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Munjal R, Kyarikwal R, Sarkar S, Nag P, Vennapusa SR, Mukhopadhyay S. A Siderophore Mimicking Gelation Component for Capturing and Self-Separation of Fe(III) from an Aqueous Solution of Mixture of Metal Ions. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:7089-7103. [PMID: 38573755 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c01177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
The carbohydrazide-based gelation component N2,N4,N6-(1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triyl)tris(benzene-1,3,5-tricarbohydrazide) (CBTC) was synthesized and characterized using various spectroscopic tools. CBTC and trimesic acid (TMA) get self-assembled to form metallogel with Fe3+, specifically through various noncovalent interactions in a DMSO and H2O mixture. The self-assembly shows remarkable specificity toward Fe(III) among different transition metal salts. It is pertinent to point out that the binding specificity for Fe3+ can also be found in nature in the form of siderophores, as they are mainly involved in scavenging iron selectively from the surroundings. DFT studies have been used to investigate the possible interaction between the different components of the iron metallogel. To determine the selectivity of CBTC for iron, CBTC, along with trimesic acid, is used to interact with other metal ions, including Fe(III) ions, in a single system. The gelation components CBTC and TMA selectively bind with iron(III), which leads to the formation of metallogel and gets separated as a discrete layer, leaving the other metal ions in the solution. Therefore, CBTC and TMA together show iron-scavenging properties. This selective scavenging property is explored through FE-SEM, XPS, PXRD, IR, and ICP-AES analysis. The FE-SEM analysis shows a flower-petal-like morphology for the Fe(III) metallogel. The resemblance in the CBTC-TMA-Fe metallogel and metallogel obtained from the mixture of different metal salts is established through FE-SEM images and XPS analysis. The release of iron from the metallogel is achieved with the help of ascorbic acid, which converts Fe3+ to Fe2+. In biological systems, iron also gets released similarly from siderophores. This is the first report where the synthesized gelation component CBTC molecule is capable of scavenging out iron in the form of metallogel and self-separating from the aqueous mixture in the presence of various other metal ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritika Munjal
- Department of Chemistry, School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Khandwa road, Simrol, Indore 453552, India
| | - Reena Kyarikwal
- Department of Chemistry, School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Khandwa road, Simrol, Indore 453552, India
| | - Sayantan Sarkar
- Department of Chemistry, School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Khandwa road, Simrol, Indore 453552, India
| | - Probal Nag
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Thiruvananthapuram 695551, India
| | - Sivaranjana Reddy Vennapusa
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Thiruvananthapuram 695551, India
| | - Suman Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Chemistry, School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Khandwa road, Simrol, Indore 453552, India
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2
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Singh V, Dwivedi AD, Pandey R. Anticounterfeiting Feature of a Writable and Self-Erasable Ni(II)-Metallogel Pad via Fluorescent "Turn-On" Detection of Cyanide. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:5121-5136. [PMID: 38419340 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c03036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
A Schiff base 5-(2-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzylidieneamino)-1-H-imidazole-4-carboxamide (HL) comprising multibinding sites has been synthesized with the aim of fabricating a supramolecular gel. The gelator HL was characterized by FT-IR, 1H & 13C NMR, and ESI-MS techniques and also formed a [Ni(L)2] complex. The gelation property of HL was investigated with various metal ions, wherein Ni(II) selectively forms a mechanically and thermally stable supramolecular metallogel (MG) in the presence of a triethylamine base in DMF-MeOH media. Characterization of MG was accomplished with different spectro-analytical techniques such as FT-IR, ESI-MS, powder-XRD, SEM, rheological investigations, UV/vis, and fluorescence. The gelator HL displays moderate emission upon addition of Ni2+ and gives "turn-off" fluorescence output by forming the complex [Ni(L)2] (MG) due to the chelation-enhanced quenching of fluorescence (CHEQ). Job plot and ESI-MS data suggested a 2:1 stoichiometry between HL and Ni(II) in MG. Further, MG exhibited highly selective and ultrasensitive "turn-on" fluorescence signaling with CN- in the background presence of several cations and anions. The limit of detection (LoD) of MG was determined to be 6.9 × 10-9 M for CN- using the fluorescence technique. Notably, MG behaves as a fluorescent writable pad material explicitly with CN- under 365 nm UV light but not under ordinary light and the fluorescent text is self-erased after 15 min. Hence, MG can be used as a metallogel pad in the presence of CN- to communicate secret messages. Overall, the present work explores the fabrication of a thermo- and mechanostable Ni(II)-metallogel (MG), which selectively and ultrasensitively detects CN- both in the solution phase and in the gel form, wherein MG behaves as a writable and self-erasable pad with anticounterfeiting features for practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaishali Singh
