1
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Stevens KC, Tirrell MV. Impact of a Lightly Branched Star Polyelectrolyte Architecture on Polyelectrolyte Complexes. ACS Macro Lett 2024; 13:688-694. [PMID: 38780149 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.4c00167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
The effect of charge density in blocky and statistical linear polyelectrolytes on polyelectrolyte complex (PEC) properties has been studied with the finding that increased charge density in a polyelectrolyte tends to increase the salt resistance and modulus of a PEC across various polyelectrolyte pairs. Here, we demonstrate the ability to orthogonally alter PEC salt resistance while maintaining rheological properties and internal structure by going from linear to lightly branched architectures with similar total degrees of polymerization. Using a model system built around glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) and thiol-epoxy "click" functionalization, we create a library of homologous linear, 4-armed, 6-armed, and 8-armed star polyelectrolytes. The PECs formed from these model polyelectrolyte pairs are then characterized via optical microscopy, rheology, and small-angle X-ray scattering to evaluate their salt resistance, mechanical properties, and internal structure. We argue that our results are due to the difference between linear charge density or charge per unit length along backbone segments for each polyelectrolyte and spatial charge density, the number of charges per unit volume of the polyelectrolyte prior to complexation. Our findings suggest that linear charge density is the dominant factor in determining intermolecular interactions of the complex, leading to identical rheological and structural behavior, whereas the spatial charge density primarily influences the stability of the complexes. These distinct mechanisms for altering various sought-after PEC properties offer greater potential applications in precision design of polyelectrolyte complex materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaden C Stevens
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Matthew V Tirrell
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
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2
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Tanaka T. Recent Advances in Polymers Bearing Activated Esters for the Synthesis of Glycopolymers by Postpolymerization Modification. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1100. [PMID: 38675019 PMCID: PMC11053895 DOI: 10.3390/polym16081100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Glycopolymers are functional polymers with saccharide moieties on their side chains and are attractive candidates for biomaterials. Postpolymerization modification can be employed for the synthesis of glycopolymers. Activated esters are useful in various fields, including polymer chemistry and biochemistry, because of their high reactivity and ease of reaction. In particular, the formation of amide bonds caused by the reaction of activated esters with amino groups is of high synthetic chemical value owing to its high selectivity. It has been employed in the synthesis of various functional polymers, including glycopolymers. This paper reviews the recent advances in polymers bearing activated esters for the synthesis of glycopolymers by postpolymerization modification. The development of polymers bearing hydrophobic and hydrophilic activated esters is described. Although water-soluble activated esters are generally unstable and hydrolyzed in water, novel polymer backbones bearing water-soluble activated esters are stable and useful for postpolymerization modification for synthesizing glycopolymers in water. Dual postpolymerization modification can be employed to modify polymer side chains using two different molecules. Thiolactone and glycine propargyl esters on the polymer backbone are described as activated esters for dual postpolymerization modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomonari Tanaka
- Department of Biobased Materials Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
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3
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Khan A. Thiol-epoxy 'click' chemistry: a focus on molecular attributes in the context of polymer chemistry. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:11028-11044. [PMID: 37642518 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc02555a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Base-catalyzed ring-opening reaction of epoxides with the thiol nucleophiles is useful in the preparation and post-polymerization modification of synthetic polymers. Due to its many beneficial characteristics, this process is referred to as the thiol-epoxy 'click' reaction. In this article, our aim is to discuss the fundamental attributes of this process by tracing our own steps in the field. We initially address the aspects of efficiency, regio-selectivity, stoichiometry, and reaction conditions with the help of linear, hyperbranched, graft, dendritic, and cross-linked poly(β-hydroxy thioether)s. A special emphasis is placed on hydrogel synthesis and photopolymerization on surfaces. Subsequently, quenching of the alkoxide anion is considered which is a critical step in the formation of the β-hydroxy thioether linkage upon completion of reaction. The amenability of further reaction on the hydroxy and thioether groups through esterification and sulfur alkylation is then discussed. Initially, post-gelation/fabrication modification of sulfide linkages is considered to obtain cationic sulfonium hydrogels and zwitterionic photopatterned networks with antibacterial and antibiofouling properties, respectively. A post-synthesis functionalization strategy is then described to access same centered and segregated main-chain poly(β-hydroxy sulfonium)s as potent antibacterial materials. In side-chain polysulfides, the sequential post-synthesis modifications involving poly(glycidyl methacrylate) scaffolds can lead to the formation of amphiphilic homopolymers. The application of such materials is discussed in the arena of siRNA delivery. Finally, concerns relating to the formation of disulfide defects and open research goals such as study of the orthogonality of the reaction are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anzar Khan
- Department of Molecules and Materials, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands.
