1
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Lavrencic L, Dhawa U, Blumenstein A, Hu X. Copper-Catalyzed Benzylic Functionalization of Lignin-Derived Monomers. CHEMSUSCHEM 2023; 16:e202300703. [PMID: 37432646 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202300703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Within the field of lignin biorefining, significant research effort has been dedicated to the advancement of catalytic methods for lignocellulose depolymerization. However, another key challenge in lignin valorization is the conversion of the obtained monomers into higher value-added products. To address this challenge, new catalytic methods that can fully embrace the inherent complexity of their target substrates are needed. Here, we describe copper-catalyzed reactions for benzylic functionalization of lignin-derived phenolics via intermediate formation of hexafluoroisopropoxy-masked para-quinone methides (p-QMs). By controlling the rates of copper catalyst turnover and p-QM release, we have developed copper-catalyzed allylation and alkynylation reactions of lignin-derived monomers to install various unsaturated fragments amenable to further synthetic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Lavrencic
- Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Catalysis (LSCI), Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering (ISIC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), BCH 3305, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
- National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) Catalysis, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
| | - Uttam Dhawa
- Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Catalysis (LSCI), Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering (ISIC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), BCH 3305, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
| | - Arthur Blumenstein
- Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Catalysis (LSCI), Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering (ISIC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), BCH 3305, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
| | - Xile Hu
- Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Catalysis (LSCI), Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering (ISIC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), BCH 3305, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
- National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) Catalysis, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
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2
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Guo S, Wong KC, Scheeff S, He Z, Chan WTK, Low KH, Chiu P. Copper-Catalyzed Reductive Ireland-Claisen Rearrangements of Propargylic Acrylates and Allylic Allenoates. J Org Chem 2021; 87:429-452. [PMID: 34918517 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c02455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The copper-catalyzed reductive Ireland-Claisen rearrangement of propargylic acrylates led to 3,4-allenoic acids. The use of silanes or pinacolborane as stoichiometric reducing agents and triethylphosphite as a ligand facilitated the divergent and complementary selectivity for the synthesis of diastereomeric anti- and syn-rearranged products, respectively. Copper-catalyzed reductive Ireland-Claisen rearrangement of allylic 2,3-allenoates proceeded effectively only when pinacolborane was used as a reductant to generate various 1,5-dienes in excellent yields and with good diastereoselectivities in some cases. Mechanistic studies showed that the silyl and boron enolates, rather than the copper enolate, underwent a stereospecific rearrangement via a chairlike transition state to afford the corresponding Claisen rearrangement products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Guo
- Department of Chemistry and The State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Kong Ching Wong
- Department of Chemistry and The State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Stephan Scheeff
- Department of Chemistry and The State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Zhuo He
- Department of Chemistry and The State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Wesley Ting Kwok Chan
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Kam-Hung Low
- Department of Chemistry and The State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Pauline Chiu
- Department of Chemistry and The State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, P. R. China
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3
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Chen M. Cu-catalyzed coupling of vinylidene cyclopropanes with allyl and allenyl boronates. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:9212-9215. [PMID: 34519300 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc03823k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The development of Cu-catalyzed coupling of vinylidene cyclopropanes with allyl or allenyl boronates is reported. The reaction forms a C-C bond at the terminal carbon atom of the allene moiety of vinylidene cyclopropanes with concurrent opening of the cyclopropane ring. In addition, the resulting Cu-enolate intermediate can be intercepted by external electrophiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, 36849, USA.
