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Li G, Yao Y, Lü S, Xie Y, Douberly GE, Schaefer HF. Potential energy profile for the Cl + (H 2O) 3 → HCl + (H 2O) 2OH reaction. A CCSD(T) study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:26837-26842. [PMID: 34817485 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp04309a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Four different reaction pathways are initially located for the reaction of Cl atom plus water trimer Cl + (H2O)3 → HCl + (H2O)2OH using a standard DFT method. As found for the analogous fluorine reaction, the geometrical and energetic results for the four chlorine pathways are closely related. However, the energetics for the Cl reaction are very different from those for fluorine. In the present paper, we investigate the lowest-energy chlorine pathway using the "gold standard" CCSD(T) method in conjunction with correlation-consistent basis sets up to cc-pVQZ. Structurally, the stationary points for the water trimer reaction Cl + (H2O)3 may be compared to those for the water monomer reaction Cl + H2O and water dimer reaction Cl + (H2O)2. Based on the CCSD(T) energies, the title reaction is endothermic by 19.3 kcal mol-1, with a classical barrier height of 16.7 kcal mol-1 between the reactants and the exit complex. There is no barrier for the reverse reaction. The Cl⋯(H2O)3 entrance complex lies 5.3 kcal mol-1 below the separated reactants. The HCl⋯(H2O)2OH exit complex is bound by 8.6 kcal mol-1 relative to the separated products. The Cl + (H2O)3 reaction is somewhat similar to the analogous Cl + (H2O)2 reaction, but qualitatively different from the Cl + H2O reaction. It is reasonable to expect that the reactions between the chlorine atom and larger water clusters may be similar to the Cl + (H2O)3 reaction. The potential energy profile for the Cl + (H2O)3 reaction is radically different from that for the valence isoelectronic F + (H2O)3 system, which may be related to the different bond energies between HCl and HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoliang Li
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, Ministry of Education; Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Ying Yao
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, Ministry of Education; Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Shengyao Lü
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, Ministry of Education; Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Yaoming Xie
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 30602, USA.
| | - Gary E Douberly
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 30602, USA.
| | - Henry F Schaefer
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 30602, USA.
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Yodsin N, Sakagami H, Udagawa T, Ishimoto T, Jungsuttiwong S, Tachikawa M. Metal-doped carbon nanocones as highly efficient catalysts for hydrogen storage: Nuclear quantum effect on hydrogen spillover mechanism. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2021.111486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Funahashi H, Tachikawa M, Udagawa T. Determining if Reaction Selectivity Can Be Controlled by the H/D Isotope Effect in CH···O Interactions. Org Lett 2020; 22:9439-9443. [PMID: 33167609 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c03351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The H/D isotope effect in the CH···O interactions of several systems is systematically analyzed to determine whether it exerts control over reaction selectivity. Our theoretical study demonstrates that deuterium substitution has a negligible effect on CH···O interactions; thus, reaction selectivity likely cannot be controlled by the H/D isotope effect in these CH···O interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruki Funahashi
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, Yanagido 1-1, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Masanori Tachikawa
- Graduate School of NanobioScience, Yokohama City University, Yokohama 236-0027, Japan
| | - Taro Udagawa
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, Yanagido 1-1, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
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Murphy RB, Staton J, Rawal A, Darwish TA. The effect of deuteration on the keto-enol equilibrium and photostability of the sunscreen agent avobenzone. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2020; 19:1410-1422. [PMID: 32966538 DOI: 10.1039/d0pp00265h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The remarkable properties of deuterium have led to many exciting and favourable results in enhancing material properties, for applications in the physical, medical, and biological sciences. Deuterated isotopologues of avobenzone, a sunscreen active ingredient, were synthesised to examine for any changes to the equilibrium between the diketone and enol isomers, as well as their UV photostability and photoprotective properties. Prior to UV irradiation, deuteration of the diketone methylene/enol moiety (i.e. avobenzone-d2) led to an increase in the % diketone compared to non-deuterated, determined by 1H NMR experiments in CDCl3 and C6D12. This can be rationalised from two angles; mechanistically by a deuterium kinetic isotope effect for the CH vs. CD abstraction step during tautomerisation from the diketone to the enol, and a weaker chelating hydrogen bond for the enol when deuterated allowing increased equilibration to the diketone. Avobenzone-d2 was further examined by solid state 13C NMR. The higher % diketone for avobenzone-d2 was postulated to favour increased photodegradation by a non-reversible pathway. This was investigated by UV irradiation of the avobenzone isotopologues in C6D12, both in real time in situ within the NMR by fibre optic cable as well as ex situ using sunlight. An increase in the relative amount of photoproducts for avobenzone-d2 compared to non-deuterated was observed by 1H NMR upon UV irradiation ex situ. Overall, the study demonstrates that deuteration can be applied to alter complex equilibria, and has potential to be manifested as changes to the properties and behaviour of materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhys B Murphy
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Locked Bag 2001, Kirrawee DC, NSW 2232, Australia.
| | - John Staton
- Eurofins Dermatest, 20 King Street, Rockdale, New South Wales 2216, Australia
| | - Aditya Rawal
- Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Facility, Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Tamim A Darwish
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Locked Bag 2001, Kirrawee DC, NSW 2232, Australia.