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Uttarakhand, Srinagar (Garhwal) 246174, India
| | - Ambikesh D Dwivedi
- Department of Chemistry, Banaras Hindu University Varanasi, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Rampal Pandey
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Uttarakhand, Srinagar (Garhwal) 246174, India
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3
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Andrews J, Kennedy SR, Yufit DS, McCabe JF, Steed JW. Designer Gelators for the Crystallization of a Salt Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient-Mexiletine Hydrochloride. CRYSTAL GROWTH & DESIGN 2022; 22:6775-6785. [PMID: 36345390 PMCID: PMC9635620 DOI: 10.1021/acs.cgd.2c00925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We report an approach to obtain drug-mimetic supramolecular gelators, which are capable of stabilizing metastable polymorphs of the pharmaceutical salt mexiletine hydrochloride, a highly polymorphic antiarrhythmic drug. Solution-phase screening led to the discovery of two new solvated solid forms of mexiletine, a type C 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene tetarto-solvate and a type D nitrobenzene solvate. Various metastable forms were crystallized within the gels under conditions which would not have been possible in solution. Despite typically crystallizing concomitantly with form 1, a pure sample of form 3 was crystallized within a gel of ethyl methyl ketone. Various type A channel solvates were crystallized from gels of toluene and ethyl acetate, in which the contents of the channels varied from those of solution-phase forms. Most strikingly, the high-temperature-stable form 2 was crystallized from a gel in 1,2-dibromoethane: the only known route to access this form at room temperature. These results exemplify the powerful stabilizing effect of drug-mimetic supramolecular gels, which can be exploited in pharmaceutical polymorph screens to access highly metastable or difficult-to-nucleate solid forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica
L. Andrews
- Department
of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, U.K.
| | - Stuart R. Kennedy
- Department
of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, U.K.
| | - Dmitry S. Yufit
- Department
of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, U.K.
| | - James F. McCabe
- Pharmaceutical
Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Charter Way, Silk Road Business Park, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, U.K.
| | - Jonathan W. Steed
- Department
of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, U.K.
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4
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Sonkar C, Sarkar S, Malviya N, Kuznetsov ML, Mukhopadhyay S. Recognition and mechanistic investigation of anion sensing by ruthenium(II) arene complexes and bio-imaging application. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:13071-13084. [PMID: 35972307 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt01726a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
In this work, four new ruthenium complexes [Ru(η6-p-cymene)(L1)Cl] 1, [Ru(η6-p-cymene)(L2)Cl] 2, [Ru(η6-p-cymene)(L3)Cl] 3 and [Ru(η6-p-cymene)(L4)Cl] 4 [HL1 = (2-cyanophenyl)glycine; HL2 = (5-chloro-2-cyanophenyl)glycine; HL3 = (2-cyano-3-fluorophenyl)glycine; HL4 = (4-cyanophenyl)glycine] were synthesized and well characterized by several spectroscopic and analytical techniques. Complexes 1 and 3 were found to be fluorescent in most of the solvents; however, 2 and 4 were found to be fluorescent mostly in EtOAc, DMF and ethanol. Amongst these four complexes, 3 has shown selective sensing against CO32- and SO42- anions by quenching of fluorescence. The LOD values are found to be in the sub-micromolar range. Investigations of the sensing mechanism performed by computation and NMR studies indicate a possible adduct formation between the NH group of the ligand and the anion(s) through hydrogen bond formation, which ultimately might lead to proton transfer to the bi-negative anion. The quantum yield of the complex 3 was found to decrease on addition of CO32- and SO42- anions from 0.46 to 0.13 and 0.12, respectively. The Job's plot indicates the binding between the probe and anion in a 1 : 1 ratio for both CO32- and SO42- anions. Along with that, all the complexes were found to be biocompatible when tested against several cell lines showing very high IC50 values. It can also be observed that 1 is capable of penetrating within the cells and can act as a cell imaging agent showing fluorescence, and thus can be used for bio-imaging purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanchal Sonkar
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Khandwa Road, Simrol, Indore 453552, India
| | - Sayantan Sarkar
- Department of Chemistry, School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Khandwa Road, Simrol, Indore 453552, India.
| | - Novina Malviya
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen's University Belfast, UK
| | - Maxim L Kuznetsov
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Departamento de Engenharia Química, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Suman Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Chemistry, School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Khandwa Road, Simrol, Indore 453552, India.
