1
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Lee T, Song CE, Lee SK, Shin WS, Lim E. Alkyl-Side-Chain Engineering of Nonfused Nonfullerene Acceptors with Simultaneously Improved Material Solubility and Device Performance for Organic Solar Cells. ACS Omega 2021; 6:4562-4573. [PMID: 33644564 PMCID: PMC7905825 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c04495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Two nonfullerene small molecules, TBTT-BORH and TBTT-ORH, which have the same thiophene-benzothiadiazole-thiophene (TBTT) core flanked with butyloctyl (BO)- and octyl (O)-substituted rhodanines (RHs) at both ends, respectively, are developed as electron acceptors for organic solar cells (OSCs). The difference between the alkyl groups introduced into TBTT-BORH and TBTT-ORH strongly influence the intermolecular aggregation in the film state. Differential scanning calorimetry and UV-vis absorption studies reveal that TBTT-ORH exhibited stronger molecular aggregation behavior than TBTT-BORH. On the contrary, the material solubility is greatly improved by the introduction of a BO group in TBTT-BORH, and the inevitably low molecular interaction and packing ability of the as-cast TBTT-BORH film can be effectively increased by a solvent-vapor annealing (SVA) treatment. OSCs based on the two acceptors and PTB7-Th as a polymer donor are fabricated owing to their complementary absorption and sufficient energy-level offsets. The best power conversion efficiency of 8.33% is obtained with the SVA-treated TBTT-BORH device, where, together with a high open-circuit voltage of 1.02 V, the charge-carrier mobility and the short-circuit current density were greatly improved by the SVA treatment to levels comparable to those of the TBTT-ORH device because of the suppressed charge recombination and improved film morphology. In this work, the simultaneous improvement of both material solubility and device performance is achieved through alkyl side-chain engineering to balance the trade-offs among material solubility/crystallinity/device performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taeho Lee
- Department
of Chemistry, Kyonggi University, 154-42 Gwanggyosan-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon 16227, Republic
of Korea
| | - Chang Eun Song
- Energy
Materials Research Center, Korea Research
Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34114, Republic
of Korea
| | - Sang Kyu Lee
- Energy
Materials Research Center, Korea Research
Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34114, Republic
of Korea
| | - Won Suk Shin
- Energy
Materials Research Center, Korea Research
Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34114, Republic
of Korea
| | - Eunhee Lim
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, University of Seoul, 163 Seoulsiripdae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02504, Republic of Korea
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2
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Tober N, Winter J, Jochem M, Lehmann M, Detert H. Tris(5‐aryl‐1,3,4‐oxadiazolyl)benzotrithiophenes – Discotic Liquid Crystals with Enormous Mesophase Ranges. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202001475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Tober
- Department of Chemistry University of Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Johannes Winter
- Department of Chemistry University of Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Matthias Jochem
- Department of Chemistry University of Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Matthias Lehmann
- Institute of Organic Chemistry University of Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Heiner Detert
- Department of Chemistry University of Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Germany
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3
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Förtsch S, Mena-Osteritz E, Bäuerle P. Synthesis and characterization of β,β′-dimethylated dithieno[3,2- b:2′,3′- d]pyrroles and their corresponding regioregular conducting electropolymers. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py00479d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Synthesis, structural characterization, and oxidative polymerization of β,β′-dimethyl-dithienopyrrole 2–7 leading to linear, strictly regioregular conjugated polymers without structural defects due to the blocked β-positions are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Förtsch
- Institute of Organic Chemistry II and Advanced MaterialsUniversity of Ulm
- 89081 Ulm
- Germany
| | - Elena Mena-Osteritz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry II and Advanced MaterialsUniversity of Ulm
- 89081 Ulm
- Germany
| | - Peter Bäuerle
- Institute of Organic Chemistry II and Advanced MaterialsUniversity of Ulm
- 89081 Ulm
- Germany
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4
