Dissociative multiple ionization of argon trimers and tetramers in two-color femtosecond laser fields

We experimentally investigate the dissociative multiple ionization of argon trimers and tetramers induced by relative phase-controlled linearly and elliptically polarized two-color femtosecond laser fields. The momentum distributions and kinetic energy releases of the resulting fragments from various channels are measured in coincidence. The observed anisotropic momentum distributions indicate a preference for triple and quadruple ionization of argon trimers when one of the argon atoms is aligned parallel to the laser field polarization. By varying the relative phase of the two-color laser fields, we achieve directional control over the dissociative triple and quadruple ionization of argon trimers, facilitated by the mechanism of enhanced ionization. The measured relative phase-dependent asymmetry patterns exhibit similarity in both linearly and elliptically polarized two-color laser fields, suggesting a minimal role of electron recollision. Furthermore, we extend our investigation to the dissociative quadruple ionization of argon tetramers. These findings provide valuable insights into the van der Waals bond breaking in complex clusters and contribute to the broader understanding of laser-driven molecular fragmentation.

Dissociative ionization and Coulomb explosion of CH4 in two-color asymmetric intense laser fields

Directional fragment ejection from a tetrahedral molecule CH4 in linearly polarized two-color (ω and 2ω) asymmetric intense laser fields (50 fs, 1.4 × 1014 W cm-2, 800 nm and 400 nm) has been studied by three-dimensional ion coincidence momentum imaging. The H+ fragment produced from dissociative ionization, CH4 → H+ + CH3 + e-, is preferentially ejected on the larger amplitude side of the laser electric fields. Comparison with theoretical predictions by weak-field asymptotic theory shows that the observed asymmetry can be understood by the orientation selective tunneling ionization from the triply degenerated highest occupied molecular orbital (1t2) of CH4. A similar directional ejection of H+ was also observed for the low kinetic energy components of the two-body Coulomb explosion, CH4 → H+ + CH3+ + 2e-. On the other hand, the fragment ejection in the opposite direction were observed for the high energy component, as well as H2+ produced from the Coulomb explosion CH4 → H2+ + CH2+ + 2e-. Possible origins of the characteristic fragmentation are discussed.

Molecular photodissociation dynamics revealed by Coulomb explosion imaging

Coulomb explosion imaging (CEI) methods are finding ever-growing use as a means of exploring and distinguishing the static stereo-configurations of small quantum systems (molecules, clusters, etc). CEI experiments initiated by ultrafast (femtosecond-duration) laser pulses also allow opportunities to track the time-evolution of molecular structures, and thereby advance understanding of molecular fragmentation processes. This Perspective illustrates two emerging families of dynamical studies. 'One-colour' studies (employing strong field ionisation driven by intense near infrared or single X-ray or extreme ultraviolet laser pulses) afford routes to preparing multiply charged molecular cations and exploring how their fragmentation progresses from valence-dominated to Coulomb-dominated dynamics with increasing charge and how this evolution varies with molecular size and composition. 'Two-colour' studies use one ultrashort laser pulse to create electronically excited neutral molecules (or monocations), whose structural evolution is then probed as a function of pump-probe delay using an ultrafast ionisation pulse along with time and position-sensitive detection methods. This latter type of experiment has the potential to return new insights into not just molecular fragmentation processes but also charge transfer processes between moieties separating with much better defined stereochemical control than in contemporary ion-atom and ion-molecule charge transfer studies.

Asymmetric Dissociative Tunneling Ionization of Tetrafluoromethane in ω − 2ω Intense Laser Fields

Dissociative ionization of tetrafluoromethane (CF₄) in linearly polarized ω-2ω ultrashort intense laser fields (1.4 × 10¹⁴ W/cm², 800 and 400 nm) has been investigated by three-dimensional momentum ion imaging. The spatial distribution of CF3+ produced by CF₄ → CF3+ + F + e⁻ exhibited a clear asymmetry with respect to the laser polarization direction. The degree of the asymmetry varies by the relative phase of the ω and 2ω laser fields, showing that 1) the breaking of the four equivalent C-F bonds can be manipulated by the laser pulse shape and 2) the C-F bond directed along the larger amplitude side of the ω-2ω electric fields tends to be broken. Weak-field asymptotic theory (WFAT) shows that the tunneling ionization from the 4t₂ second highest-occupied molecular orbital (HOMO-1) surpasses that from the 1t₁ HOMO. This predicts the enhancement of the tunneling ionization with electric fields pointing from F to C, in the direction opposite to that observed for the asymmetric fragment ejection. Possible mechanisms involved in the asymmetric dissociative ionization, such as post-ionization interactions, are discussed.

Helicity-dependent dissociative tunneling ionization of CF4 in multicycle circularly polarized intense laser fields

Dissociative tunneling ionization of tetrafluoromethane (CF₄) in circularly polarized ultrashort intense laser fields (35 fs, 0.8 × 10¹⁴ W cm^-2, 1035 nm), CF₄ → CF₄⁺ + e^- → CF₃⁺ + F + e^-, has been studied by three-dimensional electron-ion coincidence momentum imaging. The photoelectron angular distribution in the recoil frame revealed that the dissociative tunneling ionization occurs efficiently when the laser electric field points from F to C. The obtained results are qualitatively consistent with the theoretical predictions by the weak-field asymptotic theory (WFAT) for tunneling ionization from the highest and next-highest occupied molecular orbitals, HOMO (1t₁), and HOMO-1 (4t₂), respectively. On the other hand, the angular distribution shows clear dependences on the polarization helicity, indicating that the breaking of the C-F bonds is sensitive to the helicity of the multicycle circularly polarized laser fields.

