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Rezaeifard A, Doraghi F, Akbari F, Bari B, Kianmehr E, Ramazani A, Khoobi M, Foroumadi A. Organic Peroxides in Transition-Metal-Free Cyclization and Coupling Reactions (C-C) via Oxidative Transformation. ACS OMEGA 2025; 10:15852-15907. [PMID: 40321530 PMCID: PMC12044487 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c11574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2025] [Accepted: 04/04/2025] [Indexed: 05/08/2025]
Abstract
Transition-metal-free transformations are recognized as green and sustainable methods for constructing carbon-carbon bonds in organic synthesis. This review describes the application of six organic peroxides, including tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP), di-tert-butyl peroxide (DTBP), tert-butyl peroxybenzoate (TBPB), benzoyl peroxide (BPO), dialauroyl peroxide (DLP), and diguyl peroxide (DCP), in C-C bond construction, highlighting selected examples and mechanisms of challenging transformations. Each section concludes with a detailed overview of suitable reagents for various coupling reactions and strengths and weaknesses of the reported works. This work aims to inspire further innovations in transition-metal-free oxidative transformations, promoting sustainable and eco-friendly chemical processes and paving the way for new peroxide-based organic synthesis methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Rezaeifard
- Drug
Design and Development Research Center, The Institute of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14176-14411, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Doraghi
- School
of Chemistry, College of Science, University
of Tehran, Tehran 14174-66191, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Akbari
- Department
of Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala 751-05, Sweden
| | - Bahareh Bari
- School
of Chemistry, College of Science, University
of Tehran, Tehran 14174-66191, Iran
| | - Ebrahim Kianmehr
- School
of Chemistry, College of Science, University
of Tehran, Tehran 14174-66191, Iran
| | - Ali Ramazani
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University
of Zanjan, Zanjan 45371-38791, Iran
| | - Mehdi Khoobi
- Drug
Design and Development Research Center, The Institute of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14176-14411, Iran
- Department
of Radiopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran
University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 11141-33314, Iran
| | - Alireza Foroumadi
- Drug
Design and Development Research Center, The Institute of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14176-14411, Iran
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 11141-33314, Iran
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2
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More DA, Ghotekar GS, Muthukrishnan M. BF 3 ⋅Et 2 O-Catalyzed Selective C-4 Alkylation of Isoquinolin-1(2H)-ones Employing p-Quinone Methides. Chem Asian J 2023; 18:e202300546. [PMID: 37449661 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202300546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
The direct C-4 alkylation of isoquinolin-1(2H)-one moiety is a challenging transformation in organic synthesis. Here we present a practical and efficient synthesis of C-4 alkylated isoquinolin-1(2H)-ones through conjugate addition of isoquinolin-1(2H)-ones to p-quinone methides for the first time. The process is facilitated by Lewis acid catalysis and this operationally straightforward, mild, metal-free and one-pot transformation provides a wide range of C-4 alkylated isoquinolin-1(2H)-ones at ambient temperature in good to excellent yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devidas A More
- Division of Organic Chemistry, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 411 008, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Ganesh S Ghotekar
- Division of Organic Chemistry, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 411 008, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - M Muthukrishnan
- Division of Organic Chemistry, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 411 008, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
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3
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Mane BB, Waghmode SB. Iron-Catalyzed Ring Opening of Cyclopropanols and Their 1,6-Conjugate Addition to p-Quinone Methides. J Org Chem 2021; 86:17774-17781. [PMID: 34813312 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c02059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A novel iron-catalyzed ring opening of cyclopropanols and their 1,6-conjugate addition to p-quinone methides for accessing substituted phenols is disclosed. In this protocol, various cyclopropanols are converted to alkyl radicals and undergo 1,6-conjugate addition to p-quinone methides toward C-C bond formation. The salient features of this methodology include operationally simple and mild reaction conditions, environmentally benign protocol, high efficiency, inexpensive catalyst, good to excellent yield, and a wide range of substrate scope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baliram B Mane
- Department of Chemistry, Savitribai Phule Pune University (Formerly University of Pune), Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007, India
| | - Suresh B Waghmode
- Department of Chemistry, Savitribai Phule Pune University (Formerly University of Pune), Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007, India
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4
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Luo C, Zhou T, Wang W, Han P, Jing L. An Efficient Approach to Access 2,2‐Diarylanilines via Visible‐Light‐Promoted Decarboxylative Cross‐Coupling Reactions. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202100458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cong Luo
- Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province China West Normal University No.1 Shi Da Road Nanchong 637009 P. R. China
| | - Tongyao Zhou
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute Wuhan Institute of Technology No.206, Guanggu 1st road Wuhan 430205 P. R. China
| | - Wei Wang
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute Wuhan Institute of Technology No.206, Guanggu 1st road Wuhan 430205 P. R. China
| | - Pan Han
- Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province China West Normal University No.1 Shi Da Road Nanchong 637009 P. R. China
| | - Linhai Jing
- Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province China West Normal University No.1 Shi Da Road Nanchong 637009 P. R. China