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Vogt A, Henne F, Wetzel C, Mena-Osteritz E, Bäuerle P. Synthesis and characterization of S,N-heterotetracenes. Beilstein J Org Chem 2020; 16:2636-2644. [PMID: 33178354 PMCID: PMC7607432 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.16.214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The synthesis and optoelectronic properties of novel S,N-heterotetracenes consisting of fused heterocyclic thiophene and pyrrole rings are presented. Tetracyclic and benzannulated derivatives with a varying number and sequence of sulfur and nitrogen heteroatoms were synthesized in multistep synthetic routes. A Buchwald-Hartwig amination of brominated precursors, thermolysis of azide precursors, and a Cadogan reaction of nitro-substituted precursors were successfully applied to eventually build-up pyrrole rings to stable and soluble fused systems. The various obtained heteroatom sequences 'SSNS' (SN4), 'SNNS' (SN4''), and 'NSSN' (SN4') allowed for evaluation of structure-property relationships relative to the sulfur analogue tetrathienoacene ('SSSS'). In line with the results for the whole series of S,N-heteroacenes, we find that replacement of sulfur by nitrogen atoms in the tetra- and hexacyclic systems leads to a red-shift in absorption, a decrease in oxidation potential and energy gap. On the other hand, the replacement of a thiophene ring by benzene leads to the opposite effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Vogt
- Institute of Organic Chemistry II and Advanced Materials, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Florian Henne
- Institute of Organic Chemistry II and Advanced Materials, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany.,Carl Zeiss SMT GmbH, Rudolf-Eber-Straße 2, 73447 Oberkochen, Germany
| | - Christoph Wetzel
- Institute of Organic Chemistry II and Advanced Materials, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany.,Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Elena Mena-Osteritz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry II and Advanced Materials, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Peter Bäuerle
- Institute of Organic Chemistry II and Advanced Materials, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
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5
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Bulumulla C, Gunawardhana R, Gamage PL, Miller JT, Kularatne RN, Biewer MC, Stefan MC. Pyrrole-Containing Semiconducting Materials: Synthesis and Applications in Organic Photovoltaics and Organic Field-Effect Transistors. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020; 12:32209-32232. [PMID: 32584535 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c07161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Organic semiconducting materials derived from π-electron-rich pyrroles have garnered attention in recent years for the development of organic semiconductors. Although pyrrole is the most electron-rich five-membered heteroaromatic ring, it has found few applications in organic photovoltaics and organic field-effect transistors due to synthetic challenges and instability. However, computational modeling assisted screening processes have indicated that relatively stable materials containing pyrrolic units can be synthesized without compromising their inherent electron-donating properties. In this work, we provide a complete, up-to-date review of pyrrole-containing semiconducting materials used for organic photovoltaics and organic field-effect transistors and highlight recent advances in the synthesis of these materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandima Bulumulla
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - Ruwan Gunawardhana
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - Prabhath L Gamage
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - Justin T Miller
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - Ruvanthi N Kularatne
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - Michael C Biewer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - Mihaela C Stefan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
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6
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Che Y, Zhang Y, Yang Y, Liu CH, Izquierdo R, Xiao SS, Perepichka DF. Understanding the Photovoltaic Behavior of A–D–A Molecular Semiconductors through a Permutation of End Groups. J Org Chem 2019; 85:52-61. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b01654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuxuan Che
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Yuliang Zhang
- Département d’Informatique, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3P8, Canada
| | - Yali Yang
- 1-Material Inc., Dorval, Quebec H9P 1K2, Canada
| | - Cheng-Hao Liu
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Ricardo Izquierdo
- Electrical Engineering Department, École de Technologie Supérieure, Université du Québec, Montréal, Québec H3C 3K1, Canada
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7
