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Squitti R, Reale G, Tondolo V, Crescenti D, Bellini S, Moci M, Caliandro P, Padua L, Rongioletti M. Imbalance of Essential Metals in Traumatic Brain Injury and Its Possible Link with Disorders of Consciousness. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076867. [PMID: 37047843 PMCID: PMC10095508 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysfunction of the complex cerebral networks underlying wakefulness and awareness is responsible for Disorders of Consciousness (DoC). Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) is a common cause of DoC, and it is responsible for a multi-dimensional pathological cascade that affects the proper functioning of the brainstem and brain consciousness pathways. Iron (Fe), Zinc (Zn), and Copper (Cu) have a role in the neurophysiology of both the ascending reticular activating system, a multi-neurotransmitter network located in the brainstem that is crucial for consciousness, and several brain regions. We aimed to summarize the role of these essential metals in TBI and its possible link with consciousness alterations. We found that TBI alters many neuronal molecular mechanisms involving essential metals, causing neurodegeneration, neural apoptosis, synaptic dysfunction, oxidative stress, and inflammation. This final pattern resembles that described for Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other neurological and psychiatric diseases. Furthermore, we found that amantadine, zolpidem, and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS)-the most used treatments for DoC recovery-seem to have an effect on essential metals-related pathways and that Zn might be a promising new therapeutic approach. This review summarizes the neurophysiology of essential metals in the brain structures of consciousness and focuses on the mechanisms underlying their imbalance following TBI, suggesting their possible role in DoC. The scenario supports further studies aimed at getting a deeper insight into metals' role in DoC, in order to evaluate metal-based drugs, such as metal complexes and metal chelating agents, as potential therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosanna Squitti
- Department of Laboratory Science, Research and Development Division, Fatebenefratelli Isola Tiberina, Gemelli Isola, 00186 Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Reale
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, UOC Neuroriabilitazione ad Alta Intensità Largo Agostino Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Tondolo
- Digestive and Colorectal Surgery, Fatebenefratelli Isola Tiberina, Gemelli Isola, 00186 Rome, Italy
- Digestive Surgery Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Largo Agostino Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Crescenti
- Molecular Markers Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, 25125 Brescia, Italy
| | - Sonia Bellini
- Molecular Markers Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, 25125 Brescia, Italy
| | - Marco Moci
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, UOC Neuroriabilitazione ad Alta Intensità Largo Agostino Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Pietro Caliandro
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, UOC Neurologia, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Padua
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, UOC Neuroriabilitazione ad Alta Intensità Largo Agostino Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Mauro Rongioletti
- Department of Laboratory Science, Research and Development Division, Fatebenefratelli Isola Tiberina, Gemelli Isola, 00186 Rome, Italy
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Szczerbowska-Boruchowska M, Surowka AD, Ostachowicz B, Piana K, Spaleniak A, Wrobel P, Dudala J, Ziomber-Lisiak A. Combined spectroscopic, biochemical and chemometric approach toward finding of biochemical markers of obesity. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2023; 1867:130279. [PMID: 36384192 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2022.130279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early-stage detection of subclinical obesity-driven systemic changes is a challenging area of medical diagnostics, where the most popular existing measures - such as body mass index - BMI - often fall short of providing a realistic estimate of adiposity and, therefore, of ongoing pathologies at the systemic, tissue and cellular level. In the quest for identifying new more robust diagnostic markers, whole-organ analysis of chemical elements is a promising approach for identifying candidate proxies of obesity status in the system. METHODS Total Reflection X-ray fluorescence (TXRF) coupled with biochemical assays, chemometrics and statistical validation was used as a new integrated pipeline for marker identification in external ear samples of obese animals. The specimens were taken from obese animals fed a high calorie diet as well as from lean intact animals fed a standard diet. RESULTS The most significant differences in the content of K, Fe, Br, and Rb between the studied groups of the animals were identified. However, with the methodology applied Rb was found the most robust biochemical discriminator of early-stage obesity effects, as validated by the logistic regression model. We observed no relationship between the levels of the elements consumed by the animals and their apparent content in the earlobe tissue samples. CONCLUSIONS Our preliminary study confirms that obesity alters tissue trace metal metabolism and shows the proposed new approach as an accurate and reliable methodology for detecting tissue elemental obesity-related alterations. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE This result can be of practical significance for designing new point-of-care systems for obesity screening tests, taking advantage of direct/indirect Rb measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Artur D Surowka
- AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, Al. Mickiewicza 30, Krakow 30-059, Poland
| | - Beata Ostachowicz
- AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, Al. Mickiewicza 30, Krakow 30-059, Poland
| | - Kaja Piana
- AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, Al. Mickiewicza 30, Krakow 30-059, Poland
| | - Anna Spaleniak
- AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, Al. Mickiewicza 30, Krakow 30-059, Poland
| | - Pawel Wrobel
- AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, Al. Mickiewicza 30, Krakow 30-059, Poland
| | - Joanna Dudala
- AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, Al. Mickiewicza 30, Krakow 30-059, Poland
| | - Agata Ziomber-Lisiak
- Department of Pathophysiology, Jagiellonian University, Medical College, Krakow, Poland
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Ziomber-Lisiak A, Piana K, Ostachowicz B, Wróbel P, Kasprzyk P, Kaszuba-Zwoińska J, Baranowska-Chowaniec A, Juszczak K, Szczerbowska-Boruchowska M. The New Markers of Early Obesity-Related Organ and Metabolic Abnormalities. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:13437. [PMID: 36362225 PMCID: PMC9658002 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of our study was to identify new markers related to excessive body adiposity and its early consequences. For this purpose we determined serum FGF-19 and FGF-21 concentrations in obese rats, whose role in the pathogenesis of obesity is not yet established. In addition, a total reflection X-ray fluorescence technique was applied to determine the elemental chemistry of certain tissues affected by obesity. Next, the new biochemical and molecular parameters were correlated with well-known obesity-related markers of metabolic abnormalities. Our obese rats were characterized by increased calorie consumption and body adiposity, hypercholesterolemia, elevated levels of liver enzymes and FGF-21, while the level of FGF-19 was reduced. Strong relationships between new hormones and established metabolic parameters were observed. Furthermore, we demonstrated that obesity had the greatest effect on elemental composition in the adipose tissue and liver and that rubidium (Rb) had the highest importance in distinguishing the studied groups of animals. Tissue Rb strongly correlated with both well-known and new markers of obesity. In conclusion, we confirmed serum FGF-19 and FGF-21 as useful new markers of obesity-related metabolic alternations and we robustly propose Rb as a novel indicator of excessive body adiposity and its early consequences. However, further investigations are encouraged to address this clinical issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Ziomber-Lisiak
- Chair of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, ul. Czysta 18, 31-121 Krakow, Poland
| | - Kaja Piana
- Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, AGH University of Science and Technology, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| | - Beata Ostachowicz
- Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, AGH University of Science and Technology, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| | - Paweł Wróbel
- Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, AGH University of Science and Technology, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| | - Paula Kasprzyk
- Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, AGH University of Science and Technology, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| | - Jolanta Kaszuba-Zwoińska
- Chair of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, ul. Czysta 18, 31-121 Krakow, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Baranowska-Chowaniec
- Chair of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, ul. Czysta 18, 31-121 Krakow, Poland
| | - Kajetan Juszczak
- Department of Urology and Andrology, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, ul. M. Curie Skłodowskiej 9, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland
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Repetitive transcranial direct current stimulation modulates the brain-gut-microbiome axis in obese rodents. Pharmacol Rep 2022; 74:871-889. [PMID: 35945482 PMCID: PMC9585011 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-022-00401-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background Complex interactions between the brain, gut and adipose tissue allow to recognize obesity as a neurometabolic disorder. The recent data have shown that gut microbiota can play a potential role in obesity development. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a safe and non-invasive technique to modulate the activity of cerebral cortex and other connected brain areas also in context of appetite control. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of repetitive anodal tDCS (AtDCS) of prefrontal cortex on feeding behavior, metabolic status and selected phyla of gut microbiota in rats with obesity induced by high-calorie diet (HCD). Methods 32 female Wistar rats were equally divided into 4 subgroups depending on diet effect (lean versus obese) and type of stimulation (active versus sham tDCS versus no stimulation). Feed intake, body weight, blood lipoproteins and leptin levels as well as Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes in intestines and stool were examined. Results HCD changed feeding behavior and metabolic parameters typically for obesity-related ranges and resulted in an abundance of Firmicutes at the expanse of Bacteroidetes in the large intestine and stool. AtDCS decreased appetite, body weight, and cholesterol levels. In addition, AtDCS reduced ratio of the average number of Firmicutes to average number of Bacteroidetes in all examined tissues. Conclusions Repetitive AtDCS is not only effective for appetite restriction but can also modulate gut microbiome composition which demonstrates the existence of the brain–gut–microbiome axis and points at this technique as a promising complementary treatment for obesity. However, the effects should be further replicated in human studies.