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4
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Blieck R, Taillefer M, Monnier F. Metal-Catalyzed Intermolecular Hydrofunctionalization of Allenes: Easy Access to Allylic Structures via the Selective Formation of C–N, C–C, and C–O Bonds. Chem Rev 2020; 120:13545-13598. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rémi Blieck
- Institut Charles Gerhardt Montpellier UMR 5253, Université Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 8 rue de l’Ecole Normale, Montpellier 34296, Cedex 5, France
| | - Marc Taillefer
- Institut Charles Gerhardt Montpellier UMR 5253, Université Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 8 rue de l’Ecole Normale, Montpellier 34296, Cedex 5, France
| | - Florian Monnier
- Institut Charles Gerhardt Montpellier UMR 5253, Université Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 8 rue de l’Ecole Normale, Montpellier 34296, Cedex 5, France
- Institut Universitaire de France, IUF, 1 rue Descartes, 75231 Paris, cedex 5, France
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5
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Yuan Y, Zhang X, Qian H, Ma S. Catalytic enantioselective allene-anhydride approach to β,γ-unsaturated enones bearing an α-all-carbon-quarternary center. Chem Sci 2020; 11:9115-9121. [PMID: 34094192 PMCID: PMC8161143 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc03227a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A protocol of highly regio- and enantioselective copper-catalyzed hydroacylation of the non-terminal C[double bond, length as m-dash]C bond in 1,1-disubstituted terminal allenes with anhydrides has been developed. Both aromatic and aliphatic carboxylic anhydrides are applicable to the efficient construction of all carbon quarternary centers connected with a versatile C[double bond, length as m-dash]C bond and a useful ketone functionality. The synthetic potentials of the enantioenriched products have also been demonstrated. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were performed to explain the steric outcome of the products: the hydroacylation proceeds through a six-membered transition state and the ligand-substrate steric interactions account for the observed enantioselectivity although the chiral ligand is far away from the to-be-genetated chiral center.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Yuan
- Research Center for Molecular Recognition and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University 220 Handan Lu Shanghai 200433 P. R. China
| | - Xue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032 P. R. China
| | - Hui Qian
- Research Center for Molecular Recognition and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University 220 Handan Lu Shanghai 200433 P. R. China
| | - Shengming Ma
- Research Center for Molecular Recognition and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University 220 Handan Lu Shanghai 200433 P. R. China .,State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032 P. R. China
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6
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Xu-Xu QF, Zhang X, You SL. Enantioselective Synthesis of 4-Allyl Tetrahydroquinolines via Copper(I) Hydride-Catalyzed Hydroallylation of 1,2-Dihydroquinolines. Org Lett 2020; 22:1530-1534. [PMID: 32009411 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c00113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
CuCl/(R,R)-Ph-BPE-catalyzed asymmetric hydroallylation of 1,2-dihydroquinolines, prepared from readily available quinolines, was developed. The optically active tetrahydroquinolines (THQs) bearing an allylic functionality at position 4 were obtained in good yields and excellent enantioselectivity. The introduced allylic groups are amenable to diverse transformations, thus offering chances to rapidly expand the THQ libraries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Feng Xu-Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis , Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 345 Lingling Lu , Shanghai 200032 , China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis , Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 345 Lingling Lu , Shanghai 200032 , China
| | - Shu-Li You
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis , Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 345 Lingling Lu , Shanghai 200032 , China
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7
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Xu G, Fu B, Zhao H, Li Y, Zhang G, Wang Y, Xiong T, Zhang Q. Enantioselective and site-specific copper-catalyzed reductive allyl-allyl cross-coupling of allenes. Chem Sci 2019; 10:1802-1806. [PMID: 30842848 PMCID: PMC6369434 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc04505d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A copper-catalyzed asymmetric reductive allyl-allyl cross-coupling reaction of allenes with allylic phosphates wherein allenes were used as allylmetal surrogates has been achieved for the first time. This protocol provides an efficient and straightforward route to optically active 1,5-dienes in a highly enantioselective and site-specific fashion. Furthermore, all-carbon quaternary stereogenic centers could also be constructed with this protocol. The versatility of the products is demonstrated through a diverse array of further transformations of the enantioenriched 1,5-dienes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoxing Xu
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis , Department of Chemistry , Northeast Normal University , Changchun , 130024 , Jilin , China .
| | - Bin Fu
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis , Department of Chemistry , Northeast Normal University , Changchun , 130024 , Jilin , China .
| | - Haiyan Zhao
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis , Department of Chemistry , Northeast Normal University , Changchun , 130024 , Jilin , China .
| | - Yanfei Li
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis , Department of Chemistry , Northeast Normal University , Changchun , 130024 , Jilin , China .
| | - Ge Zhang
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis , Department of Chemistry , Northeast Normal University , Changchun , 130024 , Jilin , China .
| | - Ying Wang
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis , Department of Chemistry , Northeast Normal University , Changchun , 130024 , Jilin , China .
| | - Tao Xiong
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis , Department of Chemistry , Northeast Normal University , Changchun , 130024 , Jilin , China .
| | - Qian Zhang
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis , Department of Chemistry , Northeast Normal University , Changchun , 130024 , Jilin , China .
