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Zhang L, Guo M, Zhou J, Fang C, Sun X. Benchmark Models for Elucidating Ligand Effects: Thiols Ligated Isostructural Cu 6 Nanoclusters. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2301633. [PMID: 37329203 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202301633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Atomically precise copper nanoclusters (Cu NCs) have attracted tremendous attention for their huge potential in many applications. However, the uncertainty of the growth mechanism and complexity of the crystallization process hinder the in-depth understanding of their properties. In particular, the ligand effect has been rarely explored at the atomic/molecular level due to the lack of feasible models. Herein, three isostructural Cu6 NCs ligated with diverse mono-thiol ligands (2-mercaptobenzimidazole, 2-mercaptobenzothiazole, and 2-mercaptobenzoxazole, respectively) are successfully synthesized, which provide an ideal platform to unambiguously address the intrinsic role of ligands. The overall atom-by-atom structural evolution process of Cu6 NCs is mapped out with delicate mass spectrometry (MS) for the first time. It is intriguingly found that the ligands, albeit only atomic difference (NH, O, and S), can profoundly affect the building-up processes, chemical properties, atomic structures, as well as catalytic activities of Cu NCs. Furthermore, ion-molecule reactions combined with density functional theory (DFT) calculations demonstrate that the defective sites formed on ligand can significantly contribute to the activation of molecular oxygen. This study provides fundamental insights into the ligand effect, which is vital for the delicate design of high-efficient Cu NCs-based catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Zhang
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Mengdi Guo
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China
- Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao, 266101, China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Cong Fang
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China
- Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao, 266101, China
| | - Xiaoyan Sun
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao, 266101, China
- Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao, 266101, China
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Chakraborty A, Stanley MM, Mondal B, Bodiuzzaman M, Chakraborty P, Kannan MP, Pradeep T. Tunable reactivity of silver nanoclusters: a facile route to synthesize a range of bimetallic nanostructures. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:2690-2699. [PMID: 36651628 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr06350f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Quantized energy levels and unique optoelectronic properties of atomically precise noble metal nanoclusters (NCs) have made them important in materials science, catalysis, sensors, and biomedicine. Recent studies on the profound chemical interactions of such NCs within themselves and with ultrasmall plasmonic nanoparticles (NPs) indicate that depending on the size, shape, and composition of the second reactant, NCs can either take part in colloidal assembly without any chemical modifications or lead to products with atoms exchanged. Anisotropic NPs are a unique class of plasmonic nanomaterials as their sharp edges and protrusions show higher chemical reactivity compared to flat surfaces, often leading to site-specific growth of foreign metals and metal oxide shells. Here, using chemical interactions between gold nanotriangles (AuNTs) and Ag NCs of different compositions, we show for the first time that metal atom etching, alloying/atom exchange, and colloidal assembly can all happen at a particular length scale. Specifically, Ag25(DMBT)18 NCs (denoted as 1), upon reacting with AuNTs of ∼57 nm edge length, etch gold atoms from their sharp tips and edges. Simultaneously, the two nanosystems exchange metal atoms, resulting in Ag-doped AuNTs and AuxAg24-x(DMBT)18 (x = 1, 2). However, another Ag NC with the same metallic core, but a different ligand shell, namely, Ag25H22(DPPE)8 (denoted as 2), creates dendritic shells made of Ag, surrounding these AuNTs under the same reaction conditions. Furthermore, we show that in the case of a more reactive thiol-protected Ag NC, namely, Ag44(pMBA)30 (denoted as 3), gold etching is faster from the edges and tips, which drastically alters the identities of both the reactants. Interestingly, when the AuNTs are protected by pMBA, 3 systematically assembles on AuNTs through H-bonding, resulting in an AuNT core-Ag NC shell nanocomposite. Thus, while shedding light on various factors affecting the reactivity of Ag NCs towards AuNTs, the present study proposes a single strategy to obtain a number of bimetallic nanosystems of targeted morphology and functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrita Chakraborty
- Department of Chemistry, DST Unit of Nanoscience (DST UNS) and Thematic Unit of Excellence (TUE), Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600 036, India.
