Di-μ3-chlorido-1:2:3κ3 Cl;2:3:4κ3 Cl-di-μ2-chlorido-1:2κ2 Cl;3:4κ2 Cl-tetra-kis-[(4-amino-1,5-dimethyl-2-phenyl-2,3-di-hydro-1H-pyrazol-3-one-κ2 N 4,O)chlorido-cadmium(II)] 1.7-hydrate: a new six-coordinate geometry index, τ6

The title centrosymmetric tetra-nuclear cadmium(II) com-plex of 4-amino-anti-pyrine and chloride ions, [Cd4Cl8(C11H13N3O)4]·1.7H2O, was synthesized using methanol as solvent. The two independent Cd2+ ions in the asymmetric unit have different geometries; the outer Cd atoms have fivefold CdONCl3 coordination spheres, while the inner Cd atoms have sixfold CdONCl4 coordination spheres. The com-plex is consolidated by intra-molecular N-H⋯O and N-H⋯Cl hy-dro-gen bonds. In the crystal, a combination of N-H⋯Cl and Ow-H⋯Cl (w = water) hy-dro-gen bonds link the com-ponents to form chains propagating along the a-axis direction. The chains are crosslinked by C-H⋯Cl and C-H⋯O hy-dro-gen bonds to form a three-dimensional structure. A new geometry index, τ6, is proposed to qu-anti-tatively estimate the geometry of a sixfold coordinated atom.

Dipolar Copper(I) Complexes: A Novel Appealing Class of Highly Active Second-Order NLO-Phores

The second-order nonlinear optical (NLO) properties of the known heteroleptic complex [Cu(1,10-phenanthroline)xantphos][PF6] (complex 1) and the related new complexes [Cu(5-NO2-1,10-phenanthroline)xantphos][PF6] and [Cu(5-NO2-1,10-phenanthroline)(dppe)][PF6] (dppe = 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane) (complexes 2 and 3) were investigated in solution by the EFISH (Electric Field-Induced Second Harmonic generation) technique, working at a non-resonant wavelength of 1907 nm. It turned out that they are characterized by large μβ values (957-1100 × 10-48 esu), much higher than that of the Disperse Red One benchmark. Unexpectedly, the homoleptic complex [Cu(2-mesityl-1,10-phenanthroline)2][PF6] (complex 4) shows a similar high second-order NLO response. Quantum chemical calculations based on Density Functional Theory (DFT) methods have been carried out to give insight into the electronic structure of the investigated complexes in relation to NLO properties. This investigation, which represents the first EFISH study on copper(I) complexes, opens a convenient route for the development of low-cost dipolar NLO-active heteroleptic [Cu(P^P)(N^N)][PF6] and homoleptic [Cu(N^N)2][PF6] complexes.

Syntheses, crystal structures, Hirshfeld surface analyses and energy frameworks of two 4-amino-anti-pyrine Schiff base compounds: (E)-4-{[4-(di-ethyl-amino)-benzyl-idene]amino}-1,5-dimethyl-2-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-3(2H)-one and (E)-4-[(4-fluoro-benzyl-idene)amino]-1,5-dimethyl-2-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-3(2H)-one

The title Schiff base compounds, C22H26N4O (I) and C18H16FN3O (II), were each synthesized by a single-step condensation reaction. The substituted benzyl-idene ring is inclined to the pyrazole ring mean planes by 22.92 (7)° in I and 12.70 (9)° in II. The phenyl ring of the 4-amino-anti-pyrine unit is inclined to the pyrazole ring mean plane by 54.87 (7)° in I and by 60.44 (8)° in II. In the crystal of I, the mol-ecules are linked by C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds and C-H⋯π inter-actions to form layers lying parallel to (001). In the crystal of II, the mol-ecules are linked by C-H⋯O and C-H⋯F hydrogen bonds and C-H⋯π inter-actions, thereby forming layers lying parallel to (010). Hirshfeld surface analysis was employed to further qu-antify the inter-atomic inter-actions in the crystals of both compounds.

