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Shi X, Liu C, Zhang X, Zhan G, Cai Y, Zhou D, Zhao Y, Wang N, Hu F, Wang X, Ma H, Wang L. Vapor Phase Growth of Air-Stable Hybrid Perovskite FAPbBr 3 Single-Crystalline Nanosheets. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:2299-2307. [PMID: 38334593 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c04604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Organic-inorganic hybrid perovskites have attracted tremendous attention owing to their fascinating optoelectronic properties. However, their poor air stability seriously hinders practical applications, which becomes more serious with thickness down to the nanoscale. Here we report a one-step vapor phase growth of HC(NH2)2PbBr3 (FAPbBr3) single-crystalline nanosheets of tunable size up to 50 μm and thickness down to 20 nm. The FAPbBr3 nanosheets demonstrate high stability for over months of exposure to air with no degradation in surface roughness and photoluminescence efficiency. Besides, the FAPbBr3 photodetectors exhibit superior overall performance as compared to previous devices based on nonlayered perovskite nanosheets, such as an ultralow dark current of 24 pA, an ultrahigh responsivity of 1033 A/W, an external quantum efficiency over 3000%, a rapid response time around 25 ms, and a high on/off ratio of 104. This work provides a strategy to tackle the challenges of hybrid perovskites toward integrated optoelectronics with requirements of nanoscale thickness, high stability, and excellent performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Shi
- School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University (Nanjing Tech), Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Chao Liu
- School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University (Nanjing Tech), Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Xiaomin Zhang
- School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University (Nanjing Tech), Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Guixiang Zhan
- School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University (Nanjing Tech), Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Yuxiao Cai
- School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University (Nanjing Tech), Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Dawei Zhou
- School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University (Nanjing Tech), Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Yuwei Zhao
- School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University (Nanjing Tech), Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Nana Wang
- School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University (Nanjing Tech), Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Fengrui Hu
- School of Physics, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Manipulation, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Xiaoyong Wang
- School of Physics, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Manipulation, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Huifang Ma
- School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University (Nanjing Tech), Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Lin Wang
- School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University (Nanjing Tech), Nanjing 211816, China
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Zhang L, Li S, Sun H, Fang Y, Wang Y, Wang K, Jiang H, Sui L, Wu G, Yuan K, Zou B. Manipulating Lone-Pair-Driven Luminescence in 0D Tin Halides by Pressure-Tuned Stereochemical Activity from Static to Dynamic. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202311912. [PMID: 37794619 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202311912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
The excellent luminescence properties and structural dynamics driven by the stereoactivity of the lone pair in a variety of low-dimensional ns2 metal halides have attracted growing investigations for optoelectronic applications. However, the structural and photophysical aspects of the excited state associated with the lone pair expression are currently open questions. Herein, zero-dimensional Sn-based halides with static stereoactive 5 s2 lone pairs are selected as a model system to understand the correlations between the distinctive lone pair expression and the excited-state structural relaxation and charge carrier dynamics by continuous lattice manipulation. Lattice compression drives 5 s2 lone pair active switching and self-trapped exciton (STE) redistribution by suppressing excited-state structural deformation of the isolated SnBr4 2- units. Our results demonstrate that the static expression of the 5 s2 lone pair results in a red broadband triplet STE emission with a large Stokes shift, while its dynamic expression creates a sky-blue narrowband emission dominated by the radiative recombination of singlet STEs. Our findings and the photophysical mechanism proposed highlight the stereochemical effects of lone pair expression in controlling light emission properties and offer constructive guidelines for tuning the optoelectronic properties in diverse ns2 metal halides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Shuoxue Li
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Huaiyang Sun