| | - Megha Maria Stanley
- Department of Chemistry, DST Unit of Nanoscience (DST UNS) and Thematic Unit of Excellence (TUE), Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600 036, India.
| | - Biswajit Mondal
- Department of Chemistry, DST Unit of Nanoscience (DST UNS) and Thematic Unit of Excellence (TUE), Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600 036, India.
| | - Mohammad Bodiuzzaman
- Department of Chemistry, DST Unit of Nanoscience (DST UNS) and Thematic Unit of Excellence (TUE), Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600 036, India.
| | - Papri Chakraborty
- Department of Chemistry, DST Unit of Nanoscience (DST UNS) and Thematic Unit of Excellence (TUE), Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600 036, India.
| | - M P Kannan
- Department of Chemistry, DST Unit of Nanoscience (DST UNS) and Thematic Unit of Excellence (TUE), Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600 036, India.
| | - Thalappil Pradeep
- Department of Chemistry, DST Unit of Nanoscience (DST UNS) and Thematic Unit of Excellence (TUE), Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600 036, India.
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Jash M, Methikkalam RRJ, Bodiuzzaman M, Paramasivam G, Pradeep T. Reaction between Ag 17+ and acetylene outside the mass spectrometer: dehydrogenation in the gas phase. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:15623-15626. [PMID: 33245313 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc05837h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
We present the first example of acetylide protected silver clusters by a reaction between Ag17+ and acetylene, conducted around atmospheric pressure. The products were obtained after dehydrogenation of acetylene in the gas phase. The observed reaction mechanism may be helpful to design new catalysts useful in organometallic chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhuri Jash
- DST Unit of Nanoscience (DST UNS) and Thematic Unit of Excellence (TUE), Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600 036, India.
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Ma HZ, McKay AI, Mravak A, Scholz MS, White JM, Mulder RJ, Bieske EJ, Bonačić-Koutecký V, O'Hair RAJ. Structural characterization and gas-phase studies of the [Ag 10H 8(L) 6] 2+ nanocluster dication. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:22880-22889. [PMID: 31763652 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr08321a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The reactions between silver salts and borohydrides produce a rich set of products that range from discrete mononuclear compounds through to silver nanoparticles and colloids. Previous studies using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) to track the cationic products in solutions containing sodium borohydride, silver(i) tetrafluoroborate and the bisphosphine ligands, L, bis(diphenylphosphino)methane (dppm) and bis(diphenylphosphino)amine (dppa) have identified the dications [Ag10H8(L)6]2+. Here we isolate and structurally characterize [Ag10H8(dppa)6](BF4)2, and [Ag10H8(dppa)6](NO3)2via X-ray crystallography. Both dications have nearly identical structural features consisting of a Ag10 scaffold with the atoms lying on vertices of a bicapped square antiprism. DFT calculations were carried out to suggest potential sites for the hydrides. Ion-mobility mass spectrometry experiments revealed that [Ag10H8(dppa)6]2+ and [Ag10H8(dppm)6]2+ have similar collision cross sections, while multistage mass spectrometry experiments were used to compare their unimolecular gas-phase chemistry. Although the same initial sequential ligand loss followed by cluster fission and H2 evolution is observed, the more acidic N-H of the dppa provides a more labile H for H2 loss and H/D scrambling processes as revealed by isotope labelled experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard Z Ma
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, 30 Flemington Rd, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
| | - Alasdair I McKay
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, 30 Flemington Rd, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
| | - Antonija Mravak
- Center of Excellence for Science and Technology-Integration of Mediterranean Region (STIM) at Interdisciplinary Center for Advanced Sciences and Technology (ICAST), University of Split, Poljička cesta 35, Split 21000, Croatia
| | - Michael S Scholz
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, 30 Flemington Rd, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
| | - Jonathan M White
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, 30 Flemington Rd, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
| | - Roger J Mulder
- CSIRO Manufacturing, Research Way, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Evan J Bieske