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5
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Das D, Ghosh KG, Chandu P, Sureshkumar D. Ammonium Chloride-Mediated Trifluoromethylthiolation of p-Quinone Methides. J Org Chem 2020; 85:14201-14209. [PMID: 33107737 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c01752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Ammonium chloride-mediated trifluoromethylthiolation of p-quinone methides is reported using inexpensive and bench stable AgSCF3 as a nucleophilic trifluoromethylthiolating (-SCF3) reagent. This method is an efficient strategy for the construction of the benzylic C(sp3)-SCF3 bond to synthesize trifluoromethylthio-diarylmethane derivatives by 1,6-conjugate addition/aromatization under mild reaction conditions without any metal catalyst, oxidants, or additives. This is the first report of trifluoromethylthiolation of p-quinone methides. In addition, di-trifluoromethylthiolation of δ-chloro-p-quinone methide and scalability are demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debabrata Das
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata Mohanpur 741246, West Bengal, India
| | - Krishna Gopal Ghosh
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata Mohanpur 741246, West Bengal, India
| | - Palasetty Chandu
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata Mohanpur 741246, West Bengal, India
| | - Devarajulu Sureshkumar
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata Mohanpur 741246, West Bengal, India
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6
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Lima CGS, Pauli FP, Costa DCS, de Souza AS, Forezi LSM, Ferreira VF, de Carvalho da Silva F. para
-Quinone Methides as Acceptors in 1,6-Nucleophilic Conjugate Addition Reactions for the Synthesis of Structurally Diverse Molecules. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201901796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carolina G. S. Lima
- Departamento de Química Orgânica; Instituto de Química; Universidade Federal Fluminense; Campus do Valonguinho 24020-150 Niterói RJ Brazil
| | - Fernanda P. Pauli
- Departamento de Química Orgânica; Instituto de Química; Universidade Federal Fluminense; Campus do Valonguinho 24020-150 Niterói RJ Brazil
| | - Dora C. S. Costa
- Departamento de Química Orgânica; Instituto de Química; Universidade Federal Fluminense; Campus do Valonguinho 24020-150 Niterói RJ Brazil
| | - Acácio S. de Souza
- Departamento de Química Orgânica; Instituto de Química; Universidade Federal Fluminense; Campus do Valonguinho 24020-150 Niterói RJ Brazil
| | - Luana S. M. Forezi
- Departamento de Química Orgânica; Instituto de Química; Universidade Federal Fluminense; Campus do Valonguinho 24020-150 Niterói RJ Brazil
| | - Vitor F. Ferreira
- Departamento de Tecnologia Farmacêutica; Universidade Federal Fluminense; 24241-000 Niterói RJ Brazil
| | - Fernando de Carvalho da Silva
- Departamento de Química Orgânica; Instituto de Química; Universidade Federal Fluminense; Campus do Valonguinho 24020-150 Niterói RJ Brazil
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7
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Wang JY, Hao WJ, Tu SJ, Jiang B. Recent developments in 1,6-addition reactions of para-quinone methides (p-QMs). Org Chem Front 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0qo00387e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of recent progress in this rapidly growing field by summarizing the 1,6-conjugate addition and annulation reactions of p-QMs with consideration of their mechanisms and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Yin Wang
- School of Chemistry & Materials Science
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Green Synthetic Chemistry for Functional Materials
- Jiangsu Normal University
- Xuzhou 221116
- P. R. China
| | - Wen-Juan Hao
- School of Chemistry & Materials Science
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Green Synthetic Chemistry for Functional Materials
- Jiangsu Normal University
- Xuzhou 221116
- P. R. China
| | - Shu-Jiang Tu
- School of Chemistry & Materials Science
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Green Synthetic Chemistry for Functional Materials
- Jiangsu Normal University
- Xuzhou 221116
- P. R. China
| | - Bo Jiang
- School of Chemistry & Materials Science
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Green Synthetic Chemistry for Functional Materials
- Jiangsu Normal University
- Xuzhou 221116
- P. R. China
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8
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Nan GM, Li X, Yao TY, Yan TX, Wen LR, Li M. InCl3-catalyzed 5-exo-dig cyclization/1,6-conjugate addition of N-propargylamides with p-QMs to construct oxazole derivatives. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:1780-1784. [DOI: 10.1039/c9ob02651g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
An InCl3-catalyzed tandem intramolecular 5-exo-dig cyclization/1,6-conjugate addition/aromatization of N-propargylamides with p-QMs to produce oxazoles tethering diarylmethane has been successfully developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Ming Nan
- University and College Key Lab of Natural Product Chemistry and Application in Xinjiang
- Yili Normal University
- Yining 835000
- China
| | - Xue Li
- University and College Key Lab of Natural Product Chemistry and Application in Xinjiang
- Yili Normal University
- Yining 835000
- China
| | - Tian-Yu Yao
- State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-Chemical Engineering
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Qingdao University of Science & Technology
- Qingdao 266042
- China
| | - Ting-Xun Yan
- State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-Chemical Engineering
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Qingdao University of Science & Technology
- Qingdao 266042
- China
| | - Li-Rong Wen
- State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-Chemical Engineering
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Qingdao University of Science & Technology
- Qingdao 266042
- China
| | - Ming Li
- University and College Key Lab of Natural Product Chemistry and Application in Xinjiang
- Yili Normal University
- Yining 835000
- China
- State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-Chemical Engineering
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9