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Huang YF, Wang CK, Lai BH, Chung CL, Chen CY, Ciou GT, Wong KT, Wang CL. Influences of Structural Modification of S, N-Hexacenes on the Morphology and OFET Characteristics. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2019; 11:21756-21765. [PMID: 31120735 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b04284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Although chemical modifications on conjugated molecules are widely applied for the purpose of improving processability and device performances, the effect of the modification was far less investigated. Here, five S, N-hexacenes are studied to reveal the influences of (1) the lateral alkyl chain, (2) the terminal group (thiophene vs benzene), and (3) the end-capping phenyl group of the hexacenes on the morphology and organic field-effect transistor (OFET) performances. Crystal arrays of the hexacenes were prepared via polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)-assisted crystallization (PAC) prior to morphological and OFET characterizations. The lattice structures and crystal quality of the hexacenes were evaluated by microscopy and diffraction techniques including single-crystal diffractometer, electron diffraction, and grazing incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering. The systematic analyses led to the following conclusions: (1) the bulkier alkyl side chain assists to form more densely packed crystals with less structural defects; (2) the terminal thiophene rings bring about higher-lying EHOMO, more ordered phase, and crystal orientation, whereas the terminal benzene rings deteriorate the structural order of the active layer and result in the liquid crystal phase; and (3) the phenyl end caps ameliorate the morphological order, intermolecular overlapping, thermal stability and elevate EHOMO. Thus, EH-DTPTt-Ph delivers the highest μh, contributing to high-lying EHOMO, well-oriented crystal array with a longer correlation length, and suitable lattice orientation. This systematic research provides the aspects about the effects of the functionalized S, N-hexacenes on the morphology and OFET characteristics, which is anticipated to be useful for the molecular design of heteroacenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Fan Huang
- Department of Applied Chemistry , National Chiao Tung University , Hsinchu 30010 , Taiwan
| | - Chun-Kai Wang
- Department of Chemistry , National Taiwan University , Taipei 10617 , Taiwan
| | - Bo-Han Lai
- Department of Applied Chemistry , National Chiao Tung University , Hsinchu 30010 , Taiwan
| | - Chin-Lung Chung
- Department of Chemistry , National Taiwan University , Taipei 10617 , Taiwan
| | - Chin-Yi Chen
- Department of Applied Chemistry , National Chiao Tung University , Hsinchu 30010 , Taiwan
| | - Guan-Ting Ciou
- Department of Applied Chemistry , National Chiao Tung University , Hsinchu 30010 , Taiwan
| | - Ken-Tsung Wong
- Department of Chemistry , National Taiwan University , Taipei 10617 , Taiwan
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Science , Academia Sinica , Taipei 10617 , Taiwan
| | - Chien-Lung Wang
- Department of Applied Chemistry , National Chiao Tung University , Hsinchu 30010 , Taiwan
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8
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Caselli M, Vanossi D, Buffagni M, Imperato M, Pigani L, Mucci A, Parenti F. Optoelectronic Properties of A-π-D-π-A Thiophene-Based Materials with a Dithienosilole Core: An Experimental and Theoretical Study. Chempluschem 2019; 84:1314-1323. [PMID: 31944051 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201900092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Two A-π-D-π-A thiophene-based small molecules with a central dithienosilole core and dicyanovinyl (DCV) end groups were synthesized. These compounds differ only by the presence of alkyl and alkylsulfanyl chains, respectively, on the thiophene beta positions. Computational data together with the spectroscopic and electrochemical findings (obtained by means of absorption, steady-state/time-resolved emission techniques, and cyclic voltammetry) revealed that both molecules possess low electronic and optical band gaps, broad absorption spectra, and good stability both in p and n-doping states, which make them suitable for optoelectronic applications. In both compounds, the HOMO-LUMO transition involves an intramolecular charge transfer from the electron-donor dithienosilole unit to the two terminal electron-acceptor DCV groups. A marked positive emission solvatochromism was observed for both molecules and was interpreted on the basis of the symmetry breaking in the S1 excited state. The two synthesized compounds were also compared to their shorter precursors and to similar oligothiophenes to understand how the nature of the building block influences the characteristics of the final materials. Furthermore, it was possible to better understand the contribution of the sulfur atom in modulating the optical properties of the small molecules studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Caselli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 103, 41125, Modena, Italy
| | - Davide Vanossi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 103, 41125, Modena, Italy
| | - Mirko Buffagni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 103, 41125, Modena, Italy
| | - Manuel Imperato
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 103, 41125, Modena, Italy
| | - Laura Pigani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 103, 41125, Modena, Italy
| | - Adele Mucci
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 103, 41125, Modena, Italy
| | - Francesca Parenti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 103, 41125, Modena, Italy
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9
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Sahu D, Kar AK, Pattanaik AK, Sreekanth PSR, Badgayan ND. Synthesis and applications of thieno[3,4-c]pyrrole-4,6-dione based linear to star-burst novel D–A conjugated oligomers for organic photovoltaics. SN Appl Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-018-0025-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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10
