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Shiroudi A, Śmiechowski M, Czub J, Abdel-Rahman MA. Computational analysis of substituent effects on proton affinity and gas-phase basicity of TEMPO derivatives and their hydrogen bonding interactions with water molecules. Sci Rep 2024; 14:8434. [PMID: 38600208 PMCID: PMC11006853 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-58582-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The study investigates the molecular structure of 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl (TEMPO) and its derivatives in the gas phase using B3LYP and M06-2X functional methods. Intermolecular interactions are analyzed using natural bond orbital (NBO) and atoms in molecules (AIM) techniques. NO2-substituted TEMPO displays high reactivity, less stability, and softer properties. The study reveals that the stability of TEMPO derivatives is mainly influenced by LP(e) → σ∗ electronic delocalization effects, with the highest stabilization observed on the oxygen atom of the nitroxide moiety. This work also considers electron density, atomic charges, and energetic and thermodynamic properties of the studied NO radicals, and their relative stability. The proton affinity and gas-phase basicity of the studied compounds were computed at T = 298 K for O-protonation and N-protonation, respectively. The studied DFT method calculations show that O-protonation is more stable than N-protonation, with an energy difference of 16.64-20.77 kcal/mol (22.80-25.68 kcal/mol) at the B3LYP (M06-2X) method. The AIM analysis reveals that the N-O…H interaction in H2O complexes has the most favorable hydrogen bond energy computed at bond critical points (3, - 1), and the planar configurations of TEMPO derivatives exhibit the highest EHB values. This indicates stronger hydrogen bonding interactions between the N-O group and water molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abolfazl Shiroudi
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland.
- BioTechMed Center, Gdańsk University of Technology, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Maciej Śmiechowski
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Jacek Czub
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
- BioTechMed Center, Gdańsk University of Technology, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Mohamed A Abdel-Rahman
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Suez University, P.O. Box: 43221, Suez, Egypt.
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Roos AH, Hoffmann JF, Binder WH, Hinderberger D. Nanoscale structure and dynamics of thermoresponsive single-chain nanoparticles investigated by EPR spectroscopy. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:7032-7037. [PMID: 34251013 DOI: 10.1039/d1sm00582k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We characterize temperature-dependent macroscopic and nanoscopic phase transitions and nanoscopic pre-transitions of water-soluble single chain nanoparticles (SCNPs). The studied SCNPs are based on polymers displaying lower-critical solution temperature (LCST) behavior and show nanoscale compartmentation. SCNPs are amenable to continuous wave electron paramagnetic resonance (CW EPR) spectroscopy to study how amphiphilic, non-covalently added nitroxide spin probes or covalently attached spin labels sample their environment concerning nanoscale structures (polarity, hydrophilicity/-phobicity) and dynamics. These SCNPs are formed through single-chain collapse and have been shown to have nanosized compartments that are rigidified during the crosslinking process. We analyze the temperature-dependent phase transitions of spin-labeled SCNPs by rigorous spectral simulations of a series of multicomponent EPR-spectra that derive from the nanoinhomogeneities (1) that are due to the single-chain compartmentation in SCNPs and (2) the transformation upon temperature change due to the LCST behavior. These transitions of the SCNPs and their respective polymer precursors can be monitored and understood on the nanoscale by following EPR-spectroscopic parameters like hyperfine couplings that depend on the surrounding solvent molecules or Heisenberg spin exchange between small molecule spin probes or covalently attached spin labels in the nanocompartments. In particular, for one SCNP, we find an interesting behavior that we ascribe to the properties of the nanosized inner core with continuous effects before and jump-like changes after the macroscopic thermal collapse, indicating highly efficient desolvation and compaction upon an increase in temperature and aggregation of individual nanoparticles above the collapse temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas H Roos
- Institute of Chemistry, Martin Luther University (MLU) Halle-Wittenberg, Von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Justus F Hoffmann
- Institute of Chemistry, Martin Luther University (MLU) Halle-Wittenberg, Von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Wolfgang H Binder
- Institute of Chemistry, Martin Luther University (MLU) Halle-Wittenberg, Von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Dariush Hinderberger
- Institute of Chemistry, Martin Luther University (MLU) Halle-Wittenberg, Von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
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Eisermann J, Hoffmann M, Schöffmann FA, Das M, Vargas C, Keller S, Hinderberger D. Molecular‐Level Interactions of Nanodisc‐Forming Copolymers Dissected by EPR Spectroscopy. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.202100051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jana Eisermann
- Institute of Chemistry–Physical Chemistry–Complex Self‐Organizing Systems Martin Luther University (MLU) Halle‐Wittenberg Von‐Danckelmann‐Platz 4 06120 Halle (Saale) Germany
- Department of Chemistry – Molecular Sciences Research Hub Imperial College London 82 Wood Ln London W12 0BZ UK
| | - Matthias Hoffmann