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5
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Zhang Y, Tang F, He X, Wang C, Kong L, Yang J, Ding A. Imidazole-based AIEgens for highly sensitive and selective detection of picric acid. CrystEngComm 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2ce00953f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A new family of imidazole-based AIEgens has been synthesized as fluorescent probes for specific recognition of picric acids over a variety of nitroaromatic compounds in aqueous media with high sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhu Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials (Anhui University), Ministry of Education, Photoelectric Conversion Energy Materials and Devices Key Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui University, Hefei, 230061, PR China
| | - Fang Tang
- The Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE, Future Technologies), Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, PR China
| | - Xuan He
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials (Anhui University), Ministry of Education, Photoelectric Conversion Energy Materials and Devices Key Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui University, Hefei, 230061, PR China
| | - Chengyuan Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials (Anhui University), Ministry of Education, Photoelectric Conversion Energy Materials and Devices Key Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui University, Hefei, 230061, PR China
| | - Lin Kong
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials (Anhui University), Ministry of Education, Photoelectric Conversion Energy Materials and Devices Key Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui University, Hefei, 230061, PR China
| | - Jiaxiang Yang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials (Anhui University), Ministry of Education, Photoelectric Conversion Energy Materials and Devices Key Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui University, Hefei, 230061, PR China
| | - Aixiang Ding
- The Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE, Future Technologies), Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, PR China
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Kyarikwal R, Malviya N, Chakraborty A, Mukhopadhyay S. Preparation of Tris-Tetrazole-Based Metallogels and Stabilization of Silver Nanoparticles: Studies on Reduction Catalysis and Self-Healing Property. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:59567-59579. [PMID: 34855348 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c19217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
An ionic multifunctional gelator molecule triethylammonium 5-(3,5-bis((1H-tetrazol-5-yl)carbamoyl)benzamido)tetrazol-1-ide G7 is synthesized and characterized by spectroscopic tools and mass spectrometry. G7 tends to form a stable organogel in a mixture of N,N-dimethylformamide/dimethylsulfoxide (DMF/DMSO) and water. Introduction of different metal perchlorate salts in a DMSO solution of G7 furnished a series of metallogels M1G7, M2G7, M3G7, M4G7, M5G7, M6G7, and M7G7 [M1 = Fe(III), M2 = Co(II), M3 = Cu(II), M4 = Zn(II), M5 = Ag(I), M6 = Ni, and M7 = Fe(II)]. Among them, M1G7, M3G7, M4G7, M6G7, and M7G7 help individually in the synthesis and stabilization of bimetallic nanocomposites containing silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). Iron(III)-containing nanocomposites M1G7AgNPs have been utilized in the form of catalysts in the reduction reaction of nitroaromatic compounds to corresponding amines with a quantitative yield. The organogel G7 has also shown the abilities to absorb different metal ions from aqueous solutions and allow selective transition of M1G7 from the gel state to the crystalline state. Fe(III) formed dual metallogels with Zn(II), which can be used for further applications. Furthermore, the nanocomposite M1G7AgNP powder, in the presence of the organogel G7, gets converted into a nanostructured metallogel, which shows exclusive self-healing properties. This is the first example where a nanocomposite powder contains the dual-metal system (Fe(III) and Ag(0)) and shows a reduction catalytic property, and its nanostructured dual-metallogel form manifests the self-healing property in a fabricated metallogel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reena Kyarikwal
- Department of Chemistry, School of Basic Science, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Khandwa Road, Simrol, Indore 453552, India
| | - Novina Malviya
- Department of Chemistry, School of Basic Science, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Khandwa Road, Simrol, Indore 453552, India
| | - Argha Chakraborty
- Department of Chemistry, School of Basic Science, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Khandwa Road, Simrol, Indore 453552, India
| | - Suman Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Chemistry, School of Basic Science, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Khandwa Road, Simrol, Indore 453552, India
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7
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Corrosion inhibition studies on mild steel in HCl by a newly synthesized benzil monohydrazone based Schiff base. J INDIAN CHEM SOC 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jics.2021.100245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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8
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Li Z, Ji X, Xie H, Tang BZ. Aggregation-Induced Emission-Active Gels: Fabrications, Functions, and Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2100021. [PMID: 34216407 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202100021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Chromophores that exhibit aggregation-induced emission (i.e., aggregation-induced emission luminogens [AIEgens]) emit intense fluorescence in their aggregated states, but show negligible emission as discrete molecular species in solution due to the changes in restriction and freedom of intramolecular motions. As solvent-swollen quasi-solids with both a compact phase and a free space, gels enable manipulation of intramolecular motions. Thus, AIE-active gels have attracted significant interest owing to their various distinctive properties and promising application potential. Herein, a comprehensive overview of AIE-active gels is provided. The fabrication strategies employed are detailed, and the applications of AIEgens are summarized. In addition, the gel functions arising from the AIE moieties are revealed, along with their structure-property relationships. Furthermore, the applications of AIE-active gels in diverse areas are illustrated. Finally, ongoing challenges and potential means to address them are discussed, along with future perspectives on AIE-active gels, with the overall aim of inspiring research on novel materials and ideas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Li
