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Han T, Chen S, Wang X, Fu X, Wen H, Wang Z, Wang D, Qin A, Yang J, Tang BZ. Autonomous Visualization of Damage in Polymers by Metal-Free Polymerizations of Microencapsulated Activated Alkynes. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2105395. [PMID: 35068078 PMCID: PMC8922127 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202105395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The development of autonomous materials with desired performance and built-in visualizable sensing units is of great academic and industrial significance. Although a wide range of damage indication methods have been reported, the "turn-on" sensing mechanism by damaging events based on microcapsule systems, especially those relying on chemical reactions to elicit a chromogenic response, are still very limited. Herein, a facile and metal-free polymerization route with an interesting reaction-induced coloration effect is demonstrated. Under the catalysis of 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (DABCO), the polymerizations of difunctional or trifunctional activated alkynes proceed very quickly at 0 °C in air. A series of polymers composed of stereoregular enyne structure (major unit) and divinyl ether structure (minor unit) are obtained. Both the catalyst and monomers are colorless while the polymerized products are deep-colored. This process can be applied for the damage visualization of polymers using the microencapsulation technique. Microcapsules containing the reactive alkyne monomer are prepared and mixed in a DABCO-dispersed polymer film. Both the external and internal damage regions of this composite film can be readily visualized once the reaction is initiated from the ruptured microcapsules. Moreover, the newly formed polymer automatically seals the cracks with an additional protection function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Han
- Center for AIE ResearchShenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and TechnologyGuangdong Research Center for Interfacial Engineering of Functional MaterialsCollege of Materials Science and EngineeringShenzhen UniversityShenzhen518060China
| | - Shusheng Chen
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace EngineeringThe Hong Kong University of Science and TechnologyClear Water BayKowloonHong Kong999077China
| | - Xinnan Wang
- Department of ChemistryHong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and ReconstructionThe Hong Kong University of Science and TechnologyClear Water BayKowloonHong Kong999077China
| | - Xinyao Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and DevicesGuangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular AggregatesSCUT‐HKUST Joint Research InstituteAIE InstituteCenter for Aggregation‐Induced EmissionSouth China University of TechnologyGuangzhou510640China
| | - Haifei Wen
- Center for AIE ResearchShenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and TechnologyGuangdong Research Center for Interfacial Engineering of Functional MaterialsCollege of Materials Science and EngineeringShenzhen UniversityShenzhen518060China
| | - Zaiyu Wang
- Department of ChemistryHong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and ReconstructionThe Hong Kong University of Science and TechnologyClear Water BayKowloonHong Kong999077China
| | - Dong Wang
- Center for AIE ResearchShenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and TechnologyGuangdong Research Center for Interfacial Engineering of Functional MaterialsCollege of Materials Science and EngineeringShenzhen UniversityShenzhen518060China
| | - Anjun Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and DevicesGuangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular AggregatesSCUT‐HKUST Joint Research InstituteAIE InstituteCenter for Aggregation‐Induced EmissionSouth China University of TechnologyGuangzhou510640China
| | - Jinglei Yang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace EngineeringThe Hong Kong University of Science and TechnologyClear Water BayKowloonHong Kong999077China
| | - Ben Zhong Tang
- Department of ChemistryHong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and ReconstructionThe Hong Kong University of Science and TechnologyClear Water BayKowloonHong Kong999077China
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and DevicesGuangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular AggregatesSCUT‐HKUST Joint Research InstituteAIE InstituteCenter for Aggregation‐Induced EmissionSouth China University of TechnologyGuangzhou510640China
- Shenzhen Institute of Aggregate Science and TechnologySchool of Science and EngineeringThe Chinese University of Hong KongShenzhen, 2001 Longxiang Boulevard, Longgang District, Shenzhen CityGuangdong518172China
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Wolfgang H. Binder
- Martin‐Luther‐Universität Halle‐Wittenberg Makromolekulare Chemie Fakultät Naturwissenschaften II Von‐Danckelmann‐Platz 4 D‐06120 Halle
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Chen Y, Li W, Luo J, Liu R, Sun G, Liu X. Robust Damage-Reporting Strategy Enabled by Dual-Compartment Microcapsules. