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Two-Dimensional Graphitic Carbon Nitride (g-C 3N 4) Nanosheets and Their Derivatives for Diagnosis and Detection Applications. J Funct Biomater 2022; 13:jfb13040204. [PMID: 36412845 PMCID: PMC9680252 DOI: 10.3390/jfb13040204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The early diagnosis of certain fatal diseases is vital for preventing severe consequences and contributes to a more effective treatment. Despite numerous conventional methods to realize this goal, employing nanobiosensors is a novel approach that provides a fast and precise detection. Recently, nanomaterials have been widely applied as biosensors with distinctive features. Graphite phase carbon nitride (g-C3N4) is a two-dimensional (2D) carbon-based nanostructure that has received attention in biosensing. Biocompatibility, biodegradability, semiconductivity, high photoluminescence yield, low-cost synthesis, easy production process, antimicrobial activity, and high stability are prominent properties that have rendered g-C3N4 a promising candidate to be used in electrochemical, optical, and other kinds of biosensors. This review presents the g-C3N4 unique features, synthesis methods, and g-C3N4-based nanomaterials. In addition, recent relevant studies on using g-C3N4 in biosensors in regard to improving treatment pathways are reviewed.
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Morais A, Rijo P, Batanero B, Nicolai M. Low Platinum-Content Electrocatalysts for Highly Sensitive Detection of Endogenously Released H2O2. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12090672. [PMID: 36140056 PMCID: PMC9496631 DOI: 10.3390/bios12090672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The commercial viability of electrochemical sensors requires high catalytic efficiency electrode materials. A sluggish reaction of the sensor’s primary target species will require a high overpotential and, consequently, an excessive load of catalyst material to be used. Therefore, it is essential to understand nanocatalysts’ fundamental structures and typical catalytic properties to choose the most efficient material according to the biosensor target species. Catalytic activities of Pt-based catalysts have been significantly improved over the decades. Thus, electrodes using platinum nanocatalysts have demonstrated high power densities, with Pt loading considerably reduced on the electrodes. The high surface-to-volume ratio, higher electron transfer rate, and the simple functionalisation process are the main reasons that transition metal NPs have gained much attention in constructing high-sensitivity sensors. This study has designed to describe and highlight the performances of the different Pt-based bimetallic nanoparticles and alloys as an enzyme-free catalytic material for the sensitive electrochemical detection of H2O2. The current analysis may provide a promising platform for the prospective construction of Pt-based electrodes and their affinity matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Morais
- CBIOS—Universidade Lusófona´s Research Centre for Biosciences & Health Technologies, Campo Grande 376, 1749-024 Lisbon, Portugal
- Department of Organic Chemistry & Inorganic Chemistry, University of Alcala, 28805 Alcala de Henares, Spain
| | - Patrícia Rijo
- CBIOS—Universidade Lusófona´s Research Centre for Biosciences & Health Technologies, Campo Grande 376, 1749-024 Lisbon, Portugal
- iMed.Ulisboa—Research Institute for Medicines and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Belen Batanero
- Department of Organic Chemistry & Inorganic Chemistry, University of Alcala, 28805 Alcala de Henares, Spain
| | - Marisa Nicolai
- CBIOS—Universidade Lusófona´s Research Centre for Biosciences & Health Technologies, Campo Grande 376, 1749-024 Lisbon, Portugal
- Correspondence:
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Riaz MA, Chen Y. Electrodes and electrocatalysts for electrochemical hydrogen peroxide sensors: a review of design strategies. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2022; 7:463-479. [PMID: 35289828 DOI: 10.1039/d2nh00006g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
H2O2 sensing is required in various biological and industrial applications, for which electrochemical sensing is a promising choice among various sensing technologies. Electrodes and electrocatalysts strongly influence the performance of electrochemical H2O2 sensors. Significant efforts have been devoted to electrode nanostructural designs and nanomaterial-based electrocatalysts. Here, we review the design strategies for electrodes and electrocatalysts used in electrochemical H2O2 sensors. We first summarize electrodes in different structures, including rotation disc electrodes, freestanding electrodes, all-in-one electrodes, and representative commercial H2O2 probes. Next, we discuss the design strategies used in recent studies to increase the number of active sites and intrinsic activities of electrocatalysts for H2O2 redox reactions, including nanoscale pore structuring, conductive supports, reducing the catalyst size, alloying, doping, and tuning the crystal facets. Finally, we provide our perspectives on the future research directions in creating nanoscale structures and nanomaterials to enable advanced electrochemical H2O2 sensors in practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Adil Riaz
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney, Darlington, NSW, 2006, Australia.
| | - Yuan Chen
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney, Darlington, NSW, 2006, Australia.