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yuanyuan Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Optical Communication Science and Technology, School of Physics Science and Information Technology, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252000, China
| | - Yonggang Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Kai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Optical Communication Science and Technology, School of Physics Science and Information Technology, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252000, China
| | - Hong Jiang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Laizhi Sui
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics and Dalian Coherent Light Source, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Guorong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics and Dalian Coherent Light Source, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Kaijun Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics and Dalian Coherent Light Source, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Bo Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
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3
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Meng L, Vu TV, Criscenti LJ, Ho TA, Qin Y, Fan H. Theoretical and Experimental Advances in High-Pressure Behaviors of Nanoparticles. Chem Rev 2023; 123:10206-10257. [PMID: 37523660 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Using compressive mechanical forces, such as pressure, to induce crystallographic phase transitions and mesostructural changes while modulating material properties in nanoparticles (NPs) is a unique way to discover new phase behaviors, create novel nanostructures, and study emerging properties that are difficult to achieve under conventional conditions. In recent decades, NPs of a plethora of chemical compositions, sizes, shapes, surface ligands, and self-assembled mesostructures have been studied under pressure by in-situ scattering and/or spectroscopy techniques. As a result, the fundamental knowledge of pressure-structure-property relationships has been significantly improved, leading to a better understanding of the design guidelines for nanomaterial synthesis. In the present review, we discuss experimental progress in NP high-pressure research conducted primarily over roughly the past four years on semiconductor NPs, metal and metal oxide NPs, and perovskite NPs. We focus on the pressure-induced behaviors of NPs at both the atomic- and mesoscales, inorganic NP property changes upon compression, and the structural and property transitions of perovskite NPs under pressure. We further discuss in depth progress on molecular modeling, including simulations of ligand behavior, phase-change chalcogenides, layered transition metal dichalcogenides, boron nitride, and inorganic and hybrid organic-inorganic perovskites NPs. These models now provide both mechanistic explanations of experimental observations and predictive guidelines for future experimental design. We conclude with a summary and our insights on future directions for exploration of nanomaterial phase transition, coupling, growth, and nanoelectronic and photonic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyao Meng
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87106, United States
| | - Tuan V Vu
- Geochemistry Department, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
| | - Louise J Criscenti
- Geochemistry Department, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
| | - Tuan A Ho
- Geochemistry Department, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
| | - Yang Qin
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Mansfield, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Hongyou Fan
- Geochemistry Department, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
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Gong J, Zhong H, Gao C, Peng J, Liu X, Lin Q, Fang G, Yuan S, Zhang Z, Xiao X. Pressure-Induced Indirect-Direct Bandgap Transition of CsPbBr 3 Single Crystal and Its Effect on Photoluminescence Quantum Yield. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2201554. [PMID: 35948500 PMCID: PMC9561783 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202201554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Despite extensive study, the bandgap characteristics of lead halide perovskites are not well understood. Usually, these materials are considered as direct bandgap semiconductors, while their photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) is very low in the solid state or single crystal (SC) state. Some researchers have noted a weak indirect bandgap below the direct bandgap transition in these perovskites. Herein, application of pressure to a CsPbBr3 SC and first-principles calculations reveal that the nature of the bandgap becomes more direct at a relatively low pressure due to decreased dynamic Rashba splitting. This effect results in a dramatic PLQY improvement, improved more than 90 times, which overturns the traditional concept that the PLQY of lead halide perovskite SC cannot exceed 10%. Application of higher pressure transformed the CsPbBr3 SC into a pure indirect bandgap phase, which can be maintained at near-ambient pressure. It is thus proved that lead halide perovskites can induce a phase transition between direct and indirect bandgaps. In addition, distinct piezochromism is observed for a perovskite SC for the first time. This work provides a novel framework to understand the optoelectronic properties of these important materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junbo Gong