- Institute of Engineering Medicine, Beijing Institute of Technology, 5 South Zhongguancun Street, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xiaofan Ji
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Huilin Xie
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction and Institute for Advanced Study, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
- HKUST-Shenzhen Research Institute, No. 9 Yuexing 1st RD, South Area, Hi-tech Park Nanshan, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Ben Zhong Tang
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction and Institute for Advanced Study, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
- HKUST-Shenzhen Research Institute, No. 9 Yuexing 1st RD, South Area, Hi-tech Park Nanshan, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Center for Aggregation-Induced Emission, SCUT-HKUST Joint Research Institutes, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
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9
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Panja S, Adams DJ. Stimuli responsive dynamic transformations in supramolecular gels. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:5165-5200. [PMID: 33646219 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs01166e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Supramolecular gels are formed by the self-assembly of small molecules under the influence of various non-covalent interactions. As the interactions are individually weak and reversible, it is possible to perturb the gels easily, which in turn enables fine tuning of their properties. Synthetic supramolecular gels are kinetically trapped and usually do not show time variable changes in material properties after formation. However, such materials potentially become switchable when exposed to external stimuli like temperature, pH, light, enzyme, redox, and chemical analytes resulting in reconfiguration of gel matrix into a different type of network. Such transformations allow gel-to-gel transitions while the changes in the molecular aggregation result in alteration of physical and chemical properties of the gel with time. Here, we discuss various methods that have been used to achieve gel-to-gel transitions by modifying a pre-formed gel material through external perturbation. We also describe methods that allow time-dependent autonomous switching of gels into different networks enabling synthesis of next generation functional materials. Dynamic modification of gels allows construction of an array of supramolecular gels with various properties from a single material which eventually extend the limit of applications of the gels. In some cases, gel-to-gel transitions lead to materials that cannot be accessed directly. Finally, we point out the necessity and possibility of further exploration of the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santanu Panja
- School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK.
| | - Dave J Adams
- School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK.
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10
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Yao H, Zhou Q, Kan XT, Niu YB, Naeem M, Wei TB, Lin Q, Zhang YM. A signal amplification strategy for ultrasensitive detecting H2PO4− using metal coordinated supramolecular gel. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.114500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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11
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Wang D, Chen A, Morris J, Wang G. Stimuli-responsive gelators from carbamoyl sugar derivatives and their responses to metal ions and tetrabutylammonium salts. RSC Adv 2020; 10:40068-40083. [PMID: 35520864 PMCID: PMC9057480 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra07587f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbohydrate-based low molecular weight gelators (LMWGs) are interesting compounds with a variety of applications. In this research, a library of nineteen carbamate derivatives of N-acetyl-d-glucosamine were synthesized and characterized, and several derivatives were found to be effective LMWGs. They formed gels in pump oils as well as mixtures of water with ethanol or water with DMSO. The structures of the carbamoyl chains played an important role in the gelation properties, short chain aliphatic derivatives and phenyl carbamates formed gels in more solvents than certain aromatic and dimeric carbamates. The phenyl carbamate gelator was also selected for the encapsulation of naproxen sodium, and the drug slowly diffused from the gel to the aqueous phase as indicated by UV-vis spectroscopy. In addition, we also found that the p-methoxyl benzyl carbamate derivative showed interesting stimuli-responsive gelation properties in the presence of metal salts and tetrabutylammonium salts. The gels were characterized using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, rheology and other methods. The self-assembling mechanisms of the gelators were studied using 1H NMR spectroscopy. The preparation, characterization, and molecular assembling properties of these compounds are reported. The results obtained from this study are useful for the design of other LMWGs and the sugar derivatives can be explored for different biological applications. The formation of spontaneous ionic gels can be applicable for a plethora of applications including catalysis and environmental remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Old Dominion University 4541 Hampton Boulevard Norfolk VA 23529-0126 USA +1 757 683 4628 +1 757 683 3781
| | - Anji Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Old Dominion University 4541 Hampton Boulevard Norfolk VA 23529-0126 USA +1 757 683 4628 +1 757 683 3781
| | - Joedian Morris
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Old Dominion University 4541 Hampton Boulevard Norfolk VA 23529-0126 USA +1 757 683 4628 +1 757 683 3781
| | - Guijun Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Old Dominion University 4541 Hampton Boulevard Norfolk VA 23529-0126 USA +1 757 683 4628 +1 757 683 3781
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12