Ferrocene appended 1,8-naphthalimide chromophores: Synthesis, theoretical, the effect of phenyl substitution on aggregation-induced enhanced emission and second-order nonlinear optical studies

A new ferrocene appended linear donor-π-acceptor (D-π-A) type 1,8-naphthalimide chromophores [FcPhNap-n-butyl (1) and Fc(Ph)₂Nap-n-butyl (2)] have been synthesized and characterized using various analytical and spectroscopic techniques. The chromophores 1 and 2 show the one-electron transfer process, which was examined through cyclic voltammetric (CV) method. The solvatochromic studies show red shift by increasing the solvent polarity from non-polar to polar for both the chromophores 1 and 2, due to the better stabilization of the more polarized excited state than the ground state in the polar solvent. The fluorescence studies show low fluorescence emission, which was enhanced by aggregation in THF/water mixture when the water ratio is increased upto 60%, due to the restricted intramolecular rotation (RIR) process in the aggregated state. Also, the quantum yield increases 3.4 (1) and 6.8 (2) times in the aggregation induced enhanced emission (AIEE) state than THF solution for both the chromophores [THF/AIEE = 0.05/0.17 for 1 and 0.03/0.22 for 2]. The second-order non-linear optical properties of the chromophores 1 and 2 were studied using Kurtz and Perry powder technique, chromophore 2 shows 1.2 times higher SHG efficiency than 1, owing to the presence of additional phenyl group in 2, which further supports the effective charge transfer process from donor to acceptor. Furthermore, optical and non-linear optical properties of chromophores 1 and 2 were analyzed by DFT/TD-DFT calculations using different functionals (B3LYP, long-range corrected CAM-B3LYP and LC-BLYP) with 6-31+G** level of theory. The B3LYP functional shows higher hyperpolarizability values [β₀ = 109.2 × 10^-30 esu (1), 299.7 × 10^-30 esu (2)], due to the overestimation of the dipole moment, polarizability and hyperpolarizabilities between the donor-π-acceptor systems in B3LYP-hybrid functional, which leads to incorrect long-range charge transfer.

Novel Ferrocene-Appended β-Ketoimines and Related BF2 Derivatives with Significant Aggregation-Induced Emission and Second-Order Nonlinear Optical Properties

A series of new β-ketoimines containing a ferrocene moiety and their BF₂ complexes have been synthesized and structurally characterized. The solvatochromism of the β-ketoimines was studied, putting in evidence a redshift with increasing solvent polarity. This positive solvatochromism can be attributed to a more polarized excited state compared with the ground state, due to intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) transitions. The β-ketoimines exhibited weak emission, attributable to the excited-state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) phenomenon. This ESIPT effect is suppressed upon restriction of the keto-enamine tautomerism, induced upon addition of BF₃ ⋅OEt₂ , which afforded the related BF₂ complexes, characterized by an enhancement of the fluorescence through the ICT effect. Both the β-ketoimines and BF₂ complexes exhibited significant aggregation-induced emission behavior in mixtures of CH₃ CN/H₂ O, due to restriction of intramolecular rotation in the aggregated state. The frontier molecular orbital levels, ground- and excited-state dipole moments (μ_g and μ_e ), and the origin of electronic absorption spectra were studied by time-dependent DFT calculations. The second-order nonlinear optical (NLO) properties were determined by the electric-field-induced second-harmonic generation technique. The μβ₁₉₀₇ values of the β-ketoimines increased upon the formation of the related BF₂ complexes, mainly due to an enhancement of the ground-state dipole moment. The results presented here reveal that some of these novel compounds are excellent multifunctional candidates for NLO and luminescence applications.

Ferrocene-appended boronated ester: effect of cyanovinylene group on the nonlinear optical properties and colorimetric detection of fluoride ion

A centrosymmetric ferrocenyl boronated ester shows second-order NLO effect, selective and sensitive detection of fluoride ion.

Y-shaped ferrocene/non-ferrocene conjugated quinoxalines for colorimetric and fluorimetric detection of picric acid

New Y-shaped ferrocene and non-ferrocene conjugated quinoxaline derivatives {[R-(CH)₂-N=CH-)₂C₁₀H₄], R = C₅H₅-Fe-C₅H₅ (1) and R = C₆H₄-OCH₃ (2)} have been synthesized and characterized using analytical and spectroscopic techniques. The thermal stability of the compounds 1 and 2 were examined by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), both were stable up to 250 °C. The optical properties were studied using UV-Visible and fluorescence spectroscopic methods and Y-shaped ferrocene appended quinoxaline derivative 1 show a weak emission due to the quenching nature of ferrocene. The compound 2 shows enhanced fluorescence intensity in their aggregation state due to Restricted Intramolecular Rotation (RIR). Hence, the compound 2 have further utilized for the detection of picric acid (PA) by fluorimetric method and the detection limit of 1.37 × 10^-6 M was obtained. Further, paper sensor was made using compound 2 which resulted in the instant 'naked eye' response for trace detection of picric acid. Consequently, the compound 2 acts as a colorimetric sensor and can be used as a new probe for the detection of nitro aromatic explosives.