- School of Physics and TechnologyWuhan UniversityWuhan430072P. R. China
| | - Hongxia Zhong
- School of Mathematics and PhysicsChina University of Geosciences (Wuhan)Wuhan430074P. R. China
| | - Chan Gao
- School of Physical SciencesUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiAnhui230026P. R. China
- College of Mathematics and PhysicsChengdu University of TechnologyChengduSichuan610059P. R. China
| | - Jiali Peng
- School of Physics and TechnologyWuhan UniversityWuhan430072P. R. China
| | - Xinxing Liu
- School of Physics and TechnologyWuhan UniversityWuhan430072P. R. China
| | - Qianqian Lin
- School of Physics and TechnologyWuhan UniversityWuhan430072P. R. China
| | - Guojia Fang
- School of Physics and TechnologyWuhan UniversityWuhan430072P. R. China
| | - Shengjun Yuan
- School of Physics and TechnologyWuhan UniversityWuhan430072P. R. China
| | - Zengming Zhang
- School of Physical SciencesUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiAnhui230026P. R. China
| | - Xudong Xiao
- School of Physics and TechnologyWuhan UniversityWuhan430072P. R. China
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5
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Leng J, Wang T, Tan ZK, Lee YJ, Chang CC, Tamada K. Tuning the Emission Wavelength of Lead Halide Perovskite NCs via Size and Shape Control. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:565-577. [PMID: 35036724 PMCID: PMC8756606 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c05001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The advent of lead halide perovskite nanocrystals (NCs), which are easily synthesized, ultralow-cost materials and have an impeccable luminous efficiency, has drastically changed the future perspective of semiconductor quantum dot devices. Although the band gap energy of lead perovskite NCs can be tuned by the halide composition, the instability problem prevails for mixed-halide perovskite NCs, caused by phase segregation due to ion migration when an external electric field or light is applied. To avoid this problem and obtain the stable emission of RGB primary colors, in this study, two synthesis pathways of pure-halide perovskite NCs are proposed. One approach is the modified hot injection method with "centrifugation of a frozen eutectic mixture" to separate small NCs efficiently, and the other is the "low-temperature mixing and heat-up method" for target materials including CsPbI3, CsPbBr3, and CH(NH2)2PbBr3 (FAPbBr3). The emission wavelength of FAPbBr3 is tuned ion-stoichiometrically, unlike Cs perovskites. These various synthesis pathways of pure-halide perovskite NCs enable the efficient production of high-quality perovskite NCs and allow precise tuning of the emission color to the desired wavelength. Although there are still several "gaps" remaining in the available emission wavelength, the new methodology proposed in this study could potentially be employed for manufacturing more stable perovskite NC-based optoelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junfu Leng
- Institute
for Materials Chemistry and Engineering (IMCE), Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishiku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Tian Wang
- Department
of Chemistry, National University of Singapore
(NUS), 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Zhi-Kuang Tan
- Department
of Chemistry, National University of Singapore
(NUS), 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Ya-Ju Lee
- Institute
of Electro-Optical Engineering, National
Taiwan Normal University, 88, Sec. 4, Ting-Chou Rd., Taipei 116, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Chieh Chang
- Institute
of Electro-Optical Engineering, National
Taiwan Normal University, 88, Sec. 4, Ting-Chou Rd., Taipei 116, Taiwan
| | - Kaoru Tamada
- Institute
for Materials Chemistry and Engineering (IMCE), Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishiku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- Advanced
Institute for Materials Research (AIMR), Tohoku University, 2-1-1
Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
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6
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Fang Y, Shao T, Zhang L, Sui L, Wu G, Yuan K, Wang K, Zou B. Harvesting High-Quality White-Light Emitting and Remarkable Emission Enhancement in One-Dimensional Halide Perovskites Upon Compression. JACS AU 2021; 1:459-466. [PMID: 34467308 PMCID: PMC8395689 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.1c00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The pressure induced emission (PIE) behavior of halide perovskites has attracted extensive interest due to its potential application in pressure sensors and trademark security. However, the PIE phenomenon of white-light-emitting hybrid perovskites (WHPs) is rare, and that at pressures above 10.0 GPa has never been reported. Here, we effectively adjusted the perovskite to emit high-quality "cold" or "warm" white light and successfully realized pressure-induced emission (PIE) upon even higher pressure up to 35.1 GPa in one-dimensional halide perovskite C4N2H14PbCl4. We reveal that the degree of structural distortion and the rearrangement of the multiple self-trapped states position are consistent with the intriguing photoluminescence variation, which is further supported by in situ high-pressure synchrotron X-ray diffraction experiments and time-resolved photoluminescence decay dynamics data. The underlying relationship between octahedron behavior and emission plays a key role to obtain high-quality white emission perovskites. We anticipate that this work enhances our understanding of structure-dependent self-trapped exciton (STE) emission characteristics and stimulates the design of high-performance WHPs for next generation white LED lighting devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Fang
