | | - Laurent Billon
- Université de Pau & Pays Adour, CNRS, IPREM UMR 5254
- Pau F-64053
- France
- Bio-inspired Materials Group
- Functionality & Self-assembly, Université de Pau & Pays Adour
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14
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Yin H, Feng Y, Billon L. Directed Self-Assembly in “Breath Figure” Templating of Melamine-Based Amphiphilic Copolymers: Effect of Hydrophilic End-Chain on Honeycomb Film Formation and Wetting. Chemistry 2017; 24:425-433. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201704369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongyao Yin
- Polymer Research Institute; State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering; Sichuan University; Chengdu 610065 P.R. China
- Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-Chimie pour; l'Environnement et les Matériaux (IPREM); Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour (UPPA), CNRS UMR 5254, Hélioparc; 2 avenue Angot 64053 Pau Cedex 9 France
| | - Yujun Feng
- Polymer Research Institute; State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering; Sichuan University; Chengdu 610065 P.R. China
| | - Laurent Billon
- Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-Chimie pour; l'Environnement et les Matériaux (IPREM); Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour (UPPA), CNRS UMR 5254, Hélioparc; 2 avenue Angot 64053 Pau Cedex 9 France
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15
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Ji E, Pellerin V, Ehrenfeld F, Laffore A, Bousquet A, Billon L. Hierarchical honeycomb-structured films by directed self-assembly in “breath figure” templating of ionizable “clicked” PH3T-b-PMMA diblock copolymers: an ionic group/counter-ion effect on porous polymer film morphology. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:1876-1879. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cc09898c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Impact of the ionization of “clicked” rod–coil diblock copolymers on their directed self-assembly in “breath figure” templating for hierarchically honeycomb-structured films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunkyung Ji
- IPREM CNRS-UMR 5254
- Equipe de Physique et Chimie des Polymères
- Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, Hélioparc
- 64053 Pau Cedex 9
- France
| | - Virginie Pellerin
- IPREM CNRS-UMR 5254
- Equipe de Physique et Chimie des Polymères
- Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, Hélioparc
- 64053 Pau Cedex 9
- France
| | - Francis Ehrenfeld
- IPREM CNRS-UMR 5254
- Equipe de Physique et Chimie des Polymères
- Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, Hélioparc
- 64053 Pau Cedex 9
- France
| | - Anthony Laffore
- IPREM CNRS-UMR 5254
- Equipe de Physique et Chimie des Polymères
- Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, Hélioparc
- 64053 Pau Cedex 9
- France
| | - Antoine Bousquet
- IPREM CNRS-UMR 5254
- Equipe de Physique et Chimie des Polymères
- Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, Hélioparc
- 64053 Pau Cedex 9
- France
| | - Laurent Billon
- IPREM CNRS-UMR 5254
- Equipe de Physique et Chimie des Polymères
- Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, Hélioparc
- 64053 Pau Cedex 9
- France
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