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Matsuo Y, Inoo A, Inamoto J. Electrochemical intercalation of anions into graphite: Fundamental aspects, material synthesis, and application to the cathode of dual-ion batteries. ChemistryOpen 2024:e202300244. [PMID: 38426688 DOI: 10.1002/open.202300244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
In this review, fundamental aspects of the electrochemical intercalation of anions into graphite have been first summarized, and then described the electrochemical preparation of covalent-type GICs and application of graphite as the cathode of dual-ion battery. Electrochemical overoxidation of anion GICs provides graphite oxide and covalent-fluorine GICs, which are key functional materials for various applications including energy storage devices. The reaction conditions to obtain fully oxidized graphite has been mentioned. Concerning the application of graphite for the cathode of dual-ion battery, it stably delivers about 110 mA h g-1 of reversible capacity in usual organic electrolyte solutions. The combination of anion and solvent as well as the concentration of the anions in the electrolyte solutions greatly affect the performance of graphite cathode such as oxidation potential, rate capability, cycling properties, etc. The interfacial phenomenon is also important, and fundamental studies of charge transfer resistance, anion diffusion coefficient, and surface film formation behavior have also been summarized. The use of smaller anions, such as AlCl4 - , Br- can increase the capacity of graphite cathode. Several efforts on the structural modification of graphite and development of electrolyte solutions in which graphite cathode delivers higher capacity were also described.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Akane Inoo
- University of Hyogo, 13-71 Kitaojicho, Akashi, Japan
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2
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Liu WW, Aziz A. Review on the Effects of Electrochemical Exfoliation Parameters on the Yield of Graphene Oxide. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:33719-33731. [PMID: 36188239 PMCID: PMC9520741 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c04099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Recent years have witnessed many breakthroughs in research on graphene as well as a significant improvement in the electrochemical synthesis methods of graphene oxide (GO). GO is a derivative of graphene which has attracted the focus of worldwide scientists and researchers because of its hydrophilic and easily functionalized properties. The electrochemical approach is popular because it saves time, creates zero explosion risk, releases no hazardous gases, and avoids environmental pollution. Although recent publications show that the green, rapid, and mass electrochemical synthesis of GO has more advantages as compared with the traditional Hummers method, it is crucial to study the effects of reaction parameters. Herein, we review recent various works regarding the influences of various reaction parameters on the synthesis of GO sheets. The advancement, current challenges, and solutions of electrochemical synthesis methods of GO are also outlined. Through this review, we hope to spark some clear ideas for anyone who wants to scale up the yield of GO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Wen Liu
- Institute
of Nano Electronic Engineering, Universiti
Malaysia Perlis, 01000 Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia
| | - Azizan Aziz
- School
of Material and Mineral Resources Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Seberang Perai
Selatan, P. Pinang, Malaysia
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3
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Singh PK, Sharma K, Singh PK. Electro-magneto-chemical synthesis and characterization of thermally reduced graphene oxide: Influence of magnetic field and cyclic thermal loading on microstructural properties. J SOLID STATE CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jssc.2022.123219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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4
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A low cost, bulk synthesis of the thermally reduced graphene oxide in an aqueous solution of sulphuric acid & hydrogen peroxide via electrochemical method. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2022.109378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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5
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Yang S, Jia W, Wang Y, Zhang W, Yuan X. Hydroxylated Graphene: A Promising Reinforcing Nanofiller for Nanoengineered Cement Composites. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:30465-30477. [PMID: 34805676 PMCID: PMC8600514 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c03844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A very low dosage of graphene oxide (GO) can enhance the mechanical durability of cement composites, but the reinforcing enhancement is highly dependent on the uniform dispersion of graphene in the matrix. Carboxylic groups at GO nanosheets have a decisive effect on GO aggregation in an alkaline cement solution because they have a strong complexation ability with aqueous Ca2+ released by cement hydration and subsequently crosslinks the adjacent graphene sheets, causing the immediate coagulation of GO. The available methods of homogeneously dispersing GO in a cement slurry cannot completely eliminate this carboxylic-crosslinking-induced GO coagulation. In this study, many hydroxyl groups were introduced onto the edge and planar nanosheets to prepare water-soluble hydroxylated graphene (HO-G) by facile ball milling. The structure of HO-G was thoroughly characterized in detail, and its dispersion behavior in pure water and Ca(OH)2 was extensively investigated. These results showed that the prepared HO-G exhibited good hydrophilicity and excellent colloidal dispersion ability against high pH and Ca2+ ions compared to GO. The effect of HO-G on the workability, mechanical strength, and chloride penetrability of a cement mortar was further studied. At a content of 0.03% by cement mass, HO-G provided 28.62 and 21.19% enhancements of compressive strength and 3.85 and 7.89% enhancements of flexural strength at 3 and 28 days, respectively, while the non-steady-state migration coefficient decreased by 31.51% compared to the reference mortar. Compared to GO, a lower dosage of HO-G exhibited a similar reinforcing effect to cement composites with little adverse impact on the fluidity of the fresh cement slurry. Moreover, the addition of HO-G could refine the pore structure, accelerate the hydration process of cement to some degree, and generate more hydration products so that the structure of the cement mortar was densified. Considering its environmentally friendly preparation, HO-G, as a promising reinforcing nanofiller, could provide a new solution to develop nanoengineered cement composites.