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Gomez CG, Linarez Pérez OE, Avalle LB, Rojas MI. Morphological and electrochemical characterizations of a carbon nitride/highly oriented pyrolytic graphite electrode. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2021.115621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Shen Y, Ma C, Zhang S, Li P, Zhu W, Zhang X, Gao J, Song H, Chen D, Pang D, Li A. Nanosilver and protonated carbon nitride co-coated carbon cloth fibers based non-enzymatic electrochemical sensor for determination of carcinogenic nitrite. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 742:140622. [PMID: 32721742 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A novel electrochemical nitrite (NaNO2) sensor was fabricated by combining nanosilver with protonated carbon nitride (H-C3N4) supported on carbon cloth (CC). H-C3N4 was distributed uniformly on the CC surface, providing more active sites for the electrocatalytic active center (nanosilver). CC as a substrate improved the H-C3N4 conductivity and provided the sensor with a flexible feature. The strong synergistic effect between CC, H-C3N4, and nanosilver can exert a significant electrocatalytic performance on the flexible sensor. The Ag/H-C3N4/CC flexible sensor electrode did not consume much more time to polish the surface of traditional electrodes, and possessed a high sensitivity of 0.85537 μA/mg, a wide linear response range that spanned 5 to 1000 μM, a low detection limit of 0.216 μM (S/N = 3), and high selectivity for nitrite in the presence of common organic and inorganic interfering species (such as CaCl2, NaCl, MgCl2, NaNO3, glucose, urea, and p-nitrophenol). The Ag/H-C3N4/CC flexible sensor can be used for sample detection of nitrite as it has a strong anti-interference ability, good reproducibility, repeatability, and long-term stability. The Ag/H-C3N4/CC sensor is a promising alternative electrode to traditional ones such as ITO, gold or glassy carbon electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliang Shen
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, PR China
| | - Chuang Ma
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, PR China
| | - Shupeng Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China; Nanjing University & Yancheng Academy of Environmental Protection Technology and Engineering, Yancheng 210009, PR China.
| | - Pengcheng Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plasma Chemistry and Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, PR China.
| | - Weiqing Zhu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, PR China
| | - Xumei Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, PR China
| | - Juanjuan Gao
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, PR China
| | - Haiou Song
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210097, PR China.
| | - Duozhe Chen
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, PR China
| | - Di Pang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, PR China
| | - Aimin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China; Nanjing University & Yancheng Academy of Environmental Protection Technology and Engineering, Yancheng 210009, PR China.
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Li YY, Si Y, Zhou BX, Huang WQ, Hu W, Pan A, Fan X, Huang GF. Strategy to boost catalytic activity of polymeric carbon nitride: synergistic effect of controllable in situ surface engineering and morphology. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:16393-16405. [PMID: 31436768 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr05413h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Polymeric carbon nitride (CN) is a promising metal-free catalyst plagued by a low intrinsic activity. Herein, a novel strategy based on controllable in situ surface engineering and morphology was developed to synergistically boost the catalytic activity of CN by tuning the hydroxyl groups on its surface and constructing a unique nanostructure. The controllable introduction of hydroxyl groups on CN nanoshells, prepared by the thermal condensation of oxygen-containing supramolecular precursors formed in water, led to spatial separation of the HOMO and LUMO, and effective exciton dissociation, as verified by experiments and ab initio calculations. Furthermore, the hollow hemispherical nanoshell endowed more exposed active sites, optimal mass transport, and dynamic modulations. The optimized hollow hemispherical CN nanoshells exhibited remarkable catalytic activity, with a photoelectrocatalytic OER overpotential of about 330 mV at a current density of 10 mA cm-2, outperforming state-of-the-art precious-metal catalyst IrO2. High activity for the visible-light photocatalytic HER and pollutant degradation were also observed. This study proposes that, through rational surface group modification, a polymer material with high catalytic activity can be practically realized, which is promising for the design of efficient metal-free catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Yuan Li
- Department of Applied Physics, School of Physics and Electronics, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China.
| | - Yuan Si
- Department of Applied Physics, School of Physics and Electronics, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China.
| | - Bing-Xin Zhou
- Department of Applied Physics, School of Physics and Electronics, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China.
| | - Wei-Qing Huang
- Department of Applied Physics, School of Physics and Electronics, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China.
| | - Wangyu Hu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Anlian Pan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Xiaoxing Fan
- School of Physics, Liaoning University, Shenyang, 110036, P. R. China
| | - Gui-Fang Huang
- Department of Applied Physics, School of Physics and Electronics, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China.