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4
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Kemmer A, Heinze T. Dextran thioparaconate - Evaluation of the multifunctional thiolactone linker for easily adaptable polysaccharide modification. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 315:120946. [PMID: 37230630 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.120946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
For the preparation of tailored polymers based on polysaccharides, an easy adaptable modification method was developed by introduction of a multifunctional linker into the polymer backbone. Dextran was functionalized with a thiolactone compound that can be further treated with amine resulting in ring opening and formation of a thiol. The functional thiol group emerging can be used for crosslinking or introduction of a further functional compound by disulfide formation. Here, the efficient esterification of thioparaconic acid after in-situ activation and studies about reactivity of the dextran thioparaconate obtained are discussed. The derivative was converted by aminolysis with model compound hexylamin and the thiol generated therefrom was subsequently converted with an activated functional thiol to the corresponding disulfide. The thiolactone, which protects the thiol, enables efficient esterification without side reactions and allows storage of the polysaccharide derivative at ambient conditions for years. Not only the multifunctional reactivity of the derivative but also the end product with a balanced ratio of hydrophobic and cationic moiety is appealing for biomedical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnes Kemmer
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Center of Excellence for Polysaccharide Research, Humboldtstr. 10, D-07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Thomas Heinze
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Center of Excellence for Polysaccharide Research, Humboldtstr. 10, D-07743 Jena, Germany; Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena Center for Soft Matters, Philosophenweg 7, D-07743 Jena, Germany.
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5
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Multi-Polymerization: From Simple to Complex. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-022-2836-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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6
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Durmuş S, Yılmaz B, Onder A, Ilgin P, Ozay H, Ozay O. An innovative approach to use zeolite as crosslinker for synthesis of p(HEMA-co-NIPAM) hydrogel. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-022-02908-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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7
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Jazani AM, Oh JK. Synthesis of multiple stimuli-responsive degradable block copolymers via facile carbonyl imidazole-induced postpolymerization modification. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2py00729k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A robust approach that centers on carbonyl imidazole chemistry was used to synthesize a triple-stimuli-responsive degradable block copolymer labeled with acetal, disulfide, and o-nitrobenzyl groups exhibiting acid, reduction, and light responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arman Moini Jazani
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Jung Kwon Oh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, H4B 1R6, Canada
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8
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Sun J, Hong YL, Wang C, Tan ZW, Liu CM. Main-chain/Side-chain type Phosphine Oxide-Containing Reactive Polymers Derived from same Monomer: Controllable RAFT Polymerisation and ring-opening Polycondensation. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2py00006g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This paper reports the synthesis and selective polymerisations of an epoxy-rich phosphine oxide-containing styrenic monomer, namely 4-vinylbenzyl-bis((oxiran-2-ylmethoxy)methyl) phosphine oxide (VBzBOPO). The styryl and epoxy functionalities could be polymerized independently through...
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9
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Valverde D, Porcar R, Prinzi R, Luis SV, Altava B, García-Verdugo E. Continuous flow system for simple preparation of functionalized polymeric beads from poly(acrylamide-thiolactone). Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2py00899h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Going with the flow: continuous flow devices to fabricate functional spherical polymers based on poly(acrylamide-thiolactone).
