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Diao S, Duan Y, Wang M, Feng Y, Miao H, Zhao Y. Multi-Omics Study on Molecular Mechanisms of Single-Atom Fe-Doped Two-Dimensional Conjugated Phthalocyanine Framework for Photocatalytic Antibacterial Performance. Molecules 2024; 29:1601. [PMID: 38611880 PMCID: PMC11013413 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29071601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Currently, photocatalysis of the two-dimensional (2D) conjugated phthalocyanine framework with a single Fe atom (CPF-Fe) has shown efficient photocatalytic activities for the removal of harmful effluents and antibacterial activity. Their photocatalytic mechanisms are dependent on the redox reaction-which is led by the active species generated from the photocatalytic process. Nevertheless, the molecular mechanism of CPF-Fe antimicrobial activity has not been sufficiently explored. In this study, we successfully synthesized CPF-Fe with great broad-spectrum antibacterial properties under visible light and used it as an antibacterial agent. The molecular mechanism of CPF-Fe against Escherichia coli and Salmonella enteritidis was explored through multi-omics analyses (transcriptomics and metabolomics correlation analyses). The results showed that CPF-Fe not only led to the oxidative stress of bacteria by generating large amounts of h+ and ROS but also caused failure in the synthesis of bacterial cell wall components as well as an osmotic pressure imbalance by disrupting glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation, and TCA cycle pathways. More surprisingly, CPF-Fe could disrupt the metabolism of amino acids and nucleic acids, as well as inhibit their energy metabolism, resulting in the death of bacterial cells. The research further revealed the antibacterial mechanism of CPF-Fe from a molecular perspective, providing a theoretical basis for the application of CPF-Fe photocatalytic antibacterial nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shihong Diao
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Herbivore Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (S.D.); (Y.D.); (M.W.)
| | - Yixin Duan
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Herbivore Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (S.D.); (Y.D.); (M.W.)
| | - Mengying Wang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Herbivore Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (S.D.); (Y.D.); (M.W.)
| | - Yuanjiao Feng
- The Faculty of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical and Pharmaceutical College, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Hong Miao
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Herbivore Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (S.D.); (Y.D.); (M.W.)
| | - Yongju Zhao
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Herbivore Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (S.D.); (Y.D.); (M.W.)
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2
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Ghirardello M, Gonzalez V, Monico L, Nevin A, MacLennan D, Patterson CS, Burghammer M, Réfrégiers M, Comelli D, Cotte M. Application of Synchrotron Radiation-Based Micro-Analysis on Cadmium Yellows in Pablo Picasso's Femme. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2022; 28:1-10. [PMID: 35644640 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927622000873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The cultural heritage community is increasingly exploring synchrotron radiation (SR) based techniques for the study of art and archaeological objects. When considering heterogeneous and complex micro-samples, such as those from paintings, the combination of different SR X-ray techniques is often exploited to overcome the intrinsic limitations and sensitivity of the single technique. Less frequently, SR X-ray analyses are combined with SR micro-photoluminescence or micro-Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy, which provide complementary information on the molecular composition, offering a unique integrated analysis approach. Although the spatial correlation between the maps obtained with different techniques is not straightforward due to the different volumes probed by each method, the combination of the information provides a greater understanding and insight into the paint chemistry. In this work, we discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the combination of X-ray techniques and SR-based photoluminescence through the study of two paint micro-samples taken from Pablo Picasso's Femme (1907). The painting contains two cadmium yellow paints (based on CdS): one relatively intact and one visibly degraded. SR micro-analyses demonstrated that the two Cd-yellow paints differ in terms of structure, chemical composition, and photoluminescence properties. In particular, on the basis of the combination of different SR measurements, we hypothesize that the degraded yellow is based on nanocrystalline CdS with high presence of Cd(OH)Cl. These two characteristics have enhanced the reactivity of the paint and strongly influenced its stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Ghirardello
- Physics Department, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Victor Gonzalez