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Lucas S, Leydecker T, Samorì P, Mena-Osteritz E, Bäuerle P. Covalently linked donor–acceptor dyad for efficient single material organic solar cells. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:14202-14205. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc07179b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel covalently linked donor–acceptor dyad comprising a dithienopyrrol-based oligomeric donor and a fullerene acceptor was synthesized and characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Lucas
- Institute of Organic Chemistry II and Advanced Materials
- University of Ulm
- 89081 Ulm
- Germany
| | - Tim Leydecker
- University of Strasbourg
- CNRS
- ISIS
- 67000 Strasbourg
- France
| | - Paolo Samorì
- University of Strasbourg
- CNRS
- ISIS
- 67000 Strasbourg
- France
| | - Elena Mena-Osteritz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry II and Advanced Materials
- University of Ulm
- 89081 Ulm
- Germany
| | - Peter Bäuerle
- Institute of Organic Chemistry II and Advanced Materials
- University of Ulm
- 89081 Ulm
- Germany
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11
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Yan K, Liu ZX, Li X, Chen J, Chen H, Li CZ. Conductive fullerene surfactants via anion doping as cathode interlayers for efficient organic and perovskite solar cells. Org Chem Front 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8qo00788h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Conductive fullerenes, with mild solution-processing capabilities, are developed as electron transporting materials for efficient organic and perovskite solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangrong Yan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
| | - Zhi-Xi Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
| | - Xue Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
| | - Jiehuan Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
| | - Hongzheng Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
| | - Chang-Zhi Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
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12
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Wang YL, Li QS, Li ZS. Effect of π-bridge units on properties of A–π–D–π–A-type nonfullerene acceptors for organic solar cells. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:14200-14210. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp02266f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We theoretically designed efficient nonfullerene acceptors (P2 and P5) with lower LUMO energies and higher electron transport abilities for OSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Ling Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education
- Beijing Key laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing 100081
| | - Quan-Song Li
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education
- Beijing Key laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing 100081
| | - Ze-Sheng Li
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education
- Beijing Key laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing 100081
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13
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Busireddy MR, Madhu C, Chereddy NR, Appalanaidu E, Sharma GD, Vaidya JR. Optimization of the Donor Material Structure and Processing Conditions to Obtain Efficient Small-Molecule Donors for Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.201700170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manohar Reddy Busireddy
- Crop Protection Chemicals Division; CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology; Uppal Road, Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500007 India
- AcSIR; CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology; Hyderabad 500007 India
| | - Chakali Madhu
- Crop Protection Chemicals Division; CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology; Uppal Road, Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500007 India
- AcSIR; CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology; Hyderabad 500007 India
| | - Narendra Reddy Chereddy
- Crop Protection Chemicals Division; CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology; Uppal Road, Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500007 India
| | - Ejjurothu Appalanaidu
- Crop Protection Chemicals Division; CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology; Uppal Road, Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500007 India
- AcSIR; CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology; Hyderabad 500007 India
| | - Ganesh Datt Sharma
- Department of Physics; The LNM Institute of Information Technology; Jamdoli, Jaipur IIndia
| | - Jayathirtha Rao Vaidya
- Crop Protection Chemicals Division; CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology; Uppal Road, Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500007 India
- AcSIR; CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology; Hyderabad 500007 India
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