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Affiliation(s)
- David Valverde
- Dpto. Química Inorgánica y Orgánica, Universidad Jaume I, Avda. Sos, Baynat s/n, Castellon 12071, Spain
- Vicerrectoría de Investigación, UNED, Mercedes de Montes de Oca 11503, Costa Rica
| | - Raúl Porcar
- Dpto. Química Inorgánica y Orgánica, Universidad Jaume I, Avda. Sos, Baynat s/n, Castellon 12071, Spain
- Dpto. Química Orgánica y Bio-Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, UNED, Avda. Esparta s/n, 28232, Las Rozas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Roberta Prinzi
- Dpto. Química Inorgánica y Orgánica, Universidad Jaume I, Avda. Sos, Baynat s/n, Castellon 12071, Spain
| | - Santiago V. Luis
- Dpto. Química Inorgánica y Orgánica, Universidad Jaume I, Avda. Sos, Baynat s/n, Castellon 12071, Spain
| | - Belén Altava
- Dpto. Química Inorgánica y Orgánica, Universidad Jaume I, Avda. Sos, Baynat s/n, Castellon 12071, Spain
| | - Eduardo García-Verdugo
- Dpto. Química Inorgánica y Orgánica, Universidad Jaume I, Avda. Sos, Baynat s/n, Castellon 12071, Spain
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10
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Lee HW, Lee NJ, Kim JG. Sequential Post-Polymerization Modification of Aldehyde Polymers to Ketone and Oxime Polymers. Macromol Rapid Commun 2021; 42:e2100478. [PMID: 34519386 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202100478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A new sequential post-polymerization modification route has been developed for the synthesis of multifunctional polymers from a simple aldehyde polymer. In the first modification step, a template polymer derived from the radical polymerization of 4-vinyl benzaldehyde undergoes Rh-catalyzed hydroacylation with alkenes to furnish a group of ketone polymers. In the second modification step, Schiff base formation with alkoxy ammonium salts introduces a second group-an oxime functionality. Both the steps are highly efficient, introducing evenly distributed dual functionalities at the same position.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo Won Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54986, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam Joo Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54986, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeung Gon Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54986, Republic of Korea
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11
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Mineo AM, Buck ME, Katsumata R. Molecular design of polymer coatings capable of photo‐triggered stress relaxation via dynamic covalent bond exchange. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Autumn M. Mineo
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering University of Massachusetts Amherst Amherst Massachusetts USA
| | - Maren E. Buck
- Department of Chemistry Smith College Northampton Massachusetts USA
| | - Reika Katsumata
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering University of Massachusetts Amherst Amherst Massachusetts USA
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12
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Avila-Gutierrez L, Cetina-Mancilla E, Hernández-Cruz O, Gonzalez G, Arcos LH, Gaviño R, Cárdenas J, Vivaldo-Lima E, Zolotukhin MG. Multifunctional polymer-assisted spontaneous transformation of thin gold films into nanoparticles. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2021.104928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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13
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Calubaquib EL, Soltantabar P, Wang H, Shin H, Flores A, Biewer MC, Stefan MC. Self-assembly behavior of oligo(ethylene glycol) substituted polycaprolactone homopolymers. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py00483b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In this work, non-ionic amphiphilic oligo(ethylene glycol)-substituted polycaprolactone homopolymers readily self-assembled to form micelles in a polar environment, which allowed the encapsulation of a hydrophobic molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika L. Calubaquib
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of Texas at Dallas
- Richardson
- USA
| | | | - Hanghang Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of Texas at Dallas
- Richardson
- USA
| | - Heejin Shin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of Texas at Dallas
- Richardson
- USA
| | - Alfonso Flores
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of Texas at Dallas
- Richardson
- USA
| | - Michael C. Biewer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of Texas at Dallas
- Richardson
- USA
| | - Mihaela C. Stefan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of Texas at Dallas
- Richardson
- USA
- Department of Bioengineering
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14
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François F, Nicolas C, Forcher G, Fontaine L, Montembault V. Poly(norbornenyl azlactone) as a versatile platform for sequential double click postpolymerization modification. Eur Polym J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2020.110081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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15
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Eom T, Khan A. Polyselenonium salts: synthesis through sequential selenium-epoxy 'click' chemistry and Se-alkylation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:14271-14274. [PMID: 33124621 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc06653b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
With the help of amphiphilic homopolymers, this work explores three new avenues in polymer chemistry: (i) the 'click' nature of the selenium-epoxy reaction, (ii) alkylation of the seleno-ethers as a means to prepare cationic polyelectrolytes, and (iii) the antibacterial activity of polyselenonium salts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taejun Eom
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-Ro, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul 02841, Korea.