- State
Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Tianyin Shao
- State
Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Long Zhang
- State
Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Laizhi Sui
- State
Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Guorong Wu
- State
Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Kaijun Yuan
- State
Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Kai Wang
- State
Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Bo Zou
- State
Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
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7
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Huisman BAH, Palazon F, Bolink HJ. Zero-Dimensional Hybrid Organic-Inorganic Lead Halides and Their Post-Synthesis Reversible Transformation into Three-Dimensional Perovskites. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:5212-5216. [PMID: 33705124 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c00212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Zero-dimensional (0D) mixed-halide hybrid organic-inorganic MA4PbX6·2H2O (MA = CH3NH3+; X = Br1 - xIx with 0 < x < 1) has been synthesized by a solvent-free mechanochemical approach. It has been shown that this 0D phase with sharp absorption features in the near-UV is a hydrated structure, which can be reversibly transformed into the three-dimensional perovskite phase MAPbX3 by simple thermal annealing (dehydration) in air. This work reveals a new approach to hybrid organic-inorganic perovskites and related 0D structures, which have so far only been thoroughly studied for the inorganic Cs4PbX6 compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bas A H Huisman
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular, Universidad de Valencia, C/ Catedrático J. Beltrán 2, Paterna 46980, Spain
| | - Francisco Palazon
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular, Universidad de Valencia, C/ Catedrático J. Beltrán 2, Paterna 46980, Spain
| | - Henk J Bolink
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular, Universidad de Valencia, C/ Catedrático J. Beltrán 2, Paterna 46980, Spain
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Ding R, Liu CK, Wu Z, Guo F, Pang SY, Wong LW, Io WF, Yuan S, Wong MC, Jedrzejczyk MB, Zhao J, Yan F, Hao J. A General Wet Transferring Approach for Diffusion-Facilitated Space-Confined Grown Perovskite Single-Crystalline Optoelectronic Thin Films. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:2747-2755. [PMID: 32186387 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c00379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Hybrid perovskite single-crystalline thin films are promising for making high-performance perovskite optoelectronic devices due to their superior physical properties. However, it is still challenging to incorporate them into multilayer devices because of their on-substrate growth. Here, a wet transfer method is used in transferring perovskite single-crystalline films perfectly onto various target substrates. More importantly, large millimeter-scaled single-crystalline films can be obtained via a diffusion-facilitated space-confined growth method as thin as a few hundred nanometers, which are capable of sustaining excellent crystalline quality and morphology after the transferring process. The availability of these crystalline films offers us a convenient route to further investigate their intrinsic properties of hybrid perovskites. We also demonstrate that the wet transfer method can be used for scalable fabrication of perovskite single-crystalline film-based photodetectors exhibiting a remarkable photoresponsivity. It is expected that this transferring strategy would promise broad applications of perovskite single-crystalline films for more complex perovskite devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Ding
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong, P.R. China
| | - Chun-Ki Liu
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong, P.R. China
| | - Zehan Wu
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong, P.R. China
| | - Feng Guo
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong, P.R. China
| | - Sin-Yi Pang
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong, P.R. China
| | - Lok Wing Wong
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong, P.R. China
| | - Weng Fu Io
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong, P.R. China
| | - Shuoguo Yuan
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong, P.R. China
| | - Man-Chung Wong
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong, P.R. China
| | | | - Jiong Zhao
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong, P.R. China
| | - Feng Yan
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong, P.R. China
| | - Jianhua Hao
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong, P.R. China
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