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, 30 Flemington Rd, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
| | - Vlasta Bonačić-Koutecký
- Center of Excellence for Science and Technology-Integration of Mediterranean Region (STIM) at Interdisciplinary Center for Advanced Sciences and Technology (ICAST), University of Split, Poljička cesta 35, Split 21000, Croatia and Chemistry Department, Humboldt University of Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Strasse 2, Berlin 12489, Germany
| | - Richard A J O'Hair
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, 30 Flemington Rd, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
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Krishnadas KR, Natarajan G, Baksi A, Ghosh A, Khatun E, Pradeep T. Metal-Ligand Interface in the Chemical Reactions of Ligand-Protected Noble Metal Clusters. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:11243-11254. [PMID: 30521344 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b03493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
We discuss the role of the metal-ligand (M-L) interfaces in the chemistry of ligand-protected, atomically precise noble metal clusters, a new and expanding family of nanosystems, in solution as well as in the gas phase. A few possible mechanisms by which the structure and dynamics of M-L interfaces could trigger intercluster exchange reactions are presented first. How interparticle chemistry can be a potential mechanism of Ostwald ripening, a well-known particle coarsening process, is also discussed. The reaction of Ag59(2,5-DCBT)32 (DCBT = dichlorobenzenethiol) with 2,4-DCBT leading to the formation of Ag44(2,4-DCBT)30 is presented, demonstrating the influence of the ligand structure in ligand-induced chemical transformations of clusters. We also discuss the structural isomerism of clusters such as Ag44(SR)30 (-SR = alkyl/aryl thiolate) in the gas phase wherein the occurrence of isomerism is attributed to the structural rearrangements in the M-L bonding network. Interfacial bonding between Au25(SR)18 clusters leading to the formation of cluster dimers and trimers is also discussed. Finally, we show that the desorption of phosphine and hydride ligands on a silver cluster, [Ag18(TPP)10H16]2+ (TPP = triphenylphosphine) in the gas phase, leads to the formation of a naked silver cluster of precise nuclearity, such as Ag17+. We demonstrate that the nature of the M-L interfaces, i.e., the oxidation state of metal atoms, structure of the ligand, M-L bonding network, and so forth, plays a key role in the chemical reactivity of clusters. The structure, dynamics, and chemical reactivity of nanosystems in general are to be explored together to obtain new insights into their emerging science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumaranchira Ramankutty Krishnadas
- Department of Chemistry, DST Unit of Nanoscience (DST UNS) and Thematic Unit of Excellence (TUE) , Indian Institute of Technology Madras , Chennai 600 036 , India
| | - Ganapati Natarajan
- Department of Chemistry, DST Unit of Nanoscience (DST UNS) and Thematic Unit of Excellence (TUE) , Indian Institute of Technology Madras , Chennai 600 036 , India
| | - Ananya Baksi
- Department of Chemistry, DST Unit of Nanoscience (DST UNS) and Thematic Unit of Excellence (TUE) , Indian Institute of Technology Madras , Chennai 600 036 , India
| | - Atanu Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, DST Unit of Nanoscience (DST UNS) and Thematic Unit of Excellence (TUE) , Indian Institute of Technology Madras , Chennai 600 036 , India
| | - Esma Khatun
- Department of Chemistry, DST Unit of Nanoscience (DST UNS) and Thematic Unit of Excellence (TUE) , Indian Institute of Technology Madras , Chennai 600 036 , India
| | - Thalappil Pradeep
- Department of Chemistry, DST Unit of Nanoscience (DST UNS) and Thematic Unit of Excellence (TUE) , Indian Institute of Technology Madras , Chennai 600 036 , India
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Iyemperumal SK, Fenton TG, Gillingham SL, Carl AD, Grimm RL, Li G, Deskins NA. The stability and oxidation of supported atomic-size Cu catalysts in reactive environments. J Chem Phys 2019. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5110300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Satish Kumar Iyemperumal
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts 01609, USA
| | - Thomas G. Fenton
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire 03824, USA
| | | | - Alexander D. Carl
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts 01609, USA
| | - Ronald L. Grimm
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts 01609, USA
| | - Gonghu Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire 03824, USA
| | - N. Aaron Deskins
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts 01609, USA
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