- Institute of Chemistry–Physical Chemistry–Complex Self‐Organizing Systems Martin Luther University (MLU) Halle‐Wittenberg Von‐Danckelmann‐Platz 4 06120 Halle (Saale) Germany
- Interdisciplinary Research Center HALOmem MLU Halle‐Wittenberg Charles Tanford Protein Center Kurt‐Mothes‐Str. 3a 06120 Halle (Saale) Germany
| | - Florian A. Schöffmann
- Institute of Chemistry–Physical Chemistry–Complex Self‐Organizing Systems Martin Luther University (MLU) Halle‐Wittenberg Von‐Danckelmann‐Platz 4 06120 Halle (Saale) Germany
- Interdisciplinary Research Center HALOmem MLU Halle‐Wittenberg Charles Tanford Protein Center Kurt‐Mothes‐Str. 3a 06120 Halle (Saale) Germany
| | - Manabendra Das
- Molecular Biophysics Technische Universität Kaiserslautern (TUK) Erwin‐Schrödinger‐Str. 13 67663 Kaiserslautern Germany
| | - Carolyn Vargas
- Molecular Biophysics Technische Universität Kaiserslautern (TUK) Erwin‐Schrödinger‐Str. 13 67663 Kaiserslautern Germany
- Department of Biophysics Institute of Molecular Biosciences (IMB) NAWI Graz University of Graz Humboldtstr Graz 8010 Austria
- Field of Excellence BioHealth University of Graz Humboldtstr, 50/I Graz 8010 Austria
- BioTechMed‐Graz Mozartstr, 12/II Graz 8010 Austria
| | - Sandro Keller
- Molecular Biophysics Technische Universität Kaiserslautern (TUK) Erwin‐Schrödinger‐Str. 13 67663 Kaiserslautern Germany
- Department of Biophysics Institute of Molecular Biosciences (IMB) NAWI Graz University of Graz Humboldtstr Graz 8010 Austria
- Field of Excellence BioHealth University of Graz Humboldtstr, 50/I Graz 8010 Austria
- BioTechMed‐Graz Mozartstr, 12/II Graz 8010 Austria
| | - Dariush Hinderberger
- Institute of Chemistry–Physical Chemistry–Complex Self‐Organizing Systems Martin Luther University (MLU) Halle‐Wittenberg Von‐Danckelmann‐Platz 4 06120 Halle (Saale) Germany
- Interdisciplinary Research Center HALOmem MLU Halle‐Wittenberg Charles Tanford Protein Center Kurt‐Mothes‐Str. 3a 06120 Halle (Saale) Germany
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4
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Hoffmann JF, Roos AH, Schmitt FJ, Hinderberger D, Binder WH. Fluorescent and Water Dispersible Single-Chain Nanoparticles: Core-Shell Structured Compartmentation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:7820-7827. [PMID: 33373475 PMCID: PMC8048794 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202015179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Single-chain nanoparticles (SCNPs) are highly versatile structures resembling proteins, able to function as catalysts or biomedical delivery systems. Based on their synthesis by single-chain collapse into nanoparticular systems, their internal structure is complex, resulting in nanosized domains preformed during the crosslinking process. In this study we present proof of such nanocompartments within SCNPs via a combination of electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and fluorescence spectroscopy. A novel strategy to encapsulate labels within these water dispersible SCNPs with hydrodynamic radii of ≈5 nm is presented, based on amphiphilic polymers with additional covalently bound labels, attached via the copper catalyzed azide/alkyne "click" reaction (CuAAC). A detailed profile of the interior of the SCNPs and the labels' microenvironment was obtained via electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) experiments, followed by an assessment of their photophysical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justus F Hoffmann
- Macromolecular Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Science II (Chemistry, Physics and Mathematics), Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, 06120, Halle, Germany
| | - Andreas H Roos
- Physical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Science II (Chemistry, Physics and Mathematics), Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, 06120, Halle, Germany
| | - Franz-Josef Schmitt
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Natural Science II (Chemistry, Physics and Mathematics), Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, von-Danckelmann-Platz 3, 06120, Halle, Germany
| | - Dariush Hinderberger
- Physical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Science II (Chemistry, Physics and Mathematics), Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, 06120, Halle, Germany
| | - Wolfgang H Binder
- Macromolecular Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Science II (Chemistry, Physics and Mathematics), Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, 06120, Halle, Germany
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Hoffmann JF, Roos AH, Schmitt F, Hinderberger D, Binder WH. Fluorescent and Water Dispersible Single‐Chain Nanoparticles: Core–Shell Structured Compartmentation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202015179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Justus F. Hoffmann
- Macromolecular Chemistry Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Science II (Chemistry, Physics and Mathematics) Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg von-Danckelmann-Platz 4 06120 Halle Germany
| | - Andreas H. Roos
- Physical Chemistry Institute of Chemistry Faculty of Natural Science II (Chemistry, Physics and Mathematics) Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg von-Danckelmann-Platz 4 06120 Halle Germany
| | - Franz‐Josef Schmitt
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Natural Science II (Chemistry, Physics and Mathematics) Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg von-Danckelmann-Platz 3 06120 Halle Germany
| | - Dariush Hinderberger
- Physical Chemistry Institute of Chemistry Faculty of Natural Science II (Chemistry, Physics and Mathematics) Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg von-Danckelmann-Platz 4 06120 Halle Germany
| | - Wolfgang H. Binder
- Macromolecular Chemistry Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Science II (Chemistry, Physics and Mathematics) Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg von-Danckelmann-Platz 4 06120 Halle Germany
