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Russo F, Tolomeo F, Angela Vandelli M, Biagini G, Laganà A, Laura Capriotti A, Cerrato A, Carbone L, Perrone E, Cavazzini A, Maiorano V, Gigli G, Cannazza G, Citti C. Enantioseparation of chiral phytocannabinoids in medicinal cannabis. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2023; 1221:123682. [PMID: 36965450 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2023.123682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2023]
Abstract
The evaluation of the chiral composition of phytocannabinoids in the cannabis plant is particularly important as the pharmacological effects of the (+) and (-) enantiomers of these compounds are completely different. Chromatographic attempts to assess the presence of the minor (+) enantiomers of the main phytocannabinoids, cannabidiolic acid (CBDA) and trans-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (trans-Δ9-THCA), were carried out on heated plant extracts for the determination of the corresponding decarboxylated species, cannabidiol (CBD) and trans-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (trans-Δ9-THC), respectively. This process produces an altered phytocannabinoid composition with several new and unknown decomposition products. The present work reports for the first time the stereoselective synthesis of the pure (+) enantiomers of the main phytocannabinoids, trans-CBDA, trans-Δ9-THCA, trans-CBD and trans-Δ9-THC, and the development and optimization of an achiral-chiral liquid chromatography method coupled to UV and high-resolution mass spectrometry detection in reversed phase conditions (RP-HPLC-UV-HRMS) for the isolation of the single compounds and evaluation of their actual enantiomeric composition in plant. The isolation of the peaks with the achiral stationary phase ensured the absence of interferences that could potentially co-elute with the analytes of interest in the chiral analysis. The method applied to the Italian medicinal cannabis variety FM2 revealed no trace of the (+) enantiomers for all phytocannabinoids under investigation before and after decarboxylation, thus suggesting that the extraction procedure does not lead to an inversion of configuration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana Russo
- Clinical and Experimental Medicine PhD Program, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 - Modena, Italy; Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 - Modena, Italy
| | - Francesco Tolomeo
- Institute of Nanotechnology - CNR NANOTEC, Campus Ecotekne, Via Monteroni, 73100 - Lecce, Italy
| | - Maria Angela Vandelli
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 103, 41125 - Modena, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Biagini
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 - Modena, Italy
| | - Aldo Laganà
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 - Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Laura Capriotti
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 - Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Cerrato
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 - Rome, Italy
| | - Luigi Carbone
- Institute of Nanotechnology - CNR NANOTEC, Campus Ecotekne, Via Monteroni, 73100 - Lecce, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Perrone
- Institute of Nanotechnology - CNR NANOTEC, Campus Ecotekne, Via Monteroni, 73100 - Lecce, Italy
| | - Alberto Cavazzini
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari 46, 44121 - Ferrara, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Maiorano
- Institute of Nanotechnology - CNR NANOTEC, Campus Ecotekne, Via Monteroni, 73100 - Lecce, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Gigli
- Institute of Nanotechnology - CNR NANOTEC, Campus Ecotekne, Via Monteroni, 73100 - Lecce, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Cannazza
- Institute of Nanotechnology - CNR NANOTEC, Campus Ecotekne, Via Monteroni, 73100 - Lecce, Italy; Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 103, 41125 - Modena, Italy.
| | - Cinzia Citti
- Institute of Nanotechnology - CNR NANOTEC, Campus Ecotekne, Via Monteroni, 73100 - Lecce, Italy; Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 103, 41125 - Modena, Italy.
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Golubeva EA, Lavrov MI, Radchenko EV, Palyulin VA. Diversity of AMPA Receptor Ligands: Chemotypes, Binding Modes, Mechanisms of Action, and Therapeutic Effects. Biomolecules 2022; 13:biom13010056. [PMID: 36671441 PMCID: PMC9856200 DOI: 10.3390/biom13010056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
L-Glutamic acid is the main excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system (CNS). Its associated receptors localized on neuronal and non-neuronal cells mediate rapid excitatory synaptic transmission in the CNS and regulate a wide range of processes in the brain, spinal cord, retina, and peripheral nervous system. In particular, the glutamate receptors selective to α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) also play an important role in numerous neurological disorders and attract close attention as targets for the creation of new classes of drugs for the treatment or substantial correction of a number of serious neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric diseases. For this reason, the search for various types of AMPA receptor ligands and studies of their properties are attracting considerable attention both in academic institutions and in pharmaceutical companies around the world. This review focuses mainly on the advances in this area published since 2017. Particular attention is paid to the structural diversity of new chemotypes of agonists, competitive AMPA receptor antagonists, positive and negative allosteric modulators, transmembrane AMPA regulatory protein (TARP) dependent allosteric modulators, ion channel blockers as well as their binding sites. This review also presents the studies of the mechanisms of action of AMPA receptor ligands that mediate their therapeutic effects.
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Palladium-Catalyzed Domino Cycloisomerization/Double Condensation of Acetylenic Acids with Dinucleophiles. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12020127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Metal-catalyzed cascade processes based on hydrofunctionalization of alkynes are receiving much more attention because of their potential to provide advantageous approaches to otherwise synthetically challenging compounds. An alternative catalyst system has been found for the domino cycloisomerization/cyclocondensation reaction involving acetylenic acids and heterodinucleophiles. A CNN pincer palladium(II) complex, acting as a homogeneous catalyst, provides the corresponding polyheterocycles with a higher substrate/catalyst ratio. Other palladium sources were also tested and discarded, and a number of mechanistic studies including poisoning assays, kinetic plots, TEM images, XRD spectra and UPLC-MS analysis of reaction intermediates were conducted in order to shed light on the role of this pincer catalyst and the catalytic cycle involved in the cascade reaction. As a result, a more nuanced mechanism is tentatively proposed.