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Sebastian A, Prasad E. Cyanide Sensing in Water Using a Copper Metallogel through "Turn-on" Fluorescence. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:10537-10547. [PMID: 32841041 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c01803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The development of fluorescent probes for selective detection of cyanide has gained considerable attention over the past two decades due to benefits like high selectivity as well as sensitivity, fast response, visual output, accurate quantification, and a simplified sample preparation procedure. However, the propensity of supramolecular gels toward fluorescence sensing of cyanide in aqueous medium is not well explored until now. Herein, we report the design and synthesis of a novel copper based metallogel capable of sensing cyanide in water by fluorescence "turn on". Toward this, a terpyridine attached poly(aryl ether) dendrone derivative (G1) is synthesized which forms gel and exhibits Aggregation Induced Emission (AIE). The addition and diffusion of copper ions to the gel resulted in the formation of a nonluminescent copper metallogel (CuG). The copper metallogel could selectively sense cyanide in water by a fluorescence "turn-on" signal due to the regeneration of the AIE active gel. The mechanistic pathways of the sensing have been studied, and the detection limit for sensing was found to be as low as 1.09 μM. A thin film of CuG was prepared by casting the gel and used as a test strip for the visual detection of cyanide in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alphy Sebastian
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - Edamana Prasad
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
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13
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Arumugaperumal R, Hua WL, Raghunath P, Lin MC, Chung WS. Controlled Sol-Gel and Diversiform Nanostructure Transitions by Photoresponsive Molecular Switching of Tetraphenylethene- and Azobenzene-Functionalized Organogelators. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:29650-29660. [PMID: 32543823 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c06251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The implementation of stimuli-responsive materials with dynamically controllable features has long been an important objective that challenges chemists in the materials science field. We report here the synthesis and characterization of [2]rotaxanes (R1 and R1-b) with a molecular shuttle and photoresponsive properties. Axles T1 and T1-b were found to be highly efficient and versatile organogelators toward various nonpolar organic solvents, especially p-xylene, with critical gelation concentrations as low as 0.67 and 0.38 w/v %, respectively. The two molecular stations of switchable [2]rotaxanes (R1 and R1-b) can be revealed or concealed by t-butylcalix[4]arene macrocycle, thus inhibiting the gelation processes of the respective axles T1 and T1-b through the control of intermolecular hydrogen-bonding interactions. The sol-gel transition of axles T1 and T1-b could be achieved by the irradiation of UV-visible light, which interconverted between the extended and contracted forms. Interestingly, the morphologies of organogels in p-xylene, including flakes, nanobelts, fibers, and vesicles depending on the molecular structures of axles T1 and T1-b, were induced by UV-visible light irradiation. Further studies revealed that acid-base-controllable and reversible self-assembled nanostructures of these axle molecules were mainly constructed by the interplay of multi-noncovalent interactions, such as intermolecular π-π stacking, CH-π, and intermolecular hydrogen-bonding interactions. Surprisingly, our TPE molecular systems (R1, R1-b, T1, and T1-b) are nonemissive in their aggregated states, suggesting that not only fluorescence resonance energy transfer but also aggregation-caused quenching may have been functioning. Finally, the mechanical strength of these organogels in various solvents was monitored by rheological experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wei-Ling Hua
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Putikam Raghunath
- Center for Interdisciplinary Molecular Science, Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chang Lin
- Center for Interdisciplinary Molecular Science, Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Sheng Chung
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
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Ong WSY, Smaldone RA, Dodani SC. A neutral porous organic polymer host for the recognition of anionic dyes in water. Chem Sci 2020; 11:7716-7721. [PMID: 34094147 PMCID: PMC8159435 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc02941f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutral hosts for the recognition of anionic guests in water remain underdeveloped due to the inherent thermodynamic barrier for desolvation. To address this challenge, we have repurposed crosslinked porous organic polymers (POPs) as hosts. This polymer architecture affords a hydrophobic environment with a densely packed array of urea hydrogen bond donors to cooperatively promote anion desolvation and recognition in water. Using the principles of supramolecular design, we demonstrate through adsorption assays that the resulting Urea-POP-1 can recognize structurally different dyes containing phosphonate, sulfonate, and carboxylate anions in water. Moreover, when compared to Methyl-POP-1, a control POP lacking hydrogen bond donors, we find that the driving force for desolvation and adsorption of each dye is achieved through hydrophobic interactions with the POP backbone and, more importantly, cooperative hydrogen bonding interactions with the urea sidechains. This starting point sets the stage to exploit the modularity of our design to build a family of neutral polymer hosts with tunable pore sizes and anion preferences for fundamental investigations and targeted applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Whitney S Y Ong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas 800 West Campbell Road Richardson TX 75080 USA
| | - Ronald A Smaldone
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas 800 West Campbell Road Richardson TX 75080 USA
| | - Sheel C Dodani
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas 800 West Campbell Road Richardson TX 75080 USA
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15
