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Fu H, Li M, Guo M, Tang H, Zhang T, Li H. On-line Raman spectroscopy combined with multivariate curve resolution-alternating least squares (MCR-ALS) to investigate the synthesis mechanism of 3,5-diamino-1,2,4-triazole (DAT). SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 289:122231. [PMID: 36527968 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2022.122231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The precise and accurate synthesis mechanism of typical energetic materials (EMs) intermediate is extremely important for the optimization of synthesis technology of EMs. In this research, on-line Raman spectroscopy technique combined with multivariate curve resolution-alternating least squares(MCR-ALS) method was proposed and used to investigate the synthesis mechanism of EMs intermediate (3,5-diamino-1,2,4-triazole, DAT). Initially, on-line Raman spectroscopy was applied to collect the Raman spectral data of DAT synthesis process. Secondly, principal component analysis (PCA), coupled with singular value decomposition (SVD) were used to determine the number of component of the reaction system and the components was 5. Thirdly, MCR-ALS was used to extract the pure Raman spectra and concentration curves of each substance of DAT synthesis process. During the MCR-ALS operation, evolving factor analysis (EFA) was choose to acquire the initial concentration estimation for MCR-ALS. Several constraints were selected to apply to ALS optimization including non-negative, closure, equality and correlation constraint. And the correlation coefficient between the Raman spectra and the actual Raman spectra of the hydrazine hydrochloride, dicyandiamide and DAT was calculated, their correlation coefficient R2 were 0.9522, 0.9446, 0.9908 respectively which showed a good data fit of MCR-ALS method. Finally, according to the results of MCR-ALS analysis, the structure of the synthetic intermediates was successfully deduced and the mechanism of DAT synthesis was proposed. Hence, a precise and comprehensive method for analyzing the DAT synthesis reaction mechanism is proposed, which is helpful to provide a new idea for the analysis of the synthesis reaction mechanism of energetic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Fu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China
| | - Maogang Li
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China
| | - Mengjun Guo
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China
| | - Hongsheng Tang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China
| | - Tianlong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China.
| | - Hua Li
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an Shiyou University, Xi'an 710065, China.
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2
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Ma J, Das J, Zhang J, Cheng J, Sorcar S, Rosen BA, Shekhter P, Dobrovetsky R, Flaxer E, Yavor Y, Shen R, Kaminker I, Goldbourt A, Gozin M. Carbon-Nitride Popcorn-A Novel Catalyst Prepared by Self-Propagating Combustion of Nitrogen-Rich Triazenes. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2205994. [PMID: 36638248 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202205994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The interest in development of non-graphitic polymeric carbon nitrides (PCNs), with various C-to-N ratios, having tunable electronic, optical, and chemical properties is rapidly increasing. Here the first self-propagating combustion synthesis methodology for the facile preparation of novel porous PCN materials (PCN3-PCN7) using new nitrogen-rich triazene-based precursors is reported. This methodology is found to be highly precursor dependent, where variations in the terminal functional groups in the newly designed precursors (compounds 3-7) lead to different combustion behaviors, and morphologies of the resulted PCNs. The foam-type highly porous PCN5, generated from self-propagating combustion of 5 is comprehensively characterized and shows a C-to-N ratio of 0.67 (C3 N4.45 ). Thermal analyses of PCN5 formulations with ammonium perchlorate (AP) reveal that PCN5 has an excellent catalytic activity in the thermal decomposition of AP. This catalytic activity of PCN5 is further evaluated in a closer-to-application scenario, showing an increase of 18% in the burn rate of AP-Al-HTPB (with 2 wt% of PCN5) solid composite propellant. The newly developed template- and additive-free self-propagating combustion synthetic methodology using specially designed nitrogen-rich precursors should provide a novel platform for the preparation of non-graphitic PCNs with a variety of building block chemistries, morphologies, and properties suitable for a broad range of technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinchao Ma
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210000, China
- School of Chemistry, Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Jagadish Das
- School of Chemistry, Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Jiaheng Zhang
- Sauvage Laboratory for Smart Materials, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Jian Cheng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210000, China
| | - Saurav Sorcar
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Brian A Rosen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
- Center for Advanced Combustion Science, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Pini Shekhter
- Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Roman Dobrovetsky
- School of Chemistry, Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Eli Flaxer
- Afeka Tel Aviv Academic College of Engineering, Tel Aviv, 69107, Israel
| | - Yinon Yavor
- Afeka Tel Aviv Academic College of Engineering, Tel Aviv, 69107, Israel
| | - Ruiqi Shen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210000, China
| | - Ilia Kaminker
- School of Chemistry, Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Amir Goldbourt
- School of Chemistry, Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Michael Gozin
