Synthesis and antibacterial evaluation of (5Z)-5-[(2-piperidinequinoline-3-yl)methyl]-2-chloroquinoline derivatives: Docking study on substituted N-alkylation and binding mechanisms with E. Coli PDF enzyme

A number of new substances were included into the (5Z)-5-[(2-piperidinequinoline-3-yl)methyl]-2-chloroquinoline structural framework. The condensation process 2-chloroquinoline, which served as a crucial reagent in the reaction with 3-carbaldehydes to produce 2,4-thiazolidinedione, allowed for the production of 1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione. The newly developed substances were described by means of their reactions with halide compounds, particularly those pertaining to substituted N-alkylation. Elemental analysis, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H NMR) were used to identify the chemical. Furthermore, the antibacterial activity of the produced compounds was evaluated in vitro against a range of pathogens, including Bacillus subtilis, and Escherichia coli. Moreover, docking experiments were conducted using the PDF enzyme of E. coli to improve our understanding of the binding mechanism between the synthesized 5(A-N) compounds and the enzyme.

Guide to tuning the chalcone molecular properties based on the push-pull effect energy scale created via the molecular tailoring approach

Using the molecular tailoring approach, a total energy scale for the push-pull effect in the range from -40 to 100 kcal/mol is created for the wide series of neutral, charged and doubly charged compounds on the chalcone platform. Taking into account similar energy scale for hydrogen bonds, the strength of the push-pull effect is ranked in the seven categories, ranging from negative (anti-push-pull) to very weak and very strong push-pull effect. It is demonstrated that the molecular properties of chalcone can be tuned prior synthesis due to the created energy scale for the push-pull effect. The single bonds of the π-spacer in the chalcones are shortened, the double ones are lengthened, and the C=O bond vibrations are red shifted when the push-pull effect is enhanced along the energy scale. The HOMO and LUMO energies change systematically while the HOMO-LUMO energy gap narrows as the strength of the push-pull effect increases.

A review on synthetic chalcone derivatives as tubulin polymerisation inhibitors

Microtubules play an important role in the process of cell mitosis and can form a spindle in the mitotic prophase of the cell, which can pull chromosomes to the ends of the cell and then divide into two daughter cells to complete the process of mitosis. Tubulin inhibitors suppress cell proliferation by inhibiting microtubule dynamics and disrupting microtubule homeostasis. Thereby inducing a cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase and interfering with the mitotic process. It has been found that a variety of chalcone derivatives can bind to microtubule proteins and disrupt the dynamic balance of microtubules, inhibit the proliferation of tumour cells, and exert anti-tumour effects. Consequently, a great number of studies have been conducted on chalcone derivatives targeting microtubule proteins. In this review, synthetic or natural chalcone microtubule inhibitors in recent years are described, along with their structure-activity relationship (SAR) for anticancer activity.

Head-to-head bisbenzazole derivatives as antiproliferative agents: design, synthesis, in vitro activity, and SAR analysis

In the present work, a series of bisbenzazole derivatives were designed and synthesized as antiproliferative agents. The antiproliferative activity of these compounds was investigated using MTT assay. Bisbenzazole derivatives showed significant antiproliferative activity against all the four tested cancer cell lines. Among the various bisbenzazole derivatives, bisbenzoxazole derivatives exhibited the most promising anticancer activity followed by bisbenzimidazole and bisbenzothiazole derivatives. All the derivatives were found to be less toxic as compared to methotrexate (positive control) in normal human cells, indicating selective and efficient antiproliferative activity of these bisbenzazole derivatives. The structure-activity relationships of heteroaromatic systems and linkers present in bisbenzazole derivatives were analyzed in detail. In silico ADMET prediction revealed that bisbenzazole is a drug-like small molecule with a favorable safety profile. Compound 31 is a potential antiproliferative hit compound that exhibits unique cytotoxic activity distinct from methotrexate. Twenty-one bisbenzoxazole derivatives have been designed synthesized and evaluated to be an antiproliferative activity against four human tumor cell lines.

Design, Synthesis and Bioactivity Evaluation of Novel Chalcone Derivatives Possessing Tryptophan Moiety with Dual Activities of Anti-cancer and Partially Restoring the Proliferation of Normal Kidney Cells Pre-treated with Cisplatin

BACKGROUND

Chalcone is a broad-spectrum natural product with anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory activities. However, low potency, low selectivity, and serious side effects limit its druggability. L-Tryptophan is an essential precursor molecule of an anti-cancer active substance. Also, the indole moiety inhibits the proliferation of tumor cells by binding to colchicine sites. A decrease in kidney cell activity caused by kidney inflammation is the primary side effect of cancer therapy.

OBJECTIVE

The purpose of this work was to design, synthesize, and perform bioactivity evaluation of novel chalcone derivatives possessing tryptophan moiety with dual activities of anti-cancer and partially restoring the proliferation of normal kidney cells pre-treated with cisplatin.