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Zhao Y, Ma J, Yu X, Li MH, Hu J. Tunable UCST thermoresponsive copolymers based on natural glycyrrhetinic acid. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2020.03.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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H. Haeri H, Jerschabek V, Sadeghi A, Hinderberger D. Copper–Calcium Poly(Acrylic Acid) Composite Hydrogels as Studied by Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) Spectroscopy. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.202000262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Haleh H. Haeri
- Institut für Chemie Martin‐Luther‐Universität Halle‐Wittenberg Von‐Danckelmann‐Platz 4 Halle (Saale) 06120 Germany
| | - Vanessa Jerschabek
- Institut für Chemie Martin‐Luther‐Universität Halle‐Wittenberg Von‐Danckelmann‐Platz 4 Halle (Saale) 06120 Germany
| | - Arash Sadeghi
- Institut für Chemie Martin‐Luther‐Universität Halle‐Wittenberg Von‐Danckelmann‐Platz 4 Halle (Saale) 06120 Germany
| | - Dariush Hinderberger
- Institut für Chemie Martin‐Luther‐Universität Halle‐Wittenberg Von‐Danckelmann‐Platz 4 Halle (Saale) 06120 Germany
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Hunold J, Eisermann J, Brehm M, Hinderberger D. Characterization of Aqueous Lower-Polarity Solvation Shells Around Amphiphilic 2,2,6,6-Tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl Radicals in Water. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:8601-8609. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c04863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Hunold
- Institut für Chemie, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Jana Eisermann
- Institut für Chemie, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Martin Brehm
- Institut für Chemie, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Dariush Hinderberger
- Institut für Chemie, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
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9
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Uddin MA, Yu H, Wang L, Naveed K, Haq F, Amin BU, Mehmood S, Nazir A, Xing Y, Shen D. Recent progress in
EPR
study of spin labeled polymers and spin probed polymer systems. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20200039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Md Alim Uddin
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological EngineeringZhejiang University Hangzhou Zhejiang China
| | - Haojie Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological EngineeringZhejiang University Hangzhou Zhejiang China
| | - Li Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological EngineeringZhejiang University Hangzhou Zhejiang China
| | - Kaleem‐ur‐Rahman Naveed
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological EngineeringZhejiang University Hangzhou Zhejiang China
| | - Fazal Haq
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological EngineeringZhejiang University Hangzhou Zhejiang China
| | - Bilal Ul Amin
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological EngineeringZhejiang University Hangzhou Zhejiang China
| | - Sahid Mehmood
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological EngineeringZhejiang University Hangzhou Zhejiang China
| | - Ahsan Nazir
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological EngineeringZhejiang University Hangzhou Zhejiang China
| | - Yusheng Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological EngineeringZhejiang University Hangzhou Zhejiang China
| | - Di Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological EngineeringZhejiang University Hangzhou Zhejiang China
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Concentration Effects in the Interaction of Monoclonal Antibodies (mAbs) with their Immediate Environment Characterized by EPR Spectroscopy. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24142528. [PMID: 31295948 PMCID: PMC6680867 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24142528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are often needed and applied in high concentration solutions, >100 mg/mL. Due to close intermolecular distances between mAbs at high concentrations (~10–20 nm at 200 mg/mL), intermolecular interactions between mAbs and mAbs and solvent/co-solute molecules become non-negligible. Here, EPR spectroscopy is used to study the high-concentration solutions of mAbs and their effect on co-solvated small molecules, using EPR “spin probing” assay in aqueous and buffered solutions. Such, information regarding the surrounding environments of mAbs at high concentrations were obtained and comparisons between EPR-obtained micro-viscosities (rotational correlation times) and macroscopic viscosities measured by rheology were possible. In comparison with highly viscous systems like glycerol-water mixtures, it was found that up to concentrations of 50 mg/mL, the mAb-spin probe systems have similar trends in their macro- (rheology) and micro-viscosities (EPR), whereas at very high concentrations they deviate strongly. The charged spin probes sense an almost unchanged aqueous solution even at very high concentrations, which in turn indicates the existence of large solvent regions that despite their proximity to large mAbs essentially offer pure water reservoirs for co-solvated charged molecules. In contrast, in buffered solutions, amphiphilic spin probes like TEMPO interact with the mAb network, due to slight charge screening. The application of EPR spectroscopy in the present work has enabled us to observe and discriminate between electrostatic and hydrophobic kinds of interactions and depict the potential underlying mechanisms of network formation at high concentrations of mAbs. These findings could be of importance as well for the development of liquid-liquid phase separations often observed in highly concentrated protein solutions.