- Université Paris-Saclay, ENS Paris-Saclay, CNRS, PPSM, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | | | - Austin Nevin
- IFN-CNR, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Courtauld Institute of Art, Somerset House, Strand, London WC2R ORN, UK
| | - Douglas MacLennan
- Science Department, Getty Conservation Institute, 1200 Getty Center Drive, Los Angeles, CA 90049, USA
| | | | | | - Matthieu Réfrégiers
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme des Merisiers, Saint-Aubin, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- CBM UPR4301, Rue Charles Sadron, Orléans, France
| | - Daniela Comelli
- Physics Department, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Marine Cotte
- ESRF, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France
- LAMS, CNRS UMR 8220, Sorbonne Université, UPMC Univ. Paris 06, Place Jussieu 4, F-75005 Paris, France
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Pinna D, Bracci S, Magrini D, Salvadori B, Andreotti A, Colombini MP. Deterioration and discoloration of historical protective treatments on marble. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:20694-20710. [PMID: 34741740 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-16879-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This study integrates the complex research conducted on the sources of brown discolorations that occur on marble statues (fifteenth century) of the Church of Orsanmichele in Florence (Italy). They underwent conservative interventions in the past and the brownish discolorations on their surfaces strongly altered the clear tone of the marble. In this study, Carrara marble model specimens were treated with organic and inorganic substances (non-pasteurised milk; linseed oil; walnut oil; ammonium oxalate; microcrystalline wax; beeswax; milk + linseed oil; and milk + ammonium oxalate + linseed oil) to simulate their effects on the stone. Some of the substances were commonly used in the past (as on the Orsanmichele statues) but most of them are still used in many countries. The treated specimens were exposed to natural and artificial ageing. The main results of the research were (i) the specimens treated with linseed oil, milk + linseed oil, and milk + linseed oil + ammonium oxalate showed a severe change of colour after either artificial or natural ageing; (ii) an extensive polymerisation of the organic substances occurred; (iii) calcium oxalate and several oxidised diacylglycerols (DAGs) and triacylglycerols (TAGs) were the last chemical products of the oxidation processes induced by ageing; (iv) Maillard reaction, producing brownish coloration, likely occurred in specimens containing milk as a result of the interaction between sugars and proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Pinna
- Chemistry Department, University of Bologna, via Guaccimanni 42, Ravenna, Italy
| | - Susanna Bracci
- Institute of Heritage Science, National Research Council, via Madonna del piano 10, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Donata Magrini
- Institute of Heritage Science, National Research Council, via Madonna del piano 10, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Barbara Salvadori
- Institute of Heritage Science, National Research Council, via Madonna del piano 10, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Alessia Andreotti
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, via Moruzzi 13, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Maria Perla Colombini
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, via Moruzzi 13, Pisa, Italy
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A Comprehensive and Systematic Diagnostic Campaign for a New Acquisition of Contemporary Art—The Case of Natura Morta by Andreina Rosa (1924–2019) at the International Gallery of Modern Art Ca’ Pesaro, Venice. HERITAGE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/heritage4040242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A multi-analytical approach has been employed to investigate the painting Natura Morta (1954–1955) by Andreina Rosa (1924–2019) to assess the state of conservation and to understand more about the painting materials and techniques of this artwork, which was recently donated by the painter’s heirs to the International Gallery of Modern Art Ca’ Pesaro (Venice-Italy). A comprehensive and systematic diagnostic campaign was carried out, mainly adopting non-invasive imaging and spectroscopic methods, such as technical photography, optical microscopy, Hyperspectral Imaging Spectroscopy (HIS), fiber optics reflectance spectroscopy (FORS), External Reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared (ER-FTIR), and Raman spectroscopies. Microsamples, collected from the edges of the canvas in areas partially detached, were studied by Attenuated Total Reflection Fourier Transform Infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). By crossing the information gained, it was possible to make inferences about the composition of the groundings and the painted layers, the state of conservation of the artwork, and the presence of degradation phenomena. Hence, the present study may be of interest for conservation purposes as well as for enhancing the artistic activity of Andreina Rosa. The final aim was to provide useful information for the Gallery which recently included this painting in its permanent collection.