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:14518-14529. [PMID: 33739100 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c20276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Dye-filled microcapsules are an attractive way to identify microscopic damage of materials by the naked eye. However, there are many disadvantages in traditional microcapsule-based self-reporting materials, such as a poor self-reporting effect. A new concept for the design of self-reporting microcapsules is presented here. Our work develops a novel kind of dual-compartmental microcapsule via Pickering emulsion photopolymerization, which can encapsulate two interacting species ("pro-dye" and "developer") separately in a single microcapsule. In our strategy, SiO2 microspheres encapsulating polyetheramine (PEA, developer) were first prepared and employed as a Pickering emulsifier to stabilize oil-in-water emulsions, in which the oil phase consisted of 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein (DCF, pro-dye) and a monomer. After the monomer polymerization, a dual-compartment microcapsule, which encapsulated the pro-dye in the core and the developer in the shell, was obtained. Upon the rupture of the microcapsule, the pro-dye and the developer were released simultaneously and reacted to yield a pronounced chromogenic response. Compared with traditional double-microcapsule systems, this dual-compartment microcapsule system demonstrated a more efficient and pronounced self-reporting effect. This is the first time that a double-encapsulation scheme involving the compartmentalized release of two interacting species within a single microcapsule has been demonstrated for self-reporting, which overcomes the tough problems of the uneven distribution of the traditional double-microcapsule systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaxin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P. R. China
| | - Wei Li
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P. R. China
| | - Jing Luo
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P. R. China
| | - Ren Liu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P. R. China
| | - Guanqing Sun
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoya Liu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P. R. China
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Chen S, Han T, Zhao Y, Luo W, Zhang Z, Su H, Tang BZ, Yang J. A Facile Strategy To Prepare Smart Coatings with Autonomous Self-Healing and Self-Reporting Functions. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:4870-4877. [PMID: 31887015 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b18919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we report a smart coating with autonomous self-healing and self-reporting functions by simple integration of one-component microcapsules into the matrix without external intervention. The microcapsules containing hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) solution of aggregation-induced emission luminogens (AIEgens) were synthesized, and their properties, such as their composition, thermal stability, morphology, and damage-indicating ability, were investigated systematically. The AIEgen/HDI microcapsule-embedded coatings display adaptive self-repair of scratches and simultaneous high-contrast indication of the healed damage. Two commercialized AIEgens, tetraphenylethylene (TPE) and its derivative with dimethoxyl and benzylidene-methyloxazolone moieties (DM-TPE-BMO), were utilized as examples to demonstrate the feasibility of this concept in diverse polymer matrixes (including blue autofluorescent matrixes). It was found that the content of AIEgens can even be lowered to 0.05 wt %. This facile, economical, and feasible strategy toward the dual functions of self-repairing and self-sensing provides a new route for enhancing the longevity and reliability of polymer coatings, which is appealing and of great importance in practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ting Han
- Center for AIE Research, College of Materials Science and Engineering , Shenzhen University , Shenzhen 518060 , China
| | | | | | - Zhong Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience , National Center for Nanoscience and Technology , Beijing 100190 , China
| | | | - Ben Zhong Tang
- Center for AIE Research, College of Materials Science and Engineering , Shenzhen University , Shenzhen 518060 , China
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Li Y, Wang Q, Zheng X, Li Y, Luan J. Microcapsule encapsulated with leuco dye as a visual sensor for concrete damage indicationviacolor variation. RSC Adv 2020; 10:1226-1231. [PMID: 35494703 PMCID: PMC9047305 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra09492j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A microcapsule-type visualization sensor for concrete structural damage indication is proposed in this article. Crystal violet lactone, as damage indicator, was microencapsulated within poly(methyl methacrylate) to synthesize the sensor. The successful encapsulation was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectrometry. Microcapsules of different diameters and size distributions were obtained by varied stirring speeds. The fabricated microcapsules were embedded into a polymer coating to accomplish the damage indication. When cracks propagated in the coating, the crystal violet lactone in leuco form was released from the ruptured microcapsules. Due to reacting with silicon dioxide in concrete, the released crystal violet lactone turned blue and highlighted the damaged area. It was verified that the visualization performance of the sensor showed good durability in both dry and wet conditions. The proposed microcapsule-type visualization sensor has advantages of easy fabrication, high indication stability, and no special equipment requirements, which will reduce the complexity of concrete structural health monitoring significantly. A visual microcapsule sensor for concrete damage detection by color variation without the requirement for additional activators.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Li
- Institute of NanoEngineering
- College of Civil Engineering and Architecture
- Shandong University of Science and Technology
- Qingdao 266590
- China
| | - Qing Wang
- Institute of NanoEngineering
- College of Civil Engineering and Architecture
- Shandong University of Science and Technology
- Qingdao 266590
- China
| | - Xu Zheng
- Institute of NanoEngineering
- College of Civil Engineering and Architecture
- Shandong University of Science and Technology
- Qingdao 266590
- China
| | - Yunfeng Li
- Institute of NanoEngineering
- College of Civil Engineering and Architecture
- Shandong University of Science and Technology
- Qingdao 266590
- China
| | - Jinjin Luan
- Institute of NanoEngineering
- College of Civil Engineering and Architecture
- Shandong University of Science and Technology