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Immanuel S, Ahmad Dar M, Sivasubramanian R, Rezaul Karim M, Kim DW, Gul R. Progress and Prospects on the Fabrication of Graphene-Based Nanostructures for Energy Storage, Energy Conversion and Biomedical Applications. Chem Asian J 2021; 16:1365-1381. [PMID: 33899344 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202100216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Graphene, a two-dimensional (2D) layered material has attracted much attention from the scientific community due to its exceptional electrical, thermal, mechanical, biological and optical properties. Hence, numerous applications utilizing graphene-based materials could be conceived in next-generation electronics, chemical and biological sensing, energy conversion and storage, and beyond. The interaction between graphene surfaces with other materials plays a vital role in influencing its properties than other bulk materials. In this review, we outline the recent progress in the production of graphene and related 2D materials, and their uses in energy conversion (solar cells, fuel cells), energy storage (batteries, supercapacitors) and biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Immanuel
- Electrochemical sensors and energy materials laboratory, PSG Institute of Advanced Studies, Peelamedu, Coimbatore, 641004, India
| | - Mushtaq Ahmad Dar
- Center of Excellence for Research in Engineering Materials (CEREM), Deanship of Scientific Research (DSR), King Saud University, Riyadh, 11421, Saudi Arabia
| | - R Sivasubramanian
- Electrochemical sensors and energy materials laboratory, PSG Institute of Advanced Studies, Peelamedu, Coimbatore, 641004, India
| | - Mohammad Rezaul Karim
- Center of Excellence for Research in Engineering Materials (CEREM), Deanship of Scientific Research (DSR), King Saud University, Riyadh, 11421, Saudi Arabia.,K.A. CARE Energy Research and Innovation Center, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dong-Wan Kim
- School of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Rukshana Gul
- Obesity Research Center, College of Medicine, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2925 (98), Riyadh, 11461, Saudi Arabia
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7
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Smina CS, Lalitha P, Sharma SC, Nagabhushana H. Screening of anti-cancer activity of reduced graphene oxide biogenically synthesized against human breast cancer MCF-7 cell lines. APPLIED NANOSCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13204-021-01696-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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8
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Kim J, Sarker AK, Park Y, Kwak J, Song HJ, Lee C. Study on graphene oxide as a hole extraction layer for stable organic solar cells. RSC Adv 2021; 11:27199-27206. [PMID: 35480641 PMCID: PMC9037667 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra02452c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of an efficient and stable hole extraction layer (HEL) is crucial for commercializing organic solar cells (OSCs). Although a few candidates have been widely utilized as HELs for OSCs, the most appropriate material has been lacking. A few articles have recently reported graphene oxide (GO) as a well-working HEL that offers comparable performance to conventional HELs. However, a systematic study providing comprehensive insight into the GO-based OSC behavior is lacking. This article discusses broad topics, including the material properties, device efficiency, shelf lifetime, and impedance properties. We found that GO offers excellent properties, which are identical to those of conventional HELs, while the shelf lifetime shows a significant 6-fold increase. Furthermore, we discuss the significantly reduced space-charge limited region of an aged GO-based OSC compared with a PEDOT:PSS-based device, which is revealed to be a reason for the different shelf lifetime. We believe that the results will accelerate the development of GO as an HEL for OSCs and other optoelectronic devices. Graphene oxide (GO) offers comparable efficiency in organic solar cells (OSCs) compared to the hole extraction layer (HEL), poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS), while the shelf lifetime shows a 6-fold increase.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaehoon Kim
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ashis K. Sarker
- Department of Chemistry, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Tangail-1902, Bangladesh
| | - Yeseul Park
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeonghun Kwak
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Jun Song
- Department of Safety Engineering, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul, 01811, Republic of Korea
| | - Changhee Lee
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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Jiang S, Park CS, Lee WB, Zhou C, Lee SS. Light-driven diffraction grating based on a photothermal actuator incorporating femtosecond laser-induced GO/rGO. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:39552-39562. [PMID: 33379501 DOI: 10.1364/oe.411526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A light-driven diffraction grating incorporating two grating patterns with different pitches atop a photothermal actuator (PTA) has been proposed. It is based on graphene oxide/reduced graphene oxide (GO/rGO) induced via femtosecond laser direct writing (FsLDW). The rGO, its controllable linewidth, and transmission support the formation of grating patterns; its noticeably small coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE), good flexibility, and thermal conductivity enable the fabrication of a PTA consisting of a polydimethylsiloxane layer with a relatively large CTE. Under different intensities of light stimuli, diffraction patterns can be efficiently tailored according to different gratings, which are selectively addressed by incident light beam hinging on the bending of the PTA. This is the first demonstration of combining gratings and PTA, wherein the GO plays the role of a bridge. The light-driven mechanism enables the contactless operation of the proposed device, which can be efficiently induced via FsLDW. The diffraction angle could be changed between 2° and 6° horizontally, and the deviation of side lobes from the main lobe could be altered vertically in a continuous range. The proposed device may provide powerful support for activating dynamic diffraction devices in photothermally contactless schemes.