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Monico L, Cotte M, Vanmeert F, Amidani L, Janssens K, Nuyts G, Garrevoet J, Falkenberg G, Glatzel P, Romani A, Miliani C. Damages Induced by Synchrotron Radiation-Based X-ray Microanalysis in Chrome Yellow Paints and Related Cr-Compounds: Assessment, Quantification, and Mitigation Strategies. Anal Chem 2020; 92:14164-14173. [PMID: 32955250 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c03251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Synchrotron radiation (SR)-based X-ray methods are powerful analytical tools for several purposes. They are widely used to probe the degradation mechanisms of inorganic artists' pigments in paintings, including chrome yellows (PbCr1-xSxO4; 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.8), a class of compounds often found in Van Gogh masterpieces. However, the high intensity and brightness of SR beams raise important issues regarding the potential damage inflicted on the analyzed samples. A thorough knowledge of the SR X-ray sensitivity of each class of pigment in the painting matrix is therefore required to find analytical strategies that seek to minimize the damage for preserving the integrity of the analyzed samples and to avoid data misinterpretation. Here, we employ a combination of Cr K-edge X-ray absorption near-edge structure spectroscopy, Cr-Kβ X-ray emission spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction to monitor and quantify the effects of SR X-rays on the stability of chrome yellows and related Cr compounds and to define mitigation strategies. We found that the SR X-ray beam exposure induces changes in the oxidation state and local coordination environment of Cr ions and leads to a loss of the compound's crystalline structure. The extent of X-ray damage depends on some intrinsic properties of the samples (chemical composition of the pigment and the presence/absence and nature of the binder). It can be minimized by optimizing the overall fluence/dose released to the samples and by working in vacuum and under cryogenic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letizia Monico
- CNR-SCITEC, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy.,SMAArt Centre and Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy.,AXES Research Group, NANOlab Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Marine Cotte
- ESRF, Avenue des Martyrs 71, 38000 Grenoble, France.,LAMS, CNRS UMR 8220, Sorbonne Université, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Place Jussieu 4, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Frederik Vanmeert
- AXES Research Group, NANOlab Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium.,Laboratories of the Royal Institute of Cultural Heritage (KIK-IRPA), Parc du Cinquantenaire 1, 1000 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Lucia Amidani
- ESRF, Avenue des Martyrs 71, 38000 Grenoble, France.,HZDR, Institute of Resource Ecology, Rossendorf Beamline at the ESRF, 01314 Dresden, Germany
| | - Koen Janssens
- AXES Research Group, NANOlab Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium.,Rijksmuseum, Conservation & Restoration-Scientific Research, Hobbemastraat 22, 1071 ZC Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gert Nuyts
- AXES Research Group, NANOlab Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | | | | | - Aldo Romani
- CNR-SCITEC, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy.,SMAArt Centre and Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Costanza Miliani
- CNR-ISPC, Via Cardinale Guglielmo Sanfelice 8, 80134 Napoli, Italy
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Gonzalez V, Cotte M, Vanmeert F, de Nolf W, Janssens K. X-ray Diffraction Mapping for Cultural Heritage Science: a Review of Experimental Configurations and Applications. Chemistry 2019; 26:1703-1719. [PMID: 31609033 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201903284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
X-ray diffraction (XRD) mapping consists in the acquisition of XRD patterns at each pixel (or voxel) of an area (or volume). The spatial resolution ranges from the micrometer (μXRD) to the millimeter (MA-XRD) scale, making the technique relevant for tiny samples up to large objects. Although XRD is primarily used for the identification of different materials in (complex) mixtures, additional information regarding the crystallite size, their orientation, and their in-depth distribution can also be obtained. Through mapping, these different types of information can be located on the studied sample/object. Cultural heritage objects are usually highly heterogeneous, and contain both original and later (degradation, conservation) materials. Their structural characterization is required both to determine ancient manufacturing processes and to evaluate their conservation state. Together with other mapping techniques, XRD mapping is increasingly used for these purposes. Here, the authors review applications as well as the various configurations for XRD mapping (synchrotron/laboratory X-ray source, poly-/monochromatic beam, micro/macro beam, 2D/3D, transmission/reflection mode). On-going hardware and software developments will further establish the technique as a key tool in heritage science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Gonzalez
- Science Department, Rijksmuseum, Hobbemastraat 22, 1071 ZC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marine Cotte
- ESRF, the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38000, Grenoble, France.,Laboratoire d'Archéologie Moléculaire et Structurale (LAMS), Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR8220, 4 place Jussieu, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Frederik Vanmeert
- Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry & Speciation (AXES), University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Wout de Nolf
- ESRF, the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Koen Janssens
- Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry & Speciation (AXES), University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
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New Insights into Synthetic Copper Greens: The Search for Specific Signatures by Raman and Infrared Spectroscopy for Their Characterization in Medieval Artworks. HERITAGE 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/heritage2020099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A systematic investigation of medieval copper green pigments was carried out based on written sources: 21 manuscripts, dating from 50–70 to 1755 AD, were sourced and 77 recipes were selected, translating into 44 experiments. Reconstructions from medieval recipes were prepared and characterized through a multianalytical approach to disclose the original pigment formulation that is often described as verdigris. Based on the results obtained, we propose three main groups of copper green pigments, group 1, in which only Cu(CH3COO)2·H2O is formed; group 2, where this acetate is found together with copper oxalates; group 3, in which atacamite is present as the major green component or as a signature compound. The products formed are in perfect agreement with that predicted by the state-of-the-art research on the mechanisms of atmospheric corrosion of copper. This knowledge, together with our experience on craft recipes to prepare medieval paint materials, allowed us to recover a lost medieval recipe to produce a copper green pigment based mainly on atacamite, a basic copper chloride, which has been recently detected, by Raman and infrared spectroscopy, in artworks ranging from Catalonia and the Crown of Aragon panel painting to Islamic manuscripts.