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16
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Moreno A, Ronda JC, Cádiz V, Galià M, Percec V, Lligadas G. Programming Self-Assembly and Stimuli-Triggered Response of Hydrophilic Telechelic Polymers with Sequence-Encoded Hydrophobic Initiators. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c01400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Moreno
- Laboratory of Sustainable Polymers, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, University Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona 43007, Spain
| | - Juan C. Ronda
- Laboratory of Sustainable Polymers, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, University Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona 43007, Spain
| | - Virginia Cádiz
- Laboratory of Sustainable Polymers, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, University Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona 43007, Spain
| | - Marina Galià
- Laboratory of Sustainable Polymers, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, University Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona 43007, Spain
| | - Virgil Percec
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Gerard Lligadas
- Laboratory of Sustainable Polymers, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, University Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona 43007, Spain
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
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17
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Fitzgerald ER, Mineo AM, Pryor ML, Buck ME. Photomediated post-fabrication modification of azlactone-functionalized gels for the development of hydrogel actuators. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:6044-6049. [PMID: 32638814 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm00832j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We report an approach for the photomediated post-fabrication modification of reactive, azlactone-containing gels using light-initiated deprotection of amines caged with 2-(nitrophenyl)propyloxycarbonyl (NPPOC). Photomediated modification of these gels can be used to generate a gradient in chemical functionality. When functionalized with tertiary amine groups, these gradient gels exhibit rapid and reversible shape deformations in response to changes in pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily R Fitzgerald
- Department of Chemistry, Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts 01063, USA.
| | - Autumn M Mineo
- Department of Chemistry, Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts 01063, USA.
| | - Mae L Pryor
- Department of Chemistry, Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts 01063, USA.
| | - Maren E Buck
- Department of Chemistry, Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts 01063, USA.
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18
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He B, Zhang J, Zhang H, Liu Z, Zou H, Hu R, Qin A, Kwok RTK, Lam JWY, Tang BZ. Catalyst-Free Multicomponent Tandem Polymerizations of Alkyne and Amines toward Nontraditional Intrinsic Luminescent Poly(aminomaleimide)s. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c00525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benzhao He
- HKUST-Shenzhen Research Institute, No. 9 Yuexing first RD, South Area, Hi-tech Park, Nanshan, Shenzhen 518057, China
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction and Institute for Advanced Study, The Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction and Institute for Advanced Study, The Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Haoke Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction and Institute for Advanced Study, The Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhiyang Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction and Institute for Advanced Study, The Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hang Zou
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction and Institute for Advanced Study, The Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Rong Hu
- Center for Aggregation-Induced Emission, SCUT-HKUST Joint Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Anjun Qin
- Center for Aggregation-Induced Emission, SCUT-HKUST Joint Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Ryan T. K. Kwok
- HKUST-Shenzhen Research Institute, No. 9 Yuexing first RD, South Area, Hi-tech Park, Nanshan, Shenzhen 518057, China
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction and Institute for Advanced Study, The Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jacky W. Y. Lam
- HKUST-Shenzhen Research Institute, No. 9 Yuexing first RD, South Area, Hi-tech Park, Nanshan, Shenzhen 518057, China
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction and Institute for Advanced Study, The Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ben Zhong Tang
- HKUST-Shenzhen Research Institute, No. 9 Yuexing first RD, South Area, Hi-tech Park, Nanshan, Shenzhen 518057, China
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction and Institute for Advanced Study, The Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
- Center for Aggregation-Induced Emission, SCUT-HKUST Joint Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Ming Wai Lau Centre for Reparative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Hong Kong, China
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19