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10
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Antibacterial Character of Cationic Polymers Attached to Carbon-Based Nanomaterials. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10061218. [PMID: 32580474 PMCID: PMC7353121 DOI: 10.3390/nano10061218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The preparation of hybrid polymeric systems based on carbon derivatives with a cationic polymer is described. The polymer used is a copolymer of a quaternizable methacrylic monomer with another dopamine-based monomer capable of anchoring to carbon compounds. Graphene oxide and graphene as well as hybrid polymeric systems were widely characterized by infrared, Raman and photoemission X-ray spectroscopies, electron scanning microscopy, zeta potential and thermal degradation. These allowed confirming the attachment of copolymer onto carbonaceous materials. Besides, the antimicrobial activity of hybrid polymeric systems was tested against Gram positive Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis and Gram negative Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria. The results showed the antibacterial character of these hybrid systems.
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Lowe SE, Shi G, Zhang Y, Qin J, Jiang L, Jiang S, Al-Mamun M, Liu P, Zhong YL, Zhao H. The role of electrolyte acid concentration in the electrochemical exfoliation of graphite: Mechanism and synthesis of electrochemical graphene oxide. NANO MATERIALS SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nanoms.2019.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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12
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Guday G, Donskyi IS, Gholami MF, Algara-Siller G, Witte F, Lippitz A, Unger WES, Paulus B, Rabe JP, Adeli M, Haag R. Scalable Production of Nanographene and Doping via Nondestructive Covalent Functionalization. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2019; 15:e1805430. [PMID: 30773846 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201805430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A new method for top-down, one-pot, gram-scale production of high quality nanographene by incubating graphite in a dilute sodium hypochlorite solution at only 40 °C is reported here. The produced sheets have only 4 at% oxygen content, comparable with nanographene grown by chemical vapor deposition. The nanographene sheets are covalently functionalized using a nondestructive nitrene [2+1] cycloaddition reaction that preserves their π-conjugated system. Statistical analyses of Raman spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy indicate a low number of sp3 carbon atoms on the order of 2% before and 4% after covalent functionalization. The nanographene sheets are significantly more conductive than conventionally prepared nanographene oxide, and conductivity further increases after covalent functionalization. The observed doping effects and theoretical studies suggest sp2 hybridization for the carbon atoms involved in the [2+1] cycloaddition reaction leading to preservation of the π-conjugated system and enhancing conductivity via n-type doping through the bridging N-atom. These methods are easily scalable, which opens the door to a mild and efficient process to produce high quality nanographenes and covalently functionalize them while retaining or improving their physicochemical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy Guday
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustrasse 3, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ievgen S Donskyi
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustrasse 3, 14195, Berlin, Germany
- BAM - Federal Institute for Material Science and Testing, Division of Surface Analysis and Interfacial Chemistry, Unter den Eichen 44-46, 12205, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mohammad Fardin Gholami
- Department of Physics & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gerardo Algara-Siller
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Felix Witte
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustrasse 3, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Lippitz
- BAM - Federal Institute for Material Science and Testing, Division of Surface Analysis and Interfacial Chemistry, Unter den Eichen 44-46, 12205, Berlin, Germany
| | - Wolfgang E S Unger
- BAM - Federal Institute for Material Science and Testing, Division of Surface Analysis and Interfacial Chemistry, Unter den Eichen 44-46, 12205, Berlin, Germany
| | - Beate Paulus
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustrasse 3, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jürgen P Rabe
- Department of Physics & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mohsen Adeli
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustrasse 3, 14195, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Lorestan University, Khorram Abad, 44316-68151, Iran
| | - Rainer Haag
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustrasse 3, 14195, Berlin, Germany
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13