- Qingdao 266590
- China
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Neumann S, Biewend M, Rana S, Binder WH. The CuAAC: Principles, Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Catalysts, and Novel Developments and Applications. Macromol Rapid Commun 2019; 41:e1900359. [PMID: 31631449 DOI: 10.1002/marc.201900359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The copper-catalyzed azide/alkyne cycloaddition reaction (CuAAC) has emerged as the most useful "click" chemistry. Polymer science has profited enormously from CuAAC by its simplicity, ease, scope, applicability and efficiency. Basic principles of the CuAAC are reviewed with a focus on homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts, ligands, anchimeric assistance, and basic chemical principles. Recent developments of ligand design and acceleration are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Neumann
- Institute of Chemistry, Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, von Danckelmannplatz 4, D-06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Michel Biewend
- Institute of Chemistry, Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, von Danckelmannplatz 4, D-06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Sravendra Rana
- School of Engineering University of Petroleum and Energy Studies (UPES), Dehradun, Uttarakhand, 248007, India
| | - Wolfgang H Binder
- Institute of Chemistry, Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, von Danckelmannplatz 4, D-06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
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Calvino C, Weder C. Microcapsule-Containing Self-Reporting Polymers. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2018; 14:e1802489. [PMID: 30265445 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201802489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Self-reporting polymers, which can indicate damage or exposure to excessive stress with a clearly perceptible optical signal, are potentially useful for several technological applications, including stress-sensitive sensors that enable in situ monitoring of mechanical events and structural health monitoring systems. A versatile and simple concept to realize this function is the exploitation of microcapsules that are filled with solutions of dyes that are released and chemically or physically activated when the protective shell is damaged. Such microcapsules can readily be incorporated into polymers and the composites thus made can be processed into films, coatings, or other objects. Mechanochromic effects can be realized with different types of dyes and activation schemes. In this concept article, a selection of recent key studies is presented to provide an overview of the state of the field. Different architectures and operating principles and their advantages and drawbacks are reviewed. The parameters that influence the design of microcapsule-based mechanochromic systems are considered and unexplored chromophore systems that might be useful to design future self-reporting polymers are discussed. Finally, specific aspects of capsule design, fabrication, and integration into polymers are presented. Throughout the article, challenges and opportunities of the concept are highlighted and possible future directions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Calvino
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, CH-1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Weder
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, CH-1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
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Binder WH. The Past 40 Years of Macromolecular Sciences: Reflections on Challenges in Synthetic Polymer and Material Science. Macromol Rapid Commun 2018; 40:e1800610. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201800610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang H. Binder
- Institute of Chemistry; Faculty of Natural Sciences II; Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg; von Danckelmann-Platz 4 D-06120 Halle (Saale) Germany
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Kimura K, Onishi S, Moriyama K. Fluorescence-Based High-Throughput Salt Screening. J Pharm Sci 2018; 107:1870-1878. [PMID: 29499276 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2018.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The present study reports a high-throughput screening method for the salt formation of amine-containing active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) based on fluorescence measurements. A free form amine API was alkynylated by a solid-vapor reaction using propargyl bromide, and a fluorescent compound was produced by a subsequent reaction using 9-azidomethylanthracene. In contrast, salts were inert to propargyl bromide; thus, no fluorescence was observed. Samples for salt screening were prepared by grinding haloperidol with various counter acids, and these mixtures were derivatized in a 96-well microplate to determine whether the salt formation had occurred between haloperidol and the counter acids. Samples that turned into fluorescent and nonfluorescent were confirmed to be free form and salt form, respectively, using powder X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy. In conclusion, our method adequately functions as an indicator of the salt formation of amine APIs. Further, this method allows for the rapid evaluation of the salt formation of APIs using 96-well microplates without the need for special reagents or techniques; thus, it is valuable for the discovery of an optimal salt form of newly developed amine APIs in the pharmaceutical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazue Kimura
- School of Pharmacy, Shujitsu University, 1-6-1 Nishigawara, Naka-ku, Okayama 703-8516, Japan
| | - Saho Onishi
- School of Pharmacy, Shujitsu University, 1-6-1 Nishigawara, Naka-ku, Okayama 703-8516, Japan
| | - Kei Moriyama
- School of Pharmacy, Shujitsu University, 1-6-1 Nishigawara, Naka-ku, Okayama 703-8516, Japan.
