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Polanco EA, Opdam LV, Passerini L, Huber M, Bonnet S, Pandit A. An artificial metalloenzyme that can oxidize water photocatalytically: design, synthesis, and characterization. Chem Sci 2024; 15:3596-3609. [PMID: 38455019 PMCID: PMC10915814 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc05870k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
In nature, light-driven water oxidation (WO) catalysis is performed by photosystem II via the delicate interplay of different cofactors positioned in its protein scaffold. Artificial systems for homogeneous photocatalytic WO are based on small molecules that often have limited solubility in aqueous solutions. In this work, we alleviated this issue and present a cobalt-based WO-catalyst containing artificial metalloenzyme (ArM) that is active in light-driven, homogeneous WO catalysis in neutral-pH aqueous solutions. A haem-containing electron transfer protein, cytochrome B5 (CB5), served to host a first-row transition-metal-based WO catalyst, CoSalen (CoIISalen, where H2Salen = N,N'-bis(salicylidene)ethylenediamine), thus producing an ArM capable of driving photocatalytic WO. The CoSalen ArM formed a water-soluble pre-catalyst in the presence of [Ru(bpy)3](ClO4)2 as photosensitizer and Na2S2O8 as the sacrificial electron acceptor, with photocatalytic activity similar to that of free CoSalen. During photocatalysis, the CoSalen-protein interactions were destabilized, and the protein partially unfolded. Rather than forming tens of nanometer sized CoOx nanoparticles as free CoSalen does under photocatalytic WO conditions, the CB5 : CoSalen ArM showed limited protein cross-linking and remained soluble. We conclude that a weak, dynamic interaction between a soluble cobalt species and apoCB5 was formed, which generated a catalytically active adduct during photocatalysis. A detailed analysis was performed on protein stability and decomposition processes during the harsh oxidizing reaction conditions of WO, which will serve for the future design of WO ArMs with improved activity and stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehider A Polanco
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University Einsteinweg 55 2333 CC Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Laura V Opdam
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University Einsteinweg 55 2333 CC Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Leonardo Passerini
- Department of Physics, Huygens-Kamerlingh Onnes Laboratory, Leiden University Niels Bohrweg 2 2333 CA Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Martina Huber
- Department of Physics, Huygens-Kamerlingh Onnes Laboratory, Leiden University Niels Bohrweg 2 2333 CA Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Sylvestre Bonnet
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University Einsteinweg 55 2333 CC Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Anjali Pandit
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University Einsteinweg 55 2333 CC Leiden The Netherlands
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Matsubara Y, Ishitani O. Photochemical formation of hydride using transition metal complexes and its application to photocatalytic reduction of the coenzyme NAD(P)+ and its model compounds. Coord Chem Rev 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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3
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Nikoloudakis E, López-Duarte I, Charalambidis G, Ladomenou K, Ince M, Coutsolelos AG. Porphyrins and phthalocyanines as biomimetic tools for photocatalytic H 2 production and CO 2 reduction. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:6965-7045. [PMID: 35686606 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00183g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The increasing energy demand and environmental issues caused by the over-exploitation of fossil fuels render the need for renewable, clean, and environmentally benign energy sources unquestionably urgent. The zero-emission energy carrier, H2 is an ideal alternative to carbon-based fuels especially when it is generated photocatalytically from water. Additionally, the photocatalytic conversion of CO2 into chemical fuels can reduce the CO2 emissions and have a positive environmental and economic impact. Inspired by natural photosynthesis, plenty of artificial photocatalytic schemes based on porphyrinoids have been investigated. This review covers the recent advances in photocatalytic H2 production and CO2 reduction systems containing porphyrin or phthalocyanine derivatives. The unique properties of porphyrinoids enable their utilization both as chromophores and as catalysts. The homogeneous photocatalytic systems are initially described, presenting the various approaches for the improvement of photosensitizing activity and the enhancement of catalytic performance at the molecular level. On the other hand, for the development of the heterogeneous systems, numerous methods were employed such as self-assembled supramolecular porphyrinoid nanostructures, construction of organic frameworks, combination with 2D materials and adsorption onto semiconductors. The dye sensitization on semiconductors opened the way for molecular-based dye-sensitized photoelectrochemical cells (DSPECs) devices based on porphyrins and phthalocyanines. The research in photocatalytic systems as discussed herein remains challenging since there are still many limitations making them unfeasible to be used at a large scale application before finding a large-scale application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanouil Nikoloudakis
- University of Crete, Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry, Voutes Campus, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
| | - Ismael López-Duarte
- Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Georgios Charalambidis
- University of Crete, Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry, Voutes Campus, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
| | - Kalliopi Ladomenou
- International Hellenic University, Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry, Agios Loucas, 65404, Kavala Campus, Greece.