METHODS

A series of novel chalcone derivatives possessing tryptophan moiety (5a-5g, 6a-6o) were designed, synthesized, and evaluated for anti-cancer activity against four cancer cell lines (gastric (HGC-27), colon (HCT-116), prostate (PC-3), and lung (A549)), and a human normal cell line (gastric mucosal epithelial (GES-1)). The activity of restoring the proliferation of normal kidney cells pre-treated with cisplatin was evaluated by MTT assay. Cell cycle, apoptosis, and apoptosis proteins (Bax and Bcl-2) were used to evaluate the anti-cancer mechanism of the most potent compound. Moreover, a docking study was performed to explain the high anti-cancer activity of 6n. The expressions of TNF-α, IL-6, and MCP-1 were detected by ELISA.

RESULTS

Most of the compounds exhibited high anti-cancer activity against the HGC-27 cell line and exhibited low toxicity against the normal cell line. Based on three rounds of a structure optimization, 6n was discovered as the most potent compound against HGC-27 cells with an IC50 value of 2.02 μM and an SI value of 28.47. Further studies demonstrated that 6n could induce cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase and the apoptosis of the HGC-27 cell line by reducing the expression of Bcl-2 and improving the expression level of Bax. Molecular docking result displayed 6n bound to the colchicine site. At the same time, 6n also exhibited moderate activity of restoring the proliferation of normal kidney cells pre-treated with cisplatin by reducing the expression of inflammatory substances.

CONCLUSION

Our findings collectively suggested that 6n should be further studied as a potential anti-cancer agent that could partially restore the proliferation of normal kidney cells pre-treated with cisplatin in gastric cancer patients by an anti-inflammatory pathway.

Virtual and experimental high throughput screening of substituted hydrazones on β-Tubulin polymerization

Microtubule targeting agents that disrupt the dynamic functioning of the mitotic spindle are some of the best chemotherapeutic agents. Interruption of microtubule dynamics through polymerization or depolymerization causes cell arrest leading to apoptosis. We report a novel class of aroylhydrazones with anticancer properties. Tubulin inhibition studies were performed using both computational and biological methods. Docking and pharmacophore mapping showed efficient binding between the ligands and the protein. Tubulin inhibition assay showed the aroylhydrazones to be inhibitors of tubulin polymerization. DFT studies explains the geometrical and electronic properties of the compounds. Furthermore, anticancer studies using lung and liver cancer cell lines gave low IC₅₀ values with the methyl substituted hydrazone MH-2 being the most potent. (IC₅₀ of 0.0896 and 0.1040 µM respectively). The methyl group is responsible for the effective binding to the protein. Thus, a new class of tubulin binding agents have been identified as potential agents in cancer therapy.

Improved photothermal therapy of brain cancer cells and photogeneration of reactive oxygen species by biotin conjugated gold photoactive nanoparticles

Herein, we report on the design and development of functionalized acrylic polymeric nanoparticles with Spiropyrans (SPs) and imidazole moieties via superficial polymerizations. Then, Au³⁺ ions were immobilized and reduced on their surface to obtain photoresponsive gold-decorated polymer nanoparticles(Au-NPs). The synthesized Au-NPs were surface adapted with biotin as specific targeting tumor penetration cells and enhance the intercellular uptake through the endocytosis. FT-IR (Fourier-transform Infrared Spectroscopy), UV-Vis (Ultra Violet-Visible Spectrophotometer), EDS (Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy), SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope) and HR-TEM (High-resolution transmission electron microscopy) descriptions were engaged to illustrate their spectral analysis and morphological examinations of Bt@Au-NPs. Fluorescence microscopy images of cellular uptake descriptions and ICP-MS (Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry) investigation established the cell lines labeling ability and enhanced targetting efficacy of biotin-conjugated Au-NPs (Bt@Au-NPs) toward C6 glioma cells (brain cancer cells) with 72.5% cellular uptake relative to 30.2% for non-conjugated lone. These were further established through intracellular ROS examinations and in vitro cytotoxicity investigation on the C6 glioma cell line. The solid surface plasmon absorptions of the Au-NPs and Bt@Au-NPs providing raised photothermal therapy under UV irradiation. The synthesized multifunctional Bt@Au-NPs with an inclusive combination of potential resources presented encouraging nanoprobe with targeting capability, improved photodynamic and photothermal cancer therapy.

Design, synthesis and antiproliferative activity evaluation of fluorine-containing chalcone derivatives

A series of new chalcones containing fluoro atom at B ring have been designed, synthesized, and evaluated to be antiproliferative activity against a panel of human tumor cell lines. Some of the analogs (8, 9, 12, 45, 46 and 48) displayed powerful antiproliferative effects to certain human tumor cells, but all of them were devoid of any cytotoxicity towards the normal HEK 293. Acridine orange staining data supported that the cytotoxic and antiproliferative effects of the synthesized analogs on tumor cells are mediated through apoptosis. The compounds 12 and 46 manifested concentration-dependent antiproliferative activity in human hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines using an xCELLigence assay. The structures and antiproliferative activity relationship were further supported by in silico molecular docking study of the compounds against tubulin protein which suggests our compounds interference to cell division. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.