- School of Chemistry, Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
- Center for Advanced Combustion Science, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
- Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
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3
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Fershtat LL. Recent advances in the synthesis and performance of 1,2,4,5-tetrazine-based energetic materials. FIREPHYSCHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fpc.2022.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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4
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Wang Y, Zheng W, Zhang L, Ma H, Zhang Y, Guo Z. Constructing planar C−N bond-linked bi-triazole high-energy explosives via the formation of salts. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2022. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20220060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering / Xi’an Key Laboratory of Special Energy Materials, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Wanwan Zheng
- School of Chemical Engineering / Xi’an Key Laboratory of Special Energy Materials, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Lingfeng Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering / Xi’an Key Laboratory of Special Energy Materials, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Haixia Ma
- School of Chemical Engineering / Xi’an Key Laboratory of Special Energy Materials, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Yazhou Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering / Xi’an Key Laboratory of Special Energy Materials, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Zhaoqi Guo
- School of Chemical Engineering / Xi’an Key Laboratory of Special Energy Materials, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, Shaanxi, P. R. China
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Rudakov GF, Kozlov IB, Boev NV, Zinchenko SS, Melnikova LY, Egorshev VY, Sinditskii VP. Synthesis and Physicochemical Properties of Energetic 1,2,4,5‐Tetrazinyl Derivatives of 5‐Nitro‐2,4‐dihydro‐1,2,4‐triazol‐3‐one. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202102160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gennady F. Rudakov
- Chemical Engineering Department Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology 9 Miusskaya Sq. 125047 Moscow Russia
| | - Ivan B. Kozlov
- Chemical Engineering Department Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology 9 Miusskaya Sq. 125047 Moscow Russia
| | - Nikolay V. Boev
- Chemical Engineering Department Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology 9 Miusskaya Sq. 125047 Moscow Russia
| | - Svetlana S. Zinchenko
- Chemical Engineering Department Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology 9 Miusskaya Sq. 125047 Moscow Russia
| | - Lyudmila Ya. Melnikova
- Chemical Engineering Department Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology 9 Miusskaya Sq. 125047 Moscow Russia
| | - Viacheslav Yu. Egorshev
- Chemical Engineering Department Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology 9 Miusskaya Sq. 125047 Moscow Russia
| | - Valery P. Sinditskii
- Chemical Engineering Department Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology 9 Miusskaya Sq. 125047 Moscow Russia
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Affiliation(s)
- Jai Prakash Agrawal
- Department of Defence R & D Defence R & D Organization, DRDO Bhavan New Delhi India
| | - Vishal S. Dodke
- High Energy Materials Research Laboratory Defence R & D Organization Sutarwadi Pune India
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7
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Li Y, Li Y, Jin S, Li S, Chen K, Bao F. Molecular design of energetic tetrazine-triazole derivatives. J Mol Model 2021; 27:98. [PMID: 33641021 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-021-04714-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Nitrogen-rich compounds are promising candidates for preparing high energetic density materials (HEDMs) and show the potential in the application of propellants, explosives, and pyrotechnics. Two kinds of typical nitrogen-rich compounds, such as tetrazine and triazole, have attracted the attentions in recent years owing to their high densities, good thermal stabilities, and excellent energetic performances. In this work, four series of innovative energetic compounds based on the conjugates of tetrazine and triazole bearing various substituents (-NH2, -NO2, and -NHNO2) were designed. The optimized structures, crystal densities, heats of formation (HOFs) in gas phase and in condensed phase, detonation properties, bond dissociation energies (BDEs), and impact sensitivity (h50) of these compounds were studied systematically via density functional theory (DFT) method. The detonation velocities of four series of compounds are in the range between 7.03 and 8.59 km s-1 and their detonation pressures are in the range between 20.6 and 33.1 GPa. Results indicated that the linkage of -N=N- bond contributed significantly to HOFs and energy density of the energetic molecules, and 1,2,3-triazole showed better performances than 1,2,4-triazole slightly. As for the same series compounds with different substituents, the compounds with -NHNO2 possessed the highest HOFs (such as A6, B6, C6, D6). In terms of the energetic properties (D and P), four compounds (A7, B7, C7, and D7) exhibited the comparable performance with the widely used hexa-hydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) and in the meanwhile displayed superior thermal stability and sensitivity to RDX, which indicated their potential application in the insensitive energetic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yanyue Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Shaohua Jin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Shengfu Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Kun Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Fang Bao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China.