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Reis MH, Leibfarth FA, Pitet LM. Polymerizations in Continuous Flow: Recent Advances in the Synthesis of Diverse Polymeric Materials. ACS Macro Lett 2020; 9:123-133. [PMID: 35638663 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.9b00933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The number of reports using continuous flow technology in tubular reactors to perform precision polymerizations has grown enormously in recent years. Flow polymerizations allow highly efficient preparation of polymers exhibiting well-defined molecular characteristics, and has been applied to a slew of monomers and various polymerization mechanisms, including anionic, cationic, radical, and ring-opening. Polymerization conducted in continuous flow offers several distinct advantages, including improved efficiency, reproducibility, and enhanced safety for exothermic polymerizations using highly toxic components, high pressures, and high temperatures. The further development of this technology is thus of relevance for many industrial polymerization processes. While much progress has been demonstrated in recent years, opportunities remain for increasing the compositional and architectural complexity of polymeric materials synthesized in a continuous fashion. Extending the reactor processing principles that have heretofore been focused on optimizing homopolymerization to include multisegment block copolymers, particularly from monomers that propagate via incompatible mechanisms, represents a major challenge and coveted target for continuous flow polymerization. Likewise, the spatial and temporal control of reactivity afforded by flow chemistry has and will continue to enable the production of complex polymeric architectures. This Viewpoint offers a brief background of continuous flow polymerization focused primarily on tubular (micro)reactors and includes selected examples that are relevant to these specific developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus H. Reis
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Frank A. Leibfarth
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Louis M. Pitet
- Advanced Polymer Functionalization Group, Institute for Materials Research (IMO), Hasselt University, Martelarenlaan 42, 3500 Hasselt, Belgium
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20
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Ntoukam DHS, Mutlu H, Theato P. Post-polymerization modification of Poly(vinylcyclopropanes): A potential route to periodic copolymers. Eur Polym J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2019.109319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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21
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Thermoresponsive Poly(ß-hydroxyl amine)s: Synthesis of a New Stimuli Responsive Amphiphilic Homopolymer Family through Amine-Epoxy 'Click' Polymerization. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11121941. [PMID: 31775388 PMCID: PMC6961043 DOI: 10.3390/polym11121941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A new synthesis of amphiphilic homopolymers is described. In this synthesis, commercially available and inexpensive primary amines and di-epoxide molecules are utilized as AA- and BB-types of monomers in an amine-epoxy ‘click’ polymerization process. This process can be carried out in water and at room temperature. It does not require a catalyst or inert conditions and forms no byproducts. Therefore, the polymer synthesis can be carried out in open-air and bench-top conditions and a post-synthesis purification step is not required. The modularity of the synthesis, on the other hand, allows for facile structural modulation and tuning of the thermally triggered aggregation process in the temperature range of 7 to 91 °C. Finally, the underlying principles can be translated from linear architectures to polymer networks (hydrogels).
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Muralidharan A, Uzcategui AC, McLeod RR, Bryant SJ. Stereolithographic 3D Printing for Deterministic Control over Integration in Dual-Material Composites. ADVANCED MATERIALS TECHNOLOGIES 2019; 4:1900592. [PMID: 33043126 PMCID: PMC7546532 DOI: 10.1002/admt.201900592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
This work introduces a rapid and facile approach to predictably control integration between two materials with divergent properties. Programmed integration between photopolymerizable soft and stiff hydrogels was investigated for their promise in applications such as tissue engineering where heterogeneous properties are often desired. Spatial control afforded by grayscale 3D printing was leveraged to define regions at the interface that permit diffusive transport of a second material in-filled into the 3D printed part. The printing parameters (i.e., effective exposure dose) for the resin were correlated directly to mesh size to achieve controlled diffusion. Applying this information to grayscale exposures led to a range of distances over which integration was achieved with high fidelity. A prescribed finite distance of integration between soft and stiff hydrogels led to a 33% increase in strain to failure under tensile testing and eliminated failure at the interface. The feasibility of this approach was demonstrated in a layer-by-layer 3D printed part fabricated by stereolithography, which was subsequently infilled with a soft hydrogel containing osteoblastic cells. In summary, this approach holds promise for applications where integration of multiple materials and living cells is needed by allowing precise control over integration and reducing mechanical failure at contrasting material interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archish Muralidharan
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado, Boulder, USA, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Asais C. Uzcategui
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado, Boulder, USA, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Robert R. McLeod
- Department of Electrical, Computer and Energy Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado, Boulder, USA, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Stephanie J. Bryant
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado, Boulder, USA, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
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23
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Moreno A, Ronda JC, Cádiz V, Galià M, Lligadas G, Percec V. pH-Responsive Micellar Nanoassemblies from Water-Soluble Telechelic Homopolymers Endcoding Acid-Labile Middle-Chain Groups in Their Hydrophobic Sequence-Defined Initiator Residue. ACS Macro Lett 2019; 8:1200-1208. [PMID: 35619448 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.9b00572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A middle-chain cleavable telechelic poly(oligoethylene glycol) methyl ether acrylate) (MCCT-POEGA-Br) was synthesized by single-electron transfer living radical polymerization (SET-LRP) initiated from an acetal-containing hydrophobic sequence-defined difunctional initiator. In aqueous medium, above a certain concentration, this hydrophilic homopolymer self-assembled into nanogel-like large micelles that exhibit an encapsulating capacity for both hydrophobic and hydrophilic cargo. The sequence-defined cleavage pattern encoded in the initiator residue allowed precise middle-chain cleavage, leading to quantitative disassembly of the corresponding nanoobjects. Dye release studies performed in an acidic environment demonstrated the potential of this new design concept in the preparation of pH-responsive nanocarriers. In addition, fluorescently tagged nanoassemblies could also be obtained via the thio-bromo "click" modification of MCCT-POEGA-Br prior to self-assembly. This strategy may provide facile access to a diversity of multistimuli-responsive nanocarriers based on commercially available hydrophilic monomers and sequence-defined difunctional initiators synthesized by this simple design strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Moreno