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Anorexia Nervosa-What Has Changed in the State of Knowledge about Nutritional Rehabilitation for Patients over the Past 10 Years? A Review of Literature. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13113819. [PMID: 34836075 PMCID: PMC8619053 DOI: 10.3390/nu13113819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a psycho-metabolic disorder with a high risk of somatic complications such as refeeding syndrome (RFS) and carries the highest mortality rate of all psychiatric illnesses. To date, the consensus on the care for patients with AN has been based on recommendations for a combination of alimentation and psychotherapy. It is important to establish an initial caloric intake that will provide weight gain and minimize the risk of complications in the treatment of undernourished patients. Research over the past few years suggests that current treatment recommendations may be too stringent and should be updated. The aim of this paper is to systematize the current reports on nutritional rehabilitation in AN, to present the results of studies on the safe supplementation of patients and its potential impact on improving prognosis and the healing process. This review of literature, from 2011-2021, describes the changing trend in the nutritional protocols used and the research on their efficacy, safety, and long-term effects. In addition, it presents previous reports on the potential benefits of introducing vitamin, pro-and prebiotic and fatty acid supplementation.
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Surowka AD, Czyzycki M, Ziomber-Lisiak A, Migliori A, Szczerbowska-Boruchowska M. On 2D-FTIR-XRF microscopy - A step forward correlative tissue studies by infrared and hard X-ray radiation. Ultramicroscopy 2021; 232:113408. [PMID: 34706307 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2021.113408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Correlative Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) and hard X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) microscopy studies of thin biological samples have recently evolved as complementary methods for biochemical fingerprinting of animal/human tissues. These are seen particularly useful for tracking the mechanisms of neurological diseases, i.e., in Alzheimer/Parkinson disease, in the brain where mishandling of trace metals (Fe, Cu, Zn) seems to be often associated with ongoing damage to molecular components via, among others, oxidative/reductive stress neurotoxicity. Despite substantial progress in state-of-the-art detection and data analysis methods, combined FTIR-XRF experiments have never benefited from correlation and co-localization analysis of molecular moieties and chemical elements, respectively. We here propose for the first time a completely novel data analysis pipeline, utilizing the idea of 2D correlation spectrometry for brain tissue analysis. In this paper, we utilized combined benchtop FTIR - synchrotron XRF mapping experiments on thin brain samples mounted on polypropylene membranes. By implementing our recently developed Multiple Linear Regression Multi-Reference (MLR-MR) algorithm, along with advanced image processing, artifact-free 2D FTIR-XRF spectra could be obtained by mitigating the impact of spectral artifacts, such as Etalon fringes and mild scattering Mie-like signatures, in the FTIR data. We demonstrated that the method is a powerful tool for co-localizing and correlating molecular arrangements and chemical elements (and vice versa) using visually attractive 2D correlograms. Moreover, the methods' applicability for fostering the identification of distinct (biological) materials, involving chemical elements and molecular arrangements, is also shown. Taken together, the 2D FTIR-XRF method opens up for new measures for in-situ investigating hidden complex biochemical correlations, and yet unraveled mechanisms in a biological sample. This step seems crucial for developing new strategies for facilitating the research on the interaction of metals/nonmetals with organic components. This is particularly important for enhancing our understanding of the diseases associated with metal/nonmetal mishandling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur D Surowka
- Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, AGH University of Science and Technology, al. A. Mickiewicza 30, Krakow 30-059, Poland.
| | - Mateusz Czyzycki
- Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, AGH University of Science and Technology, al. A. Mickiewicza 30, Krakow 30-059, Poland; Laboratory for Applications of Synchrotron Radiation, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Kaiser Str. 12, Karlsruhe 76131, Germany; Nuclear Science and Instrumentation Laboratory, International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Laboratories, Seibersdorf, Austria
| | - Agata Ziomber-Lisiak
- Department of Pathophysiology, Jagiellonian University, Medical College, Czysta 18, Krakow 31-121, Poland
| | - Alessandro Migliori
- Nuclear Science and Instrumentation Laboratory, International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Laboratories, Seibersdorf, Austria
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