| | - Mine Ince
- Department of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, Faculty of Engineering, Tarsus University, Mersin, Turkey.
| | - Athanassios G Coutsolelos
- University of Crete, Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry, Voutes Campus, Heraklion, Crete, Greece. .,Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser (IESL) Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas (FORTH), Vassilika Vouton, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
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4
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Porphyrin-catalyzed electrochemical hydrogen evolution reaction. Metal-centered and ligand-centered mechanisms. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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5
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Recent Advancements and Future Prospects in Ultrathin 2D Semiconductor-Based Photocatalysts for Water Splitting. Catalysts 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/catal10101111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultrathin two-dimensional (2D) semiconductor-mediated photocatalysts have shown their compelling potential and have arguably received tremendous attention in photocatalysis because of their superior thickness-dependent physical, chemical, mechanical and optical properties. Although numerous comprehensions about 2D semiconductor photocatalysts have been amassed up to now, low cost efficiency, degradation, kinetics of charge transfer along with recycling are still the big challenges to realize a wide application of 2D semiconductor-based photocatalysis. At present, most photocatalysts still need rare or expensive noble metals to improve the photocatalytic activity, which inhibits their commercial-scale application extremely. Thus, developing less costly, earth-abundant semiconductor-based photocatalysts with efficient conversion of sunlight energy remains the primary challenge. In this review, it begins with a brief description of the general mechanism of overall photocatalytic water splitting. Then a concise overview of different types of 2D semiconductor-mediated photocatalysts is given to figure out the advantages and disadvantages for mentioned semiconductor-based photocatalysis, including the structural property and stability, synthesize method, electrochemical property and optical properties for H2/O2 production half reaction along with overall water splitting. Finally, we conclude this review with a perspective, marked on some remaining challenges and new directions of 2D semiconductor-mediated photocatalysts.
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Benazzi E, Coni VC, Boni M, Mazzaro R, Morandi V, Natali M. The role of the capping agent and nanocrystal size in photoinduced hydrogen evolution using CdTe/CdS quantum dot sensitizers. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:10212-10223. [PMID: 32666964 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt01195a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen production via light-driven water splitting is a key process in the context of solar energy conversion. In this respect, the choice of suitable light-harvesting units appears as a major challenge, particularly as far as stability issues are concerned. In this work, we report on the use of CdTe/CdS QDs as photosensitizers for light-assisted hydrogen evolution in combination with a nickel bis(diphosphine) catalyst (1) and ascorbate as the sacrificial electron donor. QDs of different sizes (1.7-3.4 nm) and with different capping agents (MPA, MAA, and MSA) have been prepared and their performance assessed in the above-mentioned photocatalytic reaction. Detailed photophysical studies have been also accomplished to highlight the charge transfer processes relevant to the photocatalytic reaction. Hydrogen evolution is observed with remarkable efficiencies when compared to common coordination compounds like Ru(bpy)32+ (where bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine) as light-harvesting units. Furthermore, the hydrogen evolution performance under irradiation is strongly determined by the nature of the capping agent and the QD size and can be related to the concentration of the surface defects within the semiconducting nanocrystal. Overall, the present results outline how QDs featuring large quantum yields and long lifetimes are desirable to achieve sustained hydrogen evolution upon irradiation and that a precise control of the structural and photophysical properties thus appears as a major requirement towards profitable photocatalytic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Benazzi
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy.