NLO-active Y-shaped ferrocene conjugated imidazole chromophores as precursors for SHG polymeric films

New Y-shaped ferrocene conjugated imidazole chromophores were prepared and fully characterized. The Y-shaped structure was confirmed by the single crystal X-ray diffraction technique. The chromophores show interesting second-order nonlinear optical (NLO) properties in solution, as determined by the Electric-Field Induced Second Harmonic generation (EFISH) technique. Remarkably, the trifluoro substituted compound 3 is characterized by a high μβEFISH value and has good potential as a molecular building block for composite films with Second Harmonic Generation (SHG) properties. For all compounds, the dipole moments and frontier orbital energies were calculated by the Density Functional Theoretical method.

N-Arylated bisferrocene pyrazole for the dual-mode detection of hydrogen peroxide: an AIE-active fluorescent “turn ON/OFF” and electrochemical non-enzymatic sensor

N-Arylated bisferrocene pyrazoles for the dual-mode detection of H₂O₂ by AIE-active fluorescence and non-enzymatic electrochemical methods.

Second-order nonlinear optical properties of eight-membered centrosymmetric cyclic borasiloxanes

SHG efficiencies of eight-membered centrosymmetric cyclic borasiloxanes arise form distorted silicon atom, strong electron withdrawing group and non-covalent interactions in crystal packing.

Electronic and Vibrational Hyperpolarizabilities of Lithium Substituted (Aza)benzenes and (Aza)naphthalenes

In this article we report results for the electronic and vibrational hyperpolarizabilities of ten molecules: Li@benzene, Li@pyridine, Li@pyrimidine, and Li@pyrazine; Li@naphthalene, Li@quinoline, Li@isoquinoline, Li@cinnolin, Li@quinazoline, and Li@quinoxaline. An electron correlation study shows that second-order many-body perturbation theory and density functional theory with CAM-B3LYP and M05-2X functionals give results for the electronic hyperpolarizabilities in good agreement with coupled cluster with single and doubles reference values. Static and dynamic vibrational corrections were computed through the perturbation theoretical method of Bishop and Kirtman and using a variational approach. In general, we obtained notable discrepancies between the results obtained by the two methods for the pure vibrational corrections because of the deficiency of the perturbation method to properly treat low-frequency normal modes present in the investigated systems. However, both methods give results similar to the zero-point vibrational average corrections.

An investigation on the second-order nonlinear optical response of cationic bipyridine or phenanthroline iridium(iii) complexes bearing cyclometallated 2-phenylpyridines with a triphenylamine substituent

The synthesis and characterisation of six new cationic iridium(iii) complexes bearing either 4,4'-di-tert-butyl-2,2'-bipyridine (dtBubpy) or 5-NO2-1,10-phenanthroline along with two cyclometallated 2-phenylpyridine derivative ligands, decorated with triphenylamine groups either meta or para to the Ir-CC^N bond or para to the Ir-NC^N bond, are reported. The second-order nonlinear optical (NLO) properties of all the compounds have been determined by the electric field induced second harmonic generation technique and show that the μβEFISH value can be tuned by the nature of the iridium coordination sphere. The dipole moment, μ, necessary to evaluate the quadratic hyperpolarizability βEFISH, was theoretically determined. The linear optical properties of the complexes are also presented and rationalised by quantum-chemical calculations. One of the prepared iridium compounds was incorporated into a polystyrene film, affording the first example of a second-order NLO active polymeric film based on a cationic organometallic complex.

Ferrocene amphiphilic D–π–A dyes: synthesis, redox behavior and determination of band gaps

We reported the synthesis, optical and redox behavior of six ferrocenyl D–π–A dyes. Optical and electrochemical band gaps were determined and corroborated by TD-DFT calculations. Compounds4exhibit the smallest band gap of this series.