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Yao H, Zhou Q, Zhang Y, Hu Y, Kan X, Chen Y, Gong G, Zhang Q, Wei T, Lin Q. Supramolecular polymer materials based on pillar[5]arene: Ultrasensitive detection and efficient removal of cyanide. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2019.09.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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16
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Malviya N, Sonkar C, Ganguly R, Bhattacherjee D, Bhabak KP, Mukhopadhyay S. Novel Approach to Generate a Self-Deliverable Ru(II)-Based Anticancer Agent in the Self-Reacting Confined Gel Space. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:47606-47618. [PMID: 31755256 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b17075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Finding the most effective method for cancer treatment is one of the thought-provoking tasks. Drug delivery by collapsing of metallogel to the cancer cell is an appealing way out. Cancer cells have an acidic environment due to excessive accumulation of lactic acid. In this work, the novel G5 gelator with a strategically free carboxylic acid arm has been designed and fabricated and characterized by several spectroscopic and microscopic techniques. These experiments suggest the formation of an ordered supramolecular gel with clover-leaf-like morphology. Mechanical properties from rheological measurements suggest the viscoelastic nature of the gel. Furthermore, we have obtained crystals of G5 from the pure dimethyl sulfoxide solution, whereas gelation gets induced by addition of water. This G5 gelator loses its gelation capability once the carboxylate is esterified by layering with methanol, which furnished the crystals of Me-G5' (G5' = G5-H). Further, the G5 gelator is used for the formation of ruthenium metallogel. Interestingly, we obtained the monomeric species [Ru(G5')(η6-p-cymene)Cl] [Ru(II)G5] only in confined gel space upon addition of a [Ru2(η6-p-cymene)2Cl4] dimer to G5. The Ru(II)G5 metallogel has an inherent anticancer property with an IC50 value of 10.53 μM for the A549 cancer cell line. Treatment of the Ru(II)G5 metallogel by lactic acid for mimicking the acidic environment of the malignant cell results in collapsing of the gel by releasing the ruthenium metal ion. This released ruthenium ion binds with the lactic acid derivative making the gelator G5 free and producing a new compound Ru(II)L, which has also shown the anticancer property. The molecular docking study revealed that the released G5 could interact with a monocarboxylate transporter to disrupt the lactate transport chain, which might induce apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rakesh Ganguly
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry , Nanyang Technological University , 639798 Singapore
| | - Debojit Bhattacherjee
- Department of Chemistry , Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati , Guwahati 781039 , India
| | - Krishna Pada Bhabak
- Department of Chemistry , Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati , Guwahati 781039 , India
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17
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Malviya N, Sonkar C, Ganguly R, Mukhopadhyay S. Cobalt Metallogel Interface for Selectively Sensing l-Tryptophan among Essential Amino Acids. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:7324-7334. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b00455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Novina Malviya
- Department of Chemistry, School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Khandwa Road, Simrol, Indore 453552, India
| | - Chanchal Sonkar
- Department of Chemistry, School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Khandwa Road, Simrol, Indore 453552, India
| | - Rakesh Ganguly
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798
| | - Suman Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Chemistry, School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Khandwa Road, Simrol, Indore 453552, India
- Discipline of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Khandwa Road, Simrol, Indore 453552, India
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18
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Li C, Tan J, Guan Z, Zhang Q. A Three‐Armed Polymer with Tunable Self‐Assembly and Self‐Healing Properties Based on Benzene‐1,3,5‐tricarboxamide and Metal–Ligand Interactions. Macromol Rapid Commun 2019; 40:e1800909. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201800909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chunmei Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Material Physics and Chemistry under Extraordinary Conditions and Department of Applied ChemistrySchool of Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an 710072 China
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of California Irvine CA 92697 USA
| | - Jiaojun Tan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Material Physics and Chemistry under Extraordinary Conditions and Department of Applied ChemistrySchool of Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an 710072 China
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials EngineeringShaanxi University of Science and Technology Xi'an 710021 China
| | - Zhibin Guan
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of California Irvine CA 92697 USA
| | - Qiuyu Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Material Physics and Chemistry under Extraordinary Conditions and Department of Applied ChemistrySchool of Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an 710072 China
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19
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Lin H, Zhang S, Xiao Y, Zhang C, Zhu J, Dunlop JWC, Yuan J. Organic Molecule-Driven Polymeric Actuators. Macromol Rapid Commun 2019; 40:e1800896. [PMID: 30811751 DOI: 10.1002/marc.201800896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Inspired by the motions of plant tissues in response to external stimuli, significant attention has been devoted to the development of actuating polymeric materials. In particular, polymeric actuators driven by organic molecules have been designed due to their combined superiorities of tunable functional monomers, designable chemical structures, and variable structural anisotropy. Here, the recent progress is summarized in terms of material synthesis, structure design, polymer-solvent interaction, and actuating performance. In addition, various possibilities for practical applications, including the ability to sense chemical vapors and solvent isomers, and future directions to satisfy the requirement of sensing and smart systems are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijuan Lin