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Lamare R, Ruhlmann L, Ruppert R, Weiss J. Case studies of the radical cation reactivity in meso-aryl and octaethyl porphyrins. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2020. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424619501980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The reactivity of porphyrin radical cationic species derived from octaethyl porphyrin (OEP) or meso-aryl porphyrins with nucleophiles, envisioned as an access route to elaborate porphyrin dimers, has been studied and optimized in the case of OEP. Standardized conditions have been applied to various spacers to show that the success of the reaction is mostly nucleophile dependent and that the method has little chances to yield non-linear bis-porphyrins.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Lamare
- Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg, UMR 7177 CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - L. Ruhlmann
- Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg, UMR 7177 CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - R. Ruppert
- Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg, UMR 7177 CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - J. Weiss
- Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg, UMR 7177 CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, 67000 Strasbourg, France
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8
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Giannoudis E, Benazzi E, Karlsson J, Copley G, Panagiotakis S, Landrou G, Angaridis P, Nikolaou V, Matthaiaki C, Charalambidis G, Gibson EA, Coutsolelos AG. Photosensitizers for H 2 Evolution Based on Charged or Neutral Zn and Sn Porphyrins. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:1611-1621. [PMID: 31940179 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b01838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We report a comparison between a series of zinc and tin porphyrins as photosensitizers for photochemical hydrogen evolution using cobaloxime complexes as molecular catalysts. Among all the chromophores tested, only the positively charged zinc porphyrin, [ZnTMePyP4+]Cl4, and the neutral tin porphyrin derivatives, Sn(OH)2TPyP, Sn(Cl2)TPP-[COOMe]4, and Sn(Cl2)TPP-[PO(OEt)2]4, were photocatalytically active. Hydrogen evolution was strongly affected by the pH value as well as the different concentrations of both the sensitizer and the catalyst. A comprehensive photophysical and electrochemical investigation was conducted in order to examine the mechanism of photocatalysis. The results derived from this study establish fundamental criteria with respect to the design and synthesis of porphyrin derivatives for their application as photosensitizers in photoinduced hydrogen evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanouil Giannoudis
- Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry , University of Crete , Voutes Campus , 70013 Heraklion , Crete , Greece.,Laboratoire de Chimie et Biologie des Métaux , UMR 5249 Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA , 17 rue des Martyrs , F-38054 Grenoble Cedex 9 , France
| | - Elisabetta Benazzi
- Chemistry-School of Natural and Environmental Sciences , Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne , NE1 7RU United Kingdom
| | - Joshua Karlsson
- Chemistry-School of Natural and Environmental Sciences , Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne , NE1 7RU United Kingdom
| | - Graeme Copley
- Chemistry-School of Natural and Environmental Sciences , Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne , NE1 7RU United Kingdom
| | - Stylianos Panagiotakis
- Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry , University of Crete , Voutes Campus , 70013 Heraklion , Crete , Greece
| | - Georgios Landrou
- Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry , University of Crete , Voutes Campus , 70013 Heraklion , Crete , Greece
| | - Panagiotis Angaridis
- Department of Chemistry , Aristotle University of Thessaloniki , Thessaloniki 54124 , Greece
| | - Vasilis Nikolaou
- Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry , University of Crete , Voutes Campus , 70013 Heraklion , Crete , Greece
| | - Chrysanthi Matthaiaki
- Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry , University of Crete , Voutes Campus , 70013 Heraklion , Crete , Greece
| | - Georgios Charalambidis
- Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry , University of Crete , Voutes Campus , 70013 Heraklion , Crete , Greece
| | - Elizabeth A Gibson
- Chemistry-School of Natural and Environmental Sciences , Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne , NE1 7RU United Kingdom
| | - Athanassios G Coutsolelos
- Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry , University of Crete , Voutes Campus , 70013 Heraklion , Crete , Greece
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9
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Maher AG, Liu M, Nocera DG. Ligand Noninnocence in Nickel Porphyrins: Nickel Isobacteriochlorin Formation under Hydrogen Evolution Conditions. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:7958-7968. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b00717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew G. Maher
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Mengran Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Daniel G. Nocera
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
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10