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Miliani C, Monico L, Melo MJ, Fantacci S, Angelin EM, Romani A, Janssens K. Zur Photochemie von Künstlerfarben: Strategien zur Verhinderung von Farbveränderungen in Kunstwerken. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201802801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Costanza Miliani
- CNR-Institute of Molecular Science and Technologies (CNR-ISTM); via Elce di Sotto 8 06123 Perugia Italien
| | - Letizia Monico
- CNR-Institute of Molecular Science and Technologies (CNR-ISTM); via Elce di Sotto 8 06123 Perugia Italien
- SMAArt Centre and Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology; University of Perugia; via Elce di Sotto 8 06123 Perugia Italien
- Department of Chemistry; University of Antwerp; Groenenborgerlaan 171 2020 Antwerp Belgien
| | - Maria J. Melo
- Department of Conservation and Restoration LAQV-REQUIMTE; Faculty of Sciences and Technology; NOVA University of Lisbon; 2829-516 Monte da Caparica Portugal
| | - Simona Fantacci
- CNR-Institute of Molecular Science and Technologies (CNR-ISTM); via Elce di Sotto 8 06123 Perugia Italien
| | - Eva M. Angelin
- Department of Conservation and Restoration LAQV-REQUIMTE; Faculty of Sciences and Technology; NOVA University of Lisbon; 2829-516 Monte da Caparica Portugal
| | - Aldo Romani
- CNR-Institute of Molecular Science and Technologies (CNR-ISTM); via Elce di Sotto 8 06123 Perugia Italien
- SMAArt Centre and Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology; University of Perugia; via Elce di Sotto 8 06123 Perugia Italien
| | - Koen Janssens
- Department of Chemistry; University of Antwerp; Groenenborgerlaan 171 2020 Antwerp Belgien
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Miliani C, Monico L, Melo MJ, Fantacci S, Angelin EM, Romani A, Janssens K. Photochemistry of Artists' Dyes and Pigments: Towards Better Understanding and Prevention of Colour Change in Works of Art. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:7324-7334. [PMID: 29696761 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201802801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The absorption of light gives a pigment its colour and its reason for being, but it also creates excited states, that is, new molecules with an energy excess that can be dissipated through degradation pathways. Photodegradation processes provoke long-term, cumulative and irreversible colour changes (fading, darkening, blanching) of which the prediction and prevention are challenging tasks. Of all the environmental risks that affect heritage materials, light exposure is the only one that cannot be controlled without any impact on the optimal display of the exhibit. Light-induced alterations are not only associated with the pigment itself but also with its interactions with support/binder and, in turn, are further complicated by the nature of the environmental conditions. In this Minireview we investigate how chemistry, encompassing multi-scale analytical investigations of works of art, computational modelling and physical and chemical studies contributes to improve our prediction of artwork appearance before degradation and to establish effective preventive conservation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Costanza Miliani
- CNR-Institute of Molecular Science and Technologies (CNR-ISTM), via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123, Perugia, Italy
| | - Letizia Monico
- CNR-Institute of Molecular Science and Technologies (CNR-ISTM), via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123, Perugia, Italy.,SMAArt Centre and Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123, Perugia, Italy.,Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Maria J Melo
- Department of Conservation and Restoration LAQV-REQUIMTE, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, 2829-516 Monte da, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Simona Fantacci
- CNR-Institute of Molecular Science and Technologies (CNR-ISTM), via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123, Perugia, Italy
| | - Eva M Angelin
- Department of Conservation and Restoration LAQV-REQUIMTE, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, 2829-516 Monte da, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Aldo Romani
- CNR-Institute of Molecular Science and Technologies (CNR-ISTM), via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123, Perugia, Italy.,SMAArt Centre and Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123, Perugia, Italy
| | - Koen Janssens
- Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
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