Post-Ionization Dynamics of the Polar Molecule OCS in Asymmetric Laser Fields

We have investigated the dissociation mechanisms of the prototypical heavy polar molecule OCS into the two break-up channels of the dication, OCS²⁺ → O⁺ + CS⁺ and OC⁺ + S⁺, in phase-locked two-color intense laser fields. The branching ratio of the breaking of the C–O and C–S bonds followed a pronounced 2π-oscillation with a modulation depth of 11%, depending on the relative phase of the two-color laser fields. The fragment ejection direction of both break-up channels reflects the anisotropy of the tunneling ionization rate, following a 2π-periodicity, as well. The two dissociation pathways in the C–S bond breaking channel show different phase dependencies of the fragment ejection direction, which are assigned to post-ionization dynamics. These observations, resulting from the excitation with asymmetric two-color intense laser fields, supported by state-of-the-art theoretical simulations, reveal the importance of post-ionization population dynamics in addition to tunneling ionization in the molecular fragmentation processes, even for heavy polar molecules.

Association Reaction of Gaseous C2H4 in Femtosecond Laser Filaments Studied by Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry

Association reactions by femtosecond laser filamentation in gaseous C2H4 were studied by time-of-flight mass spectrometry of neutral reaction products. Direct sampling from the reaction cell to a mass spectrometer via a differential pumping stage allowed the identification of various hydrocarbon molecules C n H m with n = 3-7 and m = 4-7, which includes species not observed in the previous studies. It was found that products containing three and four carbon atoms dominate the mass spectrum with smaller yields for higher-mass species, suggesting that carbon chain growth proceeds through the reaction with C2H4 in the reaction cell. The product distribution showed a clear dependence on the laser pulse energy for filamentation.

Exploring the influence of experimental parameters on the interaction of asymmetric ω/2ω fields with water isotopologues

Water isotopologues are doubly ionized by phase-controlled asymmetric ω/2ω laser fields, and their two-body fragmentation channels leading to pairs of OH⁺/H⁺ [channel (I)] and H₂ ⁺/O⁺ [channel (II)] are systematically investigated. The dependence of the ionic fragments on phase distinguishes between two dissociation channels, while a quantity that is proportional to the directionality of the ejected fragments, called asymmetry parameter (β), is measured as a function of composite field's phase. The dependence of the two channels' asymmetry amplitude (β₀) on the experimental parameters that characterize the composite field (wavelength, anisotropic shape, and total intensity) is found to differ significantly. The channel leading to H₂ ⁺ and O⁺ ions' ejection shows increased asymmetry compared to the other channel and is found to be dependent on excitation of overtones and combinations of vibrational modes as well as from the field's shape and intensity. The asymmetry (β) of the channel leading to the release of a H⁺ and an OH⁺ ions is far less sensitive to the experimental parameters. Inspection of the individual OH⁺ peak's dependence on phase reveals information on the effect of the field's profile, which is unclear when asymmetry (β) is inspected.

Promotion in solid phase reaction of Pt/SiOx bilayer film by electron-orbital-selective-excitation

A thermally impossible positive free energy reaction can proceed by electron-orbital-selective excitation. When the Si 2p core level is photo-excited in Pt/SiO_x bilayer films, Coulomb repulsion at the final two-hole state localized in the valence band by an interatomic Auger transition induces dissociation of the O atom and formation of a Si–Pt bond. Consequently, Pt₂Si silicide is formed by a positive free energy reaction. Under a single particle excitation of the valence band, low probability of the coexistence of the two-hole state for picosecond order suppresses to allow the reaction to proceed.

A thermally impossible positive free energy reaction can proceed by electron-orbital-selective excitation.

Time-resolved dissociative ionization and double photoionization of CO2

CO₂ single-photon double photoionization, Coulomb explosion, and dissociative ionization are studied with ultrafast extreme-ultraviolet pump and time-delayed near-infrared probe pulses. Kinetic energy release and momentum correlations for the two-body CO⁺ + O⁺ and three-body O⁺ + C⁺ + O fragmentation products are determined by 3D coincidence fragment imaging. The transient enhancement of the ratio of two-body vs three-body Coulomb explosion events and the time dependence of low and high kinetic energy release dissociation events are discussed in terms of dissociative ionization and Coulomb explosion dynamics.

Observation of Quantum Interference and Coherent Control in a Photochemical Reaction

Coherent control of reactants remains a long-standing challenge in quantum chemistry. In particular, we have studied laser-induced molecular formation (photoassociation) in a Raman-dressed spin-orbit-coupled ^{87}Rb Bose-Einstein condensate, whose spin quantum state is a superposition of multiple bare spin components. In contrast to the notably different photoassociation-induced fractional atom losses observed for the bare spin components of a statistical mixture, a superposition state with a comparable spin composition displays the same fractional loss on every spin component. We interpret this as the superposition state itself undergoing photoassociation. For superposition states induced by a large Raman coupling and zero Raman detuning, we observe a nearly complete suppression of the photoassociation rate. This suppression is consistent with a model based upon quantum destructive interference between two photoassociation pathways for colliding atoms with different spin combinations. This model also explains the measured dependence of the photoassociation rate on the Raman detuning at a moderate Raman coupling. Our work thus suggests that preparing atoms in quantum superpositions may represent a powerful new technique to coherently control photochemical reactions.

Compact and flexible harmonic generator and three-color synthesizer for femtosecond coherent control and time-resolved studies

Intense, multi-color laser fields permit the control of the ionization of atoms and the steering of electron dynamics. Here, we present the efficient collinear creation of the second and third harmonic of a 790 nm femtosecond laser followed by a versatile field synthesizer for the three color fields' composition. Using the device, we investigate the strong-field ionization of neon by fields composed of the fundamental, and the second or third harmonic. The three-color device offers sufficient flexibility for the coherent control of strong-field processes and for time-resolved pump-probe studies.