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Formation, Photophysics, and Photochemistry of Anionic Lanthanide(III) Mono- and Bisporphyrins. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24071309. [PMID: 30987150 PMCID: PMC6480351 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24071309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Since water-soluble porphyrin complexes of lanthanides(III) have proved to be promising for medical applications (e.g., luminescence imaging, photodynamic therapy, and theranostics), the investigation of the formation, photophysical, and photochemical properties of such coordination compounds provides useful pieces of information for their potential usage. Steady-state and time-resolved fluorometry, UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy, and continuous-wave photolysis were utilized for this purpose. 5,10,15,20-Tetrakis(4-sulfonatophenyl)porphyrin formed mono- and bisporphyrin complexes with samarium(III), europium(III), and gadolinium(III) as representatives in the middle of the lanthanide series. The special photoinduced behavior of these compounds was mostly determined by the position of the metal center, which was located out of the ligand plane, thus distorting it. Besides, the photochemical and, especially, photophysical features of the corresponding mono- and bisporphyrin complexes were similar because, in the latter species, two monoporphyrins were connected by a weak metal bridge between the peripheral sulfonato substituents (tail-to-tail dimerization). The formation of these coordination compounds and the transformation reactions between the mono- and bisporphyrins were rather slow in the dark at room temperature. These processes were accelerated by visible irradiation. However, dissociation and, especially, redox degradation were the main photoreactions in these systems, although with low quantum yields. Additionally, depending on the excitation wavelength, new types of photoproducts were also detected.
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Nurttila SS, Becker R, Hessels J, Woutersen S, Reek JNH. Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution by a Synthetic [FeFe] Hydrogenase Mimic Encapsulated in a Porphyrin Cage. Chemistry 2018; 24:16395-16406. [PMID: 30117602 PMCID: PMC6282596 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201803351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The design of a biomimetic and fully base metal photocatalytic system for photocatalytic proton reduction in a homogeneous medium is described. A synthetic pyridylphosphole-appended [FeFe] hydrogenase mimic was encapsulated inside a supramolecular zinc porphyrin-based metal-organic cage structure Fe4 (Zn-L)6 . The binding is driven by the selective pyridine-zinc porphyrin interaction and results in the catalyst being bound strongly inside the hydrophobic cavity of the cage. Excitation of the capsule-forming porphyrin ligands with visible light while probing the IR spectrum confirmed that electron transfer takes place from the excited porphyrin cage to the catalyst residing inside the capsule. Light-driven proton reduction was achieved by irradiation of an acidic solution of the caged catalyst with visible light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra S. Nurttila
- Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular SciencesUniversity of AmsterdamScience Park 9041098XHAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - René Becker
- Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular SciencesUniversity of AmsterdamScience Park 9041098XHAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Joeri Hessels
- Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular SciencesUniversity of AmsterdamScience Park 9041098XHAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Sander Woutersen
- Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular SciencesUniversity of AmsterdamScience Park 9041098XHAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Joost N. H. Reek
- Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular SciencesUniversity of AmsterdamScience Park 9041098XHAmsterdamThe Netherlands
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12
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Chand Vagvala T, Ooyabe T, Sakai M, Funasako Y, Inokuchi M, Kurashige W, Negishi Y, Kalousek V, Ikeue K. Synthesis and characterization of metal-diaminobipyridine complexes as low-cost co-catalysts for photo-sensitized hydrogen evolution. Inorganica Chim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2018.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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13
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Wei P, Lin K, Meng D, Xie T, Na Y. Photoelectrochemical Performance for Water Oxidation Improved by Molecular Nickel Porphyrin-Integrated WO 3 /TiO 2 Photoanode. CHEMSUSCHEM 2018; 11:1746-1750. [PMID: 29700973 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201800705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A WO3 /TiO2 heterojunction photoanode was prepared by in situ growth of WO3 on a mesoporous TiO2 electrode. The photoinduced charge-transfer properties and chargeseparation improvement in this kind of type-II heterojunction were characterized by transient surface photovoltage spectra. By using sulfite oxidation as a hole scavenger, we demonstrated that 72 % of the photo-generated holes are reaching the surface of the photoanode, but the efficiency of hole injection (ηox ) into the electrolyte was only 48 %. For the first time, a NiII meso-tetra(4-carboxyphenyl)porphyrin (NiTCPP) was incorporated as a water oxidation catalyst into the WO3 /TiO2 heterojunction photoanode, which promoted the value of ηox to 81 %. The maximum applied bias photon-to-current efficiency for the WO3 /TiO2 /NiTCPP photoanode was determined to be 0.2 % at 1.01 V vs. the reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE), under which condition a Faradic efficiency of 89 % for water oxidation was achieved (averaged over 1 h of photolysis).