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Wu QL, Guo J, Huang GB, Chan ASC, Weng J, Lu G. Visible-light-promoted radical cross-coupling of para-quinone methides with N-substituted anilines: an efficient approach to 2,2-diarylethylamines. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:860-864. [DOI: 10.1039/c9ob02600b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of 2,2-diarylethylamines were accessed via visible-light-promoted radical cross-coupling of p-QMs with N-alkyl anilines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao-Lei Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou 510006
- P. R. China
| | - Jing Guo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou 510006
- P. R. China
| | - Gong-Bin Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou 510006
- P. R. China
| | - Albert S. C. Chan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou 510006
- P. R. China
| | - Jiang Weng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou 510006
- P. R. China
| | - Gui Lu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou 510006
- P. R. China
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10
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Aher YN, Pawar AB. Catalyst- and reagent-free 1,6-hydrophosphonylation of p-quinone methides: a practical approach for the synthesis of diarylmethyl phosphine oxides. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:7536-7546. [PMID: 31369029 DOI: 10.1039/c9ob01326a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We developed a catalyst-, reagent-, and additive-free protocol with 100% atom economy for the synthesis of diarylmethyl phosphine oxides via 1,6-hydrophosphonylation of p-quinone methides using water as a green solvent. The reaction showed broad scope with excellent functional group tolerance. The practicability of this method was demonstrated by carrying out the reaction on the gram scale whereby product was obtained in high yield by the filtration technique avoiding chromatographic purification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogesh N Aher
- Department of Organic Synthesis and Process Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500007, India.
| | - Amit B Pawar
- Department of Organic Synthesis and Process Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500007, India. and Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
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11
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1,6-Conjugate sulfonylation of para-quinone methides: An expedient approach to unsymmetrical gem-diarylmethyl sulfones. Tetrahedron Lett 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2018.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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12
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More SG, Suryavanshi G. Metal-free, radical 1,6-conjugated addition of cyclic ethers with para-quinone methides (p-QMs). Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:3239-3248. [DOI: 10.1039/c9ob00127a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
An efficient method for metal-free C–C bond formation between p-quinone methides (p-QMs) and cyclic ethers via a radical pathway to afford substituted diarylmethanes and triarylmethanes or to effect the α-alkylation of the cyclic ethers has been developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satish G. More
- Chemical Engineering and Process Development Division
- CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory
- Pune
- India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research
| | - Gurunath Suryavanshi
- Chemical Engineering and Process Development Division
- CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory
- Pune
- India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research
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13
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Fu J, Yuan J, Zhang Y, Xiao Y, Mao P, Diao X, Qu L. Copper-catalyzed oxidative coupling of quinoxalin-2(1H)-ones with alcohols: access to hydroxyalkylation of quinoxalin-2(1H)-ones. Org Chem Front 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8qo00979a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
An efficient protocol for the synthesis of hydroxyl-containing quinoxalin-2(1H)-ones has been developed via the copper-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction of quinoxalin-2(1H)-ones with alcohols with moderate to good yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhao Fu
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Henan University of Technology
- Academician Workstation for Natural Medicinal Chemistry of Henan Province
- Zhengzhou 450001
- P. R. China
| | - Jinwei Yuan
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Henan University of Technology
- Academician Workstation for Natural Medicinal Chemistry of Henan Province
- Zhengzhou 450001
- P. R. China
| | - Yue Zhang
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Henan University of Technology
- Academician Workstation for Natural Medicinal Chemistry of Henan Province
- Zhengzhou 450001
- P. R. China
| | - Yongmei Xiao
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Henan University of Technology
- Academician Workstation for Natural Medicinal Chemistry of Henan Province
- Zhengzhou 450001
- P. R. China
| | - Pu Mao
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Henan University of Technology
- Academician Workstation for Natural Medicinal Chemistry of Henan Province
- Zhengzhou 450001
- P. R. China
| | - Xiaoqiong Diao
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Henan University of Technology
- Academician Workstation for Natural Medicinal Chemistry of Henan Province
- Zhengzhou 450001
- P. R. China
| | - Lingbo Qu
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Henan University of Technology
- Academician Workstation for Natural Medicinal Chemistry of Henan Province
- Zhengzhou 450001
- P. R. China
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Chen R, Liu Y, Cui S. 1,4-Conjugate addition/esterification of ortho-quinone methides in a multicomponent reaction. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:11753-11756. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc07328g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel 1,4-conjugate addition/esterification of ortho-quinone methides in a multicomponent reaction has been developed for facilely accessing 3,3-diarylpropanamides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renjie Chen
- Institute of Drug Discovery and Design, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310058
- P. R. China
| | - Yu Liu
- Sate Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310058
- China
| | - Sunliang Cui
- Institute of Drug Discovery and Design, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310058
- P. R. China
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