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Li YY, Zhou BX, Zhang HW, Ma SF, Huang WQ, Peng W, Hu W, Huang GF. Doping-induced enhancement of crystallinity in polymeric carbon nitride nanosheets to improve their visible-light photocatalytic activity. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:6876-6885. [PMID: 30912790 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr00229d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Structural defects can greatly inhibit electron transfer in two-dimensional (2D) layered polymeric carbon nitride (CN) unit, seriously lowering its utilization ratio of photogenerated charges during photocatalysis. Herein, we propose a new strategy based on intra-melon hydrogen bonding interactions in 2D CN frameworks to improve the crystallinity of CN. This concept was validated by removing some amino groups and connecting melon using codoped B and F atoms via a simple one-step sodium fluoroborate-assisted thermal treatment. The enhancement in crystallinity effectively promoted exciton dissociation and charge transfer in the CN nanosheets. Furthermore, the B/F dopants also improved the separation of photogenerated carriers by promoting charge capture. The highly efficient visible-light photocatalytic activity of the crystalline B/F-codoped CN nanosheets was demonstrated by degrading methyl orange, Rhodamine B, colorless phenol and tetracycline hydrochloride as models, where their degradation rate constant was more than 10, 5, 32 and 3 times higher than that of pure CN, respectively. Moreover, the B/F-codoped CN exhibited an excellent photoelectrocatalytic performance for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER), outperforming the precious-metal IrO2 catalyst. The simple and effective strategy proposed herein provides a direct route to engineer high crystallinity in 2D materials for tunable charge carrier separation and migration for electronic and optoelectronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Yuan Li
- Department of Applied Physics, School of Physics and Electronics, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China.
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He Z, Chen J, Chen Y, Makwarimba CP, Huang X, Zhang S, Chen J, Song S. An activated carbon fiber-supported graphite carbon nitride for effective electro-Fenton process. Electrochim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.04.195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Zhang W, Fan G, Yi H, Jia G, Li Z, Yuan C, Bai Y, Fu D. Interfacial Engineering of Hierarchical Transition Metal Oxide Heterostructures for Highly Sensitive Sensing of Hydrogen Peroxide. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2018; 14:e1703713. [PMID: 29655210 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201703713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ) is a major messenger molecule in cellular signal transduction. Direct detection of H2 O2 in complex environments provides the capability to illuminate its various biological functions. With this in mind, a novel electrochemical approach is here proposed by integrating a series of CoO nanostructures on CuO backbone at electrode interfaces. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), X-ray diffraction, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy demonstrate successful formation of core-shell CuO-CoO hetero-nanostructures. Theoretical calculations further confirm energy-favorable adsorption of H2 O2 on surface sites of CuO-CoO heterostructures. Contributing to the efficient electron transfer path and enhanced capture of H2 O2 in the unique leaf-like CuO-CoO hierarchical 3D interface, an optimal biosensor-based CuO-CoO-2.5 h electrode exhibits an ultrahigh sensitivity (6349 µA m m-1 cm-2 ), excellent selectivity, and a wide detection range for H2 O2 , and is capable of monitoring endogenous H2 O2 derived from human lung carcinoma cells A549. The synergistic effects for enhanced H2 O2 adsorption in integrated CuO-CoO nanostructures and performance of the sensor suggest a potential for exploring pathological and physiological roles of reactive oxygen species like H2 O2 in biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Demonstration Center for Experimental Biomedical Engineering Education (Southeast University), College of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, P. R. China
| | - Guozheng Fan
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P. R. China
| | - Huan Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Demonstration Center for Experimental Biomedical Engineering Education (Southeast University), College of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, P. R. China
| | - Gan Jia
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P. R. China
| | - Zhaosheng Li
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P. R. China
| | - Chunwei Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Demonstration Center for Experimental Biomedical Engineering Education (Southeast University), College of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, P. R. China
| | - Yunfei Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Demonstration Center for Experimental Biomedical Engineering Education (Southeast University), College of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, P. R. China
| | - Degang Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Demonstration Center for Experimental Biomedical Engineering Education (Southeast University), College of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, P. R. China
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Jiang J, Lin X, Ding D, Diao G. Graphitic-phase carbon nitride-based electrochemiluminescence sensing analyses: recent advances and perspectives. RSC Adv 2018; 8:19369-19380. [PMID: 35540965 PMCID: PMC9080761 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra02221f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This review describes the current trends in synthesis methods, signaling strategies, and sensing applications of g-C3N4-based ECL emitters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Jiang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Yangzhou University
- Yangzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Xinyi Lin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Yangzhou University
- Yangzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Dong Ding
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Yangzhou University
- Yangzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Guowang Diao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Yangzhou University
- Yangzhou
- P. R. China
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