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Affiliation(s)
- Peicheng Wei
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, P.R. China
| | - Kaifeng Lin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, P.R. China
| | - Dedong Meng
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P.R. China
| | - Tengfeng Xie
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P.R. China
| | - Yong Na
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, P.R. China
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Prock J, Salzl S, Ehrmann K, Viertl W, Pehn R, Pann J, Roithmeyer H, Bendig M, Kopacka H, Capozzoli L, Oberhauser W, Knör G, Brüggeller P. Application of a Water-Soluble Matrix-Stabilized Palladium Nanoparticle Catalyst for Photocatalytic Hydrogen Generation with High Activity and Stability. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.201700115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Prock
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, Centrum for Chemistry and Biomedicine; University of Innsbruck; Innrain 80-82 6020 Innsbruck Austria
| | - Simon Salzl
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry; Johannes Kepler University Linz; Altenbergerstraße 69 4040 Linz Austria
| | - Katharina Ehrmann
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, Centrum for Chemistry and Biomedicine; University of Innsbruck; Innrain 80-82 6020 Innsbruck Austria
| | - Wolfgang Viertl
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, Centrum for Chemistry and Biomedicine; University of Innsbruck; Innrain 80-82 6020 Innsbruck Austria
| | - Richard Pehn
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, Centrum for Chemistry and Biomedicine; University of Innsbruck; Innrain 80-82 6020 Innsbruck Austria
| | - Johann Pann
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, Centrum for Chemistry and Biomedicine; University of Innsbruck; Innrain 80-82 6020 Innsbruck Austria
| | - Helena Roithmeyer
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, Centrum for Chemistry and Biomedicine; University of Innsbruck; Innrain 80-82 6020 Innsbruck Austria
| | - Marvin Bendig
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, Centrum for Chemistry and Biomedicine; University of Innsbruck; Innrain 80-82 6020 Innsbruck Austria
| | - Holger Kopacka
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, Centrum for Chemistry and Biomedicine; University of Innsbruck; Innrain 80-82 6020 Innsbruck Austria
| | - Laura Capozzoli
- Centro di Microscopia Elettoniche “Laura Bonzi” (Ce.M.E.)-ICCOM; Area di Ricerca CNR di Firenze; via Madonna del Piano 10 50019 Sesto Fiorentino Italy
| | - Werner Oberhauser
- Istituto di Chimica dei Composti Organometallici (ICCOM-CNR); Area di Ricerca CNR di Firenze; via Madonna del Piano 10 50019 Sesto Fiorentino Italy
| | - Günther Knör
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry; Johannes Kepler University Linz; Altenbergerstraße 69 4040 Linz Austria
| | - Peter Brüggeller
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, Centrum for Chemistry and Biomedicine; University of Innsbruck; Innrain 80-82 6020 Innsbruck Austria
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