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Radchenko EV, Tarakanova AS, Karlov DS, Lavrov MI, Palyulin VA. [Ligands of the AMPA-subtype glutamate receptors: mechanisms of action and novel chemotypes]. BIOMEDIT︠S︡INSKAI︠A︡ KHIMII︠A︡ 2021; 67:187-200. [PMID: 34142526 DOI: 10.18097/pbmc20216703187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Ionotropic glutamate receptors of the α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) subtype play a key role in synaptic plasticity representing one of the mechanisms for learning and memory formation. They can also serve as targets for the development of novel classes of pharmaceuticals for the treatment or substantive correction of many serious neurodegenerative and psychoneurological disorders. The search and studies of various types of AMPA receptor ligands attract considerable attention from academic organizations and pharmaceutical companies all over the world. This review mainly focuses on recent advances in this field. The architecture and operational mechanism of the receptor as well as its major binding sites and ligand types are considered. Special attention is paid to the studies of mechanisms of action and novel chemotypes of AMPA receptor agonists and competitive antagonists, positive and negative allosteric modulators, auxiliary protein-dependent allosteric modulators, and ion channel blockers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - D S Karlov
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - M I Lavrov
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - V A Palyulin
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
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Goffin E, Drapier T, Larsen AP, Geubelle P, Ptak CP, Laulumaa S, Rovinskaja K, Gilissen J, Tullio PD, Olsen L, Frydenvang K, Pirotte B, Hanson J, Oswald RE, Kastrup JS, Francotte P. 7-Phenoxy-Substituted 3,4-Dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-Dioxides as Positive Allosteric Modulators of α-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid (AMPA) Receptors with Nanomolar Potency. J Med Chem 2017; 61:251-264. [PMID: 29256599 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b01323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
We report here the synthesis of 7-phenoxy-substituted 3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxides and their evaluation as AMPA receptor positive allosteric modulators (AMPApams). The impact of substitution on the phenoxy ring and on the nitrogen atom at the 4-position was examined. At GluA2(Q) expressed in HEK293 cells (calcium flux experiment), the most potent compound was 11m (4-cyclopropyl-7-(3-methoxyphenoxy)-3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide, EC50 = 2.0 nM). The Hill coefficient in the screening and the shape of the dimerization curve in small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) experiments using isolated GluA2 ligand-binding domain (GluA2-LBD) are consistent with binding of one molecule of 11m per dimer interface, contrary to most benzothiadiazine dioxides developed to date. This observation was confirmed by the X-ray structure of 11m bound to GluA2-LBD and by NMR. This is the first benzothiadiazine dioxide AMPApam to reach the nanomolar range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Goffin
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (CIRM), University of Liège , Quartier Hôpital B36 Av. Hippocrate 15 B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Thomas Drapier
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (CIRM), University of Liège , Quartier Hôpital B36 Av. Hippocrate 15 B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Anja Probst Larsen
- Biostructural Research, Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Pierre Geubelle
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (CIRM), University of Liège , Quartier Hôpital B36 Av. Hippocrate 15 B-4000 Liège, Belgium.,Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, GIGA-Molecular Biology of Diseases, University of Liège , Liège, Belgium
| | - Christopher P Ptak
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York 14850, United States
| | - Saara Laulumaa
- Biostructural Research, Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Karoline Rovinskaja
- Biostructural Research, Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Julie Gilissen
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (CIRM), University of Liège , Quartier Hôpital B36 Av. Hippocrate 15 B-4000 Liège, Belgium.,Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, GIGA-Molecular Biology of Diseases, University of Liège , Liège, Belgium
| | - Pascal de Tullio
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (CIRM), University of Liège , Quartier Hôpital B36 Av. Hippocrate 15 B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Lars Olsen
- Biostructural Research, Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Karla Frydenvang
- Biostructural Research, Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bernard Pirotte
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (CIRM), University of Liège , Quartier Hôpital B36 Av. Hippocrate 15 B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Julien Hanson
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (CIRM), University of Liège , Quartier Hôpital B36 Av. Hippocrate 15 B-4000 Liège, Belgium.,Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, GIGA-Molecular Biology of Diseases, University of Liège , Liège, Belgium
| | - Robert E Oswald
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York 14850, United States
| | - Jette Sandholm Kastrup
- Biostructural Research, Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Pierre Francotte
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (CIRM), University of Liège , Quartier Hôpital B36 Av. Hippocrate 15 B-4000 Liège, Belgium
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Karlov DS, Lavrov MI, Palyulin VA, Zefirov NS. MM-GBSA and MM-PBSA performance in activity evaluation of AMPA receptor positive allosteric modulators. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2017; 36:2508-2516. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2017.1360208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry S. Karlov
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1 Build. 3, Leninskie Gory, Moscow, 119991 Russian Federation
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 1 Severny proezd, Chernogolovka, Moscow Region 142432, Russian Federation
| | - Mstislav I. Lavrov
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1 Build. 3, Leninskie Gory, Moscow, 119991 Russian Federation
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 1 Severny proezd, Chernogolovka, Moscow Region 142432, Russian Federation
| | - Vladimir A. Palyulin
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1 Build. 3, Leninskie Gory, Moscow, 119991 Russian Federation
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 1 Severny proezd, Chernogolovka, Moscow Region 142432, Russian Federation
| | - Nikolay S. Zefirov
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1 Build. 3, Leninskie Gory, Moscow, 119991 Russian Federation
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 1 Severny proezd, Chernogolovka, Moscow Region 142432, Russian Federation
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