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Kargarfard N, Diedrich N, Rupp H, Döhler D, Binder WH. Improving Kinetics of "Click-Crosslinking" for Self-Healing Nanocomposites by Graphene-Supported Cu-Nanoparticles. Polymers (Basel) 2017; 10:E17. [PMID: 30966054 PMCID: PMC6414871 DOI: 10.3390/polym10010017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Investigation of the curing kinetics of crosslinking reactions and the development of optimized catalyst systems is of importance for the preparation of self-healing nanocomposites, able to significantly extend their service lifetimes. Here we study different modified low molecular weight multivalent azides for a capsule-based self-healing approach, where self-healing is mediated by graphene-supported copper-nanoparticles, able to trigger "click"-based crosslinking of trivalent azides and alkynes. When monitoring the reaction kinetics of the curing reaction via reactive dynamic scanning calorimetry (DSC), it was found that the "click-crosslinking" reactivity decreased with increasing chain length of the according azide. Additionally, we could show a remarkable "click" reactivity already at 0 °C, highlighting the potential of click-based self-healing approaches. Furthermore, we varied the reaction temperature during the preparation of our tailor-made graphene-based copper(I) catalyst to further optimize its catalytic activity. With the most active catalyst prepared at 700 °C and the optimized set-up of reactants on hand, we prepared capsule-based self-healing epoxy nanocomposites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neda Kargarfard
- Faculty of Natural Science II, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e. V., Abteilung Reaktive Verarbeitung, Hohe Str. 6, D-01069 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Norman Diedrich
- Faculty of Natural Science II, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Harald Rupp
- Faculty of Natural Science II, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Diana Döhler
- Faculty of Natural Science II, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Wolfgang H Binder
- Faculty of Natural Science II, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
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Abstract
Click chemistry has emerged as a significant tool for materials science, organic chemistry, and bioscience. Based on the initial concept of Barry Sharpless in 2001, the copper(I)-catalyzed azide/alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) reaction has triggered a plethora of chemical concepts for linking molecules and building blocks under ambient conditions, forming the basis for applications in autonomous cross-linking materials. Self-healing systems on the other hand are often based on mild cross-linking chemistries that are able to react either autonomously or upon an external trigger. In the ideal case, self-healing takes place efficiently at low temperatures, independent of the substrate(s) used, by forming strong and stable networks, binding to the newly generated (cracked) interfaces to restore the original material properties. The use of the CuAAC in self-healing systems, most of all the careful design of copper-based catalysts linked to additives as well as the chemical diversity of substrates, has led to an enormous potential of applications of this singular reaction. The implementation of click-based strategies in self-healing systems therefore is highly attractive, as here chemical (and physical) concepts of molecular reactivity, molecular design, and even metal catalysis are connected to aspects of materials science. In this Account, we will show how CuAAC reactions of multivalent components can be used as a tool for self-healing materials, achieving cross-linking at low temperatures (exploiting concepts of autocatalysis or internal chelation within the bulk CuAAC and systematic optimization of the efficiency of the used Cu(I) catalysts). Encapsulation strategies to separate the click components by micro- and nanoencapsulation are required in this context. Consequently, the examples reported here describe chemical concepts to realize more efficient and faster click reactions in self-healing polymeric materials. Thus, enhanced chain diffusion in (hyper)branched polymers, autocatalysis, or internal chelation concepts enable efficient click cross-linking already at 5 °C with a simultaneously reduced amount of Cu(I) catalyst and increased reaction rates, culminating in the first reported self-healing system based on click cycloaddition reactions. Via tailor-made nanocarbon/Cu(I) catalysts we can further improve the click cross-linking reaction in view of efficiency and kinetics, leading to the generation of self-healing graphene-based epoxy nanocomposites. Additionally, we have designed special CuAAC click methods for chemical reporting and visualization systems based on the detection of ruptured capsules via a fluorogenic click reaction, which can be combined with CuAAC cross-linking reactions to obtain simultaneous stress detection and self-healing within polymeric materials. In a similar concept, we have prepared polymeric Cu(I)-biscarbene complexes to detect (mechanical) stress within self-healing polymeric materials via a triggered fluorogenic reaction, thus using a destructive force for a constructive chemical response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Döhler
- Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry,
Faculty of Natural Science II (Chemistry, Physics and Mathematics), Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Philipp Michael
- Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry,
Faculty of Natural Science II (Chemistry, Physics and Mathematics), Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Wolfgang H. Binder
- Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry,
Faculty of Natural Science II (Chemistry, Physics and Mathematics), Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
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