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Pollen-derived porous carbon by KOH activation: Effect of physicochemical structure on CO2 adsorption. J CO2 UTIL 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcou.2018.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Noorunnisa Khanam P, Hasan A. Biosynthesis and characterization of graphene by using non-toxic reducing agent from Allium Cepa extract: Anti-bacterial properties. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 126:151-158. [PMID: 30584937 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.12.213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Graphene based materials have attracted huge interest in recent years due to their outstanding properties and applications in various fields including bioengineering, electronics, nanotechnology, composite materials and many more. Despite numerous reports on synthesis of graphene, the mass production of high quality graphene in an inexpensive and eco-friendly method has remained as a challenge. In this work, we present a simple and green method for biosynthesis of graphene by using nontoxic reducing agent from Allium Cepa (onion) extracts. Modified Hummers' method was used to synthesis the Graphene oxide (G0) and extracts from Allium Cepa was used as reducing agent. The prepared graphene was analyzed by Raman spectroscopy, XRD, FTIR, SEM, TEM and XPS. The experimental results showed that GO was successfully reduced to graphene using onion extract. The Raman spectroscopy results, XPS results and XRD results confirmed the reduction of GO to graphene. The SEM and TEM results also reconfirmed the reduction of GO into graphene, where GO exhibited different morphologies, i.e. hexagonal larger sheets than graphene. The antibacterial properties of the graphene were studied against two gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Graphene inhibited cell growth, which proves that our prepared graphene can be useful as an antimicrobial agent against different microorganisms. This work thus reports the design of a novel, facile synthetic route for a new production method of graphene.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Noorunnisa Khanam
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, College of Engineering, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar
| | - Anwarul Hasan
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, College of Engineering, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar; Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, PO Box 2713, Qatar.
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Han M, Xie Y, Liu J, Zhang J, Wang X. Significantly reduced c-axis thermal diffusivity of graphene-based papers. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 29:265702. [PMID: 29620536 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aabbc9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Owing to their very high thermal conductivity as well as large surface-to-volume ratio, graphene-based films/papers have been proposed as promising candidates of lightweight thermal interface materials and lateral heat spreaders. In this work, we study the cross-plane (c-axis) thermal conductivity (k c ) and diffusivity (α c ) of two typical graphene-based papers, which are partially reduced graphene paper (PRGP) and graphene oxide paper (GOP), and compare their thermal properties with highly-reduced graphene paper and graphite. The determined α c of PRGP varies from (1.02 ± 0.09) × 10-7 m2 s-1 at 295 K to (2.31 ± 0.18) × 10-7 m2 s-1 at 12 K. This low α c is mainly attributed to the strong phonon scattering at the grain boundaries and defect centers due to the small grain sizes and high-level defects. For GOP, α c varies from (1.52 ± 0.05) × 10-7 m2 s-1 at 295 K to (2.28 ± 0.08) × 10-7 m2 s-1 at 12.5 K. The cross-plane thermal transport of GOP is attributed to the high density of functional groups between carbon layers which provide weak thermal transport tunnels across the layers in the absence of direct energy coupling among layers. This work sheds light on the understanding and optimizing of nanostructure of graphene-based paper-like materials for desired thermal performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Han
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, 2010 Black Engineering Building, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, United States of America
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16
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Potential oscillations affected by the electrochemical overoxidation of graphite in aqueous nitric acid. Electrochim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.02.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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17
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Gurzęda B, Buchwald T, Nocuń M, Bąkowicz A, Krawczyk P. Graphene material preparation through thermal treatment of graphite oxide electrochemically synthesized in aqueous sulfuric acid. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra01678f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The present work demonstrates a simple and low-cost method to produce bulk quantities of graphene material through the thermal treatment of graphite oxide (GO).
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Affiliation(s)
- B. Gurzęda
- Institute of Chemistry and Technical Electrochemistry
- Poznan University of Technology
- 60-965 Poznań
- Poland
| | - T. Buchwald
- Faculty of Technical Physics
- Poznan University of Technology
- 60-965 Poznań
- Poland
| | - M. Nocuń
- Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics
- AGH University of Science and Technology
- 30-059 Kraków
- Poland
| | - A. Bąkowicz
- Institute of Chemistry and Technical Electrochemistry
- Poznan University of Technology
- 60-965 Poznań
- Poland
| | - P. Krawczyk
- Institute of Chemistry and Technical Electrochemistry
- Poznan University of Technology
- 60-965 Poznań
- Poland
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