- Laboratory of Sustainable Polymers, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, University Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona 43007, Spain
| | - Juan C. Ronda
- Laboratory of Sustainable Polymers, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, University Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona 43007, Spain
| | - Virginia Cádiz
- Laboratory of Sustainable Polymers, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, University Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona 43007, Spain
| | - Marina Galià
- Laboratory of Sustainable Polymers, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, University Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona 43007, Spain
| | - Gerard Lligadas
- Laboratory of Sustainable Polymers, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, University Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona 43007, Spain
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Virgil Percec
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
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24
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Noy JM, Li Y, Smolan W, Roth PJ. Azide–para-Fluoro Substitution on Polymers: Multipurpose Precursors for Efficient Sequential Postpolymerization Modification. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b00109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Janina-Miriam Noy
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Yuman Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, U.K
| | - Willi Smolan
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Peter J. Roth
- Department of Chemistry, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, U.K
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25
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Reese CM, Thompson BJ, Logan PK, Stafford CM, Blanton M, Patton DL. Sequential and one-pot post-polymerization modification reactions of thiolactone-containing polymer brushes. Polym Chem 2019; 10:10.1039/c9py01123d. [PMID: 32117471 PMCID: PMC7047779 DOI: 10.1039/c9py01123d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Thiolactone chemistry has garnered significant attention as a powerful post-polymerization modification (PPM) route to mutlifunctional polymeric materials. Here, we apply this versatile chemistry to the fabrication of ultrathin, multifunctional polymer surfaces via aminolysis and thiol-mediated double modifications of thiolactone-containing polymer brushes. Polymer brush surfaces were synthesized via microwave-assisted surface-initiated polymerization of DL-homocysteine thiolactone acrylamide. Aminolysis and thiol-Michael double modifications of the thiolactone-functional brush were explored using both sequential and one-pot reactions with bromobenzyl amine and 1H,1H-perfluoro-N-decyl acrylate. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and argon gas cluster ion sputter depth profiling enabled quantitative comparison of the sequential and one-pot PPM routes with regard to conversion and spatial distribution of functional groups immobilized throughout thickness of the brush. While one-pot conditions proved to be more effective in immobilizing the amine and acrylate within the brush, the sequenital reaction enabled the fabrication of multifunctional, micropattterned brush surfaces using reactive microcontact printing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra M Reese
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS 39406
| | - Brittany J Thompson
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS 39406
| | - Phillip K Logan
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS 39406
| | - Christopher M Stafford
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899
| | - Michael Blanton
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS 39406
| | - Derek L Patton
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS 39406
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26
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Kubo T, Swartz JL, Scheutz GM, Sumerlin BS. Synthesis of Multifunctional Homopolymers through Using Thiazolidine Chemistry and Post-Polymerization Modification. Macromol Rapid Commun 2018; 40:e1800590. [PMID: 30368966 DOI: 10.1002/marc.201800590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Multifunctional homopolymers, defined here as polymers that contain multiple reactive functional groups per repeat unit, are versatile scaffolds for preparing complex macromolecules via post-polymerization modification. However, there are limited methods for preparing multifunctional homopolymers that contain more than one nucleophilic site per repeat unit. Herein, a strategy to synthesize a multifunctional homopolymer using thiazolidine chemistry is demonstrated. Controlled radical polymerization of a thiazolidine-containing acrylamido monomer allows for the synthesis of a polymer with pendent latent nucleophiles. Ring-opening of the thiazolidine affords a homopolymer with two side-chain reactive sites, an amine and a thiol. One-pot functionalization via disulfide formation and acyl substitution is performed to introduce two distinct groups in each repeat unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Kubo
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Jeremy L Swartz
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Georg M Scheutz
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Brent S Sumerlin
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
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