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8
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Cui J, Meng L, Chi X, Liu Q, Zhao P, Zhang DP, Chen L, Li X, Dong Y, Liu H. A palladium-catalyzed regiocontrollable hydroarylation reaction of allenamides with B2pin2/H2O. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:4355-4358. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc00797k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel palladium-catalyzed regiocontrollable hydroarylation reaction of allenamides with B2pin2/H2O has been disclosed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Cui
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Shandong University of Technology
- Zibo 255049
- P. R. China
| | - Long Meng
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Shandong University of Technology
- Zibo 255049
- P. R. China
| | - Xiaochen Chi
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Shandong University of Technology
- Zibo 255049
- P. R. China
| | - Qing Liu
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Shandong University of Technology
- Zibo 255049
- P. R. China
| | - Pingping Zhao
- College of Chemical and Environmental Engineering
- Shandong University of Science and Technology
- Qingdao
- P. R. China
| | - Dao-peng Zhang
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Shandong University of Technology
- Zibo 255049
- P. R. China
| | - Lei Chen
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Shandong University of Technology
- Zibo 255049
- P. R. China
| | - Xinjin Li
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Shandong University of Technology
- Zibo 255049
- P. R. China
| | - Yunhui Dong
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Shandong University of Technology
- Zibo 255049
- P. R. China
| | - Hui Liu
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Shandong University of Technology
- Zibo 255049
- P. R. China
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9
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Synthesis of trisubstituted olefins via nickel-catalyzed decarboxylative hydroalkylation of internal alkynes. Tetrahedron 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2018.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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10
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Chen J, Guo J, Lu Z. Recent Advances in Hydrometallation of Alkenes and Alkynes via the First Row Transition Metal Catalysis. CHINESE J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.201800314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianhui Chen
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering; Wenzhou University; Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035 China
- Department of chemistry; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou Zhejiang 310027 China
| | - Jun Guo
- Department of chemistry; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou Zhejiang 310027 China
| | - Zhan Lu
- Department of chemistry; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou Zhejiang 310027 China
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11
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Stereoselective dibromination of diphenylphosphorylallenes with N-bromosuccinimide under mild conditions. JOURNAL OF SAUDI CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jscs.2017.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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12
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Fujihara T, Tsuji Y. Cu-catalyzed Transformations of Allenes: Use of in-situ Generated Allyl Copper Intermediates in Organic Synthesis. J SYN ORG CHEM JPN 2018. [DOI: 10.5059/yukigoseikyokaishi.76.336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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13
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Tan YX, Tang XQ, Liu P, Kong DS, Chen YL, Tian P, Lin GQ. CuH-Catalyzed Asymmetric Intramolecular Reductive Coupling of Allenes to Enones. Org Lett 2017; 20:248-251. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b03608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Xuan Tan
- Laboratory
of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xiao-Qi Tang
- Laboratory
of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
- Department
of Chemistry, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Ping Liu
- Laboratory
of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - De-Shen Kong
- Laboratory
of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
- Institute
of Innovative Chinese Medicine (ICM), Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Ya-Li Chen
- Department
of Chemistry, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Ping Tian
- Laboratory
of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
- Institute
of Innovative Chinese Medicine (ICM), Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Guo-Qiang Lin
- Laboratory
of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
- Institute
of Innovative Chinese Medicine (ICM), Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai 201203, China
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14
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Lee M, Nguyen M, Brandt C, Kaminsky W, Lalic G. Catalytic Hydroalkylation of Allenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:15703-15707. [PMID: 29052303 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201709144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Revised: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a catalytic method for the hydroalkylation of allenes using alkyl triflates as electrophiles and silane as a hydride source. The reaction has an excellent substrate scope and is compatible with a wide range of functional groups, including esters, aryl halides, aryl boronic esters, sulfonamides, alkyl tosylates, and alkyl bromides. We found evidence for a reaction mechanism that involves unusual dinuclear copper ally complexes as catalytic intermediates. The unusual structure of these complexes provides a rationale for their unexpected reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Mary Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Chance Brandt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Werner Kaminsky
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Gojko Lalic
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
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15
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Lee M, Nguyen M, Brandt C, Kaminsky W, Lalic G. Catalytic Hydroalkylation of Allenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201709144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell Lee
- Department of Chemistry University of Washington Seattle WA 98195 USA
| | - Mary Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry University of Washington Seattle WA 98195 USA
| | - Chance Brandt
- Department of Chemistry University of Washington Seattle WA 98195 USA
| | - Werner Kaminsky
- Department of Chemistry University of Washington Seattle WA 98195 USA
| | - Gojko Lalic
- Department of Chemistry University of Washington Seattle WA 98195 USA
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16
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Boreux A, Indukuri K, Gagosz F, Riant O. Acyl Fluorides as Efficient Electrophiles for the Copper-Catalyzed Boroacylation of Allenes. ACS Catal 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.7b02938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Boreux
- Institute
of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences (IMCN), Molecules, Solids and
Reactivity (MOST), Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL), Place
Louis Pasteur 1, 1348 Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium
- Laboratoire
de Synthèse Organique, UMR 7652 CNRS/Ecole Polytechnique, Route
de Saclay, 91128 Palaiseau, France
| | - Kiran Indukuri
- Institute
of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences (IMCN), Molecules, Solids and
Reactivity (MOST), Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL), Place
Louis Pasteur 1, 1348 Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Fabien Gagosz
- Laboratoire
de Synthèse Organique, UMR 7652 CNRS/Ecole Polytechnique, Route
de Saclay, 91128 Palaiseau, France
- Department
of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, K1N 6N5, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Olivier Riant
- Institute
of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences (IMCN), Molecules, Solids and
Reactivity (MOST), Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL), Place
Louis Pasteur 1, 1348 Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium
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