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Haeri HH, Schunk B, Tomaszewski J, Schimm H, Gelos MJ, Hinderberger D. Fatty Acid Binding to Human Serum Albumin in Blood Serum Characterized by EPR Spectroscopy. ChemistryOpen 2019; 8:650-656. [PMID: 31143562 PMCID: PMC6532450 DOI: 10.1002/open.201900113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the functions of Human Serum Albumin (HSA) is binding and transport of fatty acids. This ability could be altered by the presence of several blood components such as toxins or peptides - which in turn alters the functionality of the protein. We aim at characterizing HSA and its fatty acid binding in native serum environment. Native ligand binding and deviations from normal function can be monitored by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy using spin labeled fatty acids (FAs). Blood serum from healthy individuals is used to examine healthy HSA in its natural physiological conditions at different loading ratios of protein to FAs. Among the EPR spectroscopic parameters (like hyperfine coupling, line shape, rotational correlation time and population of different binding sites) the rotational correlation time is found to differ significantly between binding sites of the protein, especially at loading ratios of four FAs per HSA. Although differences are observed between individual samples, a general trend regarding the dynamics of healthy HSA at different loading ratios could be obtained and compared to a reference of purified commercially available HSA in buffer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haleh H. Haeri
- Institut für ChemieMartin-Luther-Universität Halle-WittenbergVon-Danckelmann-Platz 406120Halle (Saale)Germany
| | - Bettina Schunk
- Department of General and Visceral SurgeryAlfried Krupp Krankenhaus EssenHellweg 10045276EssenGermany
| | - Jörg Tomaszewski
- Department of General and Visceral SurgeryAlfried Krupp Krankenhaus EssenHellweg 10045276EssenGermany
| | - Heike Schimm
- Institut für ChemieMartin-Luther-Universität Halle-WittenbergVon-Danckelmann-Platz 406120Halle (Saale)Germany
| | - Marcos J. Gelos
- Department of General and Visceral SurgeryAlfried Krupp Krankenhaus EssenHellweg 10045276EssenGermany
- Faculty of Health sciencesUniversity of Witten / HerdeckeAlfred-Herrhausen-Straße 5058455WittenGermany
| | - Dariush Hinderberger
- Institut für ChemieMartin-Luther-Universität Halle-WittenbergVon-Danckelmann-Platz 406120Halle (Saale)Germany
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Evgrafova Z, Voigt B, Roos AH, Hause G, Hinderberger D, Balbach J, Binder WH. Modulation of amyloid β peptide aggregation by hydrophilic polymers. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:20999-21006. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cp02683e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Careful balance of hydrophilicity of precisely engineered polymers alters aggregation of the amyloidogenic protein Aβ1–40.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanna Evgrafova
- Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg
- Faculty of Natural Science II
- Institute of Chemistry
- D-06120 Halle (Saale)
- Germany
| | - Bruno Voigt
- Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg
- Faculty of Natural Science II
- Institute of Physics
- D-06120 Halle (Saale)
- Germany
| | - Andreas H. Roos
- Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg
- Faculty of Natural Science II
- Institute of Chemistry
- D-06120 Halle (Saale)
- Germany
| | - Gerd Hause
- Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg
- Biocenter
- D-06120 Halle (Saale)
- Germany
| | - Dariush Hinderberger
- Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg
- Faculty of Natural Science II
- Institute of Chemistry
- D-06120 Halle (Saale)
- Germany
| | - Jochen Balbach
- Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg
- Faculty of Natural Science II
- Institute of Physics
- D-06120 Halle (Saale)
- Germany
| | - Wolfgang H. Binder
- Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg
- Faculty of Natural Science II
- Institute of Chemistry
- D-06120 Halle (Saale)
- Germany
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