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Christensen EG, Steele RP. Stepwise Activation of Water by Open-Shell Interactions, Cl(H 2O) n=4–8,17. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:3417-3437. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c01544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth G. Christensen
- Department of Chemistry and Henry Eyring Center for Theoretical Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Ryan P. Steele
- Department of Chemistry and Henry Eyring Center for Theoretical Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
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Christensen EG, Steele RP. Probing the Partial Activation of Water by Open-Shell Interactions, Cl(H 2O) 1-4. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:8657-8673. [PMID: 31513400 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b07235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The partial chemical activation of water by reactive radicals was examined computationally for small clusters of chlorine and water, Cl•(H2O)n=1-4. Using an automated isomer-search procedure, dozens of unique, stable structures were computed. Among the resulting structural classes were intact, hydrated-chlorine isomers, as well as hydrogen-abstracted (HCl)(OH)(H2O)n-1 configurations. The latter showed increased stability as the degree of hydration increased, until n = 4, where a new class of structures was discovered with a chloride ion bound to an oxidized water network. The electronic structure of these three structural classes was investigated, and spectral signatures of this hydration-based evolution were connected to these electronic properties. An ancillary outcome of this detailed computational analysis, including coupled-cluster benchmarks, was the calibration of cost-effective quantum chemistry methods for future studies of these radical-water complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth G Christensen
- Department of Chemistry and Henry Eyring Center for Theoretical Chemistry , University of Utah , 315 South 1400 East , Salt Lake City , Utah 84112 , United States
| | - Ryan P Steele
- Department of Chemistry and Henry Eyring Center for Theoretical Chemistry , University of Utah , 315 South 1400 East , Salt Lake City , Utah 84112 , United States
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Coutinho ND, Sanches-Neto FO, Carvalho-Silva VH, de Oliveira HCB, Ribeiro LA, Aquilanti V. Kinetics of the OH+HCl→H 2 O+Cl reaction: Rate determining roles of stereodynamics and roaming and of quantum tunneling. J Comput Chem 2018; 39:2508-2516. [PMID: 30365178 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.25597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The OH + HCl → H2 O + Cl reaction is one of the most studied four-body systems, extensively investigated by both experimental and theoretical approaches. Here, as a continuation of our previous work on the OH + HBr and OH + HI reactions, which manifest an anti-Arrhenius behavior that was explained by stereodynamic and roaming effects, we extend the strategy to understand the transition to the sub-Arrhenius behavior occurring for the HCl case. As previously, we perform first-principles on-the-fly Born-Oppenheimer molecular dynamics calculations, thermalized at four temperatures (50, 200, 350, and 500 K), but this time we also apply a high-level transition-state-theory, modified to account for tunneling conditions. We find that the theoretical rate constants calculated with Bell tunneling corrections are in good agreement with extensive experimental data available for this reaction in the ample temperature range: (i) simulations show that the roles of molecular orientation in promoting this reaction and of roaming in finding the favorable path are minor than in the HBr and HI cases, and (ii) dominating is the effect of quantum mechanical penetration through the energy barrier along the reaction path on the potential energy surface. The discussion of these results provides clarification of the origin on different non-Arrhenius mechanisms observed along this series of reactions. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayara D Coutinho
- Instituto de Química, Universidade de Brasília, Caixa Postal 4478, 70904-970, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Flavio O Sanches-Neto
- Grupo de Química Teórica e Estrutural de Anápolis, Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas, Universidade Estadual de Goiás, CP 459, 75001-970, Anápolis, GO, Brazil
| | | | - Heibbe C B de Oliveira
- Instituto de Química, Universidade de Brasília, Caixa Postal 4478, 70904-970, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Luiz A Ribeiro
- Institute of Physics, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Vincenzo Aquilanti
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università di Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123, Perugia, Italy.,Istituto di Struttura della Materia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Area dela Ricerca di Roma Tor Vergata, Via del Fosso del Cavaliere, 00133, Rome, Italy
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