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics and Institute of Advanced Materials, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Suyun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Yan Xiao
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Chenjun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics and Institute of Advanced Materials, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Jixin Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics and Institute of Advanced Materials, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - John W C Dunlop
- Morphophysics Group, Department of the Chemistry and Physics of Materials, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg, Salzburg, 5020, Austria
| | - Jiayin Yuan
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, Stockholm, 10691, Sweden
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20
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Li B, Xiao D, Deng D, Ye H, Zhou Q, Tang L. A metal-organic gel based on Fe(iii) and bi-pyridine ligand for template synthesis of core/shell composite polymer nanowires. SOFT MATTER 2018; 14:8764-8770. [PMID: 30328881 DOI: 10.1039/c8sm01755g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a novel self-assembled metal-organic gel was synthesized from ferric nitrate and a di-topic ligand, bis(3-pyridyl)terephthalate. The gel consisted of a three dimensional network of uniform nanofibers. The gelation exhibited high selectivity to Fe(iii) based on metal-ligand coordination. The molar ratio of Fe3+ to ligand had a large influence on the assembly process and the morphology of the gel. The metallogel displayed multi-stimuli responsiveness and excellent heat resistance, thus was further applied as a thermo-stable template for the polymerization of N,N'-methylene bisacrylamide to produce the core/shell polymer composite nanowires. Subsequently, the polymer nanotubes were obtained after ammonia post-treatment, comfirming the feasibility of the template synthesis strategy. According to the rheological measurements, the gel-like products of the composite nanowires exhibited better mechanical strength compared to the gel template.
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Affiliation(s)
- Botian Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum, Beijing, 102249, P. R. China.
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21
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Malviya N, Sonkar C, Kundu BK, Mukhopadhyay S. Discotic Organic Gelators in Ion Sensing, Metallogel Formation, and Bioinspired Catalysis. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:11575-11585. [PMID: 30168719 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b02352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Two organogelators G2 and G3 with a carboxamide group have been synthesized and characterized with different spectroscopic tools. Dimethylformamide or dimethyl sulfoxide solutions of both the compounds upon the addition of a minute quantity of water show the tendency to form gels. Supramolecular self-assembly for gel formation paves the way for aggregation-induced emission enhancement (AIEE) phenomena for both the gelator molecules. Introduction of metal ions in organogels strengthens the gel property without much affecting the fluorescence behavior. However, the introduction of Ag+, Fe2+, and Fe3+ ions in the G2 organogel separately results in total quenching of AIEE, making it possible to sense that particular cation in the gel state. The G3 organogel shows a similar behavior with the Fe2+ ion. Remarkably, other metallogels such as Ni(II)G2 and Co(II)G2 can sense sulfide ion and Cu(II)G2 can sense iodide ion by switching off the fluorescence even in multianalyte conditions. Furthermore, the copper-based metallogel Cu(II)G2 can be utilized as a catalyst and reaction medium for aerobic oxidation of catechol to quinone. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first attempt known so far to utilize a metallogel material for bioinspired catalysis such as catechol oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Novina Malviya
- Department of Chemistry, School of Basic Sciences , Indian Institute of Technology Indore , Khandwa Road, Simrol , Indore 453552 , India
| | - Chanchal Sonkar
- Department of Chemistry, School of Basic Sciences , Indian Institute of Technology Indore , Khandwa Road, Simrol , Indore 453552 , India
| | - Bidyut Kumar Kundu
- Department of Chemistry, School of Basic Sciences , Indian Institute of Technology Indore , Khandwa Road, Simrol , Indore 453552 , India
| | - Suman Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Chemistry, School of Basic Sciences , Indian Institute of Technology Indore , Khandwa Road, Simrol , Indore 453552 , India
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22
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De A, Mondal R. Toxic Metal Sequestration Exploiting a Unprecedented Low-Molecular-Weight Hydrogel-to-Metallogel Transformation. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:6022-6030. [PMID: 31458792 PMCID: PMC6644520 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b00758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We report herein the development of a unique low-molecular-weight gelator-induced technique for environmental remediation. The motive of this work is wastewater purification using a gel-based toxic heavy metal sequestration. The essence of this technique was to bring two different functionalities, one capable of multiple coordination and another with gel-forming ability, arranged in tandem within a single ligand molecule. Naturally, the success of the approach depends on whether the two tandem-arrayed functionalities are indeed working in tandem. Our results show that the ligand molecule is an excellent example of concomitant hydrogelator and metallogelator. The most interesting aspects of this study involve the toxic metal sequestration of Pb, Cd, and Hg which was further studied in detail with spectroscopic, microscopic, and diffraction techniques. We also report here a rare property of pure organic hydrogel-to-metallogel transformation which could open up a new avenue on wastewater purification. In essence, the hydrogels can be envisaged as a unique class of metal-free zeolite analogue for environmental remediation not by just absorbance but through absorbance cum coordination, which are further corroborated by the inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy results.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Raju Mondal
- E-mail: .