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8
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Cong Z, Xiang C, Yongpeng H, Yang B, Zhaoqi G, Daidi F, Haixia M. A series of guanidine salts of 3,6-bis-nitroguanyl-1,2,4,5-tetrazine: green nitrogen-rich gas-generating agent. RSC Adv 2020; 10:36287-36294. [PMID: 35517921 PMCID: PMC9056960 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra06766k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitrogen-rich energetic materials (EMs) have been widely studied because of their high thermal stability, insensitivity, excellent detonation performance and non-toxic characteristics. In particular, these compounds are well applied as gas-generating agents (GGAs). As a nitrogen-rich heterocyclic framework, 1,2,4,5-tetrazine derivatives have shown great potential in the design of GGAs. The guanidine salts of 3,6-bis-nitroguanyl-1,2,4,5-tetrazine (DNGTz), guanidine (G2DNGTz) (1), aminoguanidine (AG2DNGTz) (2), diaminoguanidine (DAG2DNGTz) (3), and triaminoguanidine (TAG2DNGTz) (4) have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis and FT-IR. The crystal structures of 1 and 2 were obtained by X-ray single crystal diffraction. Crystal analysis shows that 1 and 2 arrange through zigzag-chain-like assembly and face-to-face geometries, which is helpful in decreasing mechanical sensitivity. The thermal stability and thermal decomposition kinetics of these four salts were studied by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). Furthermore, the thermogravimetry-Fourier transform infrared-mass spectrometry (TG-FTIR-MS) analysis of thermal decomposition products reveals that the main decomposition gaseous products are H2O, N2O, CO2, NO, N2 and NH3. Then, the cytotoxicity of the four salts was tested by MTT (3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2-H-tetrazolium bromide) method, and it was found that salts 1–4 show slight cytotoxicity in mouse fibroblasts (L929), at a concentration of 0.125 mg ml−1. The insensitivity, low toxicity, and production of clean gases without solid residue after burning of salt 1 indicate that it can be used as a potential green energetic material for GGAs. All salts show slight cytotoxicity in mouse fibroblasts and the main decomposition gas products of thermal decomposition are non-toxic.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhang Cong
- School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University Xi'an Shaanxi 710069 China
| | - Chen Xiang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University Xi'an Shaanxi 710069 China
| | - Hu Yongpeng
- School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University Xi'an Shaanxi 710069 China
| | - Bai Yang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University Xi'an Shaanxi 710069 China
| | - Guo Zhaoqi
- School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University Xi'an Shaanxi 710069 China
| | - Fan Daidi
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University China.,Shaanxi R&D Center of Biomaterials and Fermentation Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University China
| | - Ma Haixia
- School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University Xi'an Shaanxi 710069 China .,Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University China
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9
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Zhang S, Cheng G, Yang H. Studies on the synthesis and properties of nitramino compounds based on tetrazine backbones. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:5590-5596. [PMID: 32271331 DOI: 10.1039/c9dt04426d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, a series of novel energetic compounds based on the backbone of the tetrazine-triazole structure were successfully synthesized. N,N'-((1,2,4,5-Tetrazine-3,6-diyl)bis(1,2-dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazole-5-yl-3-ylidene))dinitramino (4) was prepared by the nitration of 5,5'-(1,4-dihydro-1,2,4,5-tetrazine-3,6-diyl)bis(1H-1,2,4-triazol-3-amine) (3) with 100% nitric acid and its energetic salts (6-14) were also prepared. All the compounds were fully characterized. The structures of 4 and 5 were further confirmed by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The results show that these compounds have high heats of formation ranging from 2.09 to 3.95 kJ g-1, good detonation pressures and detonation velocities and acceptable sensitivities. Among them, compound 4, with low sensitivities (IS: 20 J and FS: 270 N) and excellent detonation properties (vD = 9100 m s-1; P = 34.1 GPa) shows potential for application in the field of highly energetic and insensitive explosives. The hydroxylammonium salt (7) exhibits promising energetic properties, which, in some cases, are superior to those of octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyu Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China.
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Liu Y, Zhao G, Yu Q, Tang Y, Imler GH, Parrish DA, Shreeve JM. Intermolecular Weak Hydrogen Bonding (Het-H-N/O): an Effective Strategy for the Synthesis of Monosubstituted 1,2,4,5-Tetrazine-Based Energetic Materials with Excellent Sensitivity. J Org Chem 2019; 84:16019-16026. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b02484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yingle Liu
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Sichuan University of Science & Engineering, 180 Xueyuan Street, Huixing Lu, Zigong 643000, Sichuan, China
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-2343, United States
| | - Gang Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-2343, United States
| | - Qiong Yu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-2343, United States
| | - Yongxing Tang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-2343, United States
| | - Gregory H. Imler
- Naval Research Laboratory, Code 6910, 4555 Overlook Avenue, Washington, District of Columbia 20375, United States
| | - Damon A. Parrish
- Naval Research Laboratory, Code 6910, 4555 Overlook Avenue, Washington, District of Columbia 20375, United States
| | - Jean’ne M. Shreeve
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-2343, United States
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