Phone: +91 33 24734971. Fax: +91 33 24732805 (R.M.)
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23
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Cao X, Ding Q, Gao A, Li Y, Chang X, Wu Y. A supramolecular self-assembly material based on a quinoline derivative and its sensitive response toward volatile acid and organic amine vapors. NEW J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8nj00753e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
A new gelator 1, containing a quinoline group, was designed, synthesized, and fully characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinhua Cao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering & Henan Province Key Laboratory of Utilization of Non-metallic Mineral in the South of Henan
- Institute for Conservation and Utilization of Agro-bioresources in Dabie Mountains
- Xinyang Normal University
- Xinyang 464000
- China
| | - Qianqian Ding
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering & Henan Province Key Laboratory of Utilization of Non-metallic Mineral in the South of Henan
- Institute for Conservation and Utilization of Agro-bioresources in Dabie Mountains
- Xinyang Normal University
- Xinyang 464000
- China
| | - Aiping Gao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering & Henan Province Key Laboratory of Utilization of Non-metallic Mineral in the South of Henan
- Institute for Conservation and Utilization of Agro-bioresources in Dabie Mountains
- Xinyang Normal University
- Xinyang 464000
- China
| | - Yiran Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering & Henan Province Key Laboratory of Utilization of Non-metallic Mineral in the South of Henan
- Institute for Conservation and Utilization of Agro-bioresources in Dabie Mountains
- Xinyang Normal University
- Xinyang 464000
- China
| | - Xueping Chang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering & Henan Province Key Laboratory of Utilization of Non-metallic Mineral in the South of Henan
- Institute for Conservation and Utilization of Agro-bioresources in Dabie Mountains
- Xinyang Normal University
- Xinyang 464000
- China
| | - Yongquan Wu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Gannan Normal University
- Ganzhou
- P. R. China
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24
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Zhang E, Zhao Y, Yang W, Chen H, Liu W, Dai X, Qiu X, Ji X. Viscoelastic behaviour and relaxation modes of one polyamic acid organogel studied by rheometers and dynamic light scattering. SOFT MATTER 2017; 14:73-82. [PMID: 29231227 DOI: 10.1039/c7sm02185b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A novel polyamic acid (PAA from BAPMPO-BPDA) organogel was synthesized and characterized via dynamic light scattering (DLS), a classical rheometer, and diffusion wave spectroscopy (DWS). In situ monitoring was performed using a classical rheometer to observe the formation of the PAA organogel. The rheological curves confirm the formation of the PAA gel network and the origin of hydrogen bonding from the -NH- group (donor) and P[double bond, length as m-dash]O group (acceptor). The autocorrelation functions of PAA under different conditions (pure gel, gel with NaNO3, gel with formamide) are measured via DLS, and different characteristic times are obtained via the CONTIN method. Three different relaxation modes of the PAA gel, i.e., fast, intermediate and slow modes, are observed. The fast and intermediate modes show a diffusive behaviour (τ ∼ q-2), whereas the slow mode did not. When enough formamide is added into the PAA gel, the fast mode disappears; addition of enough salt (NaNO3) leads to disappearance of the slow mode. The relationship between characteristic time and diffusion vector demonstrates that the different decorrelation modes consisted of two homodyne and two heterodyne components. Two single-exponential functions and two stretched exponential functions were used, and the different decorrelation modes of the PAA gel are expressed with a non-linear function, which fits the autocorrelation function very well. And the different decorrelation modes are also discussed. DWS results in the high-frequency region not only demonstrate the formation of a PAA gel network but also indicate that the semiflexible chains of PAA are due to electrostatic interaction. The DWS results at different time scales are analyzed by applying the de Gennes' reptation model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ensong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, People's Republic of China.
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