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Zhang Y, Zhang T, Huang Z, Yang J. A New Class of Electronic Devices Based on Flexible Porous Substrates. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2105084. [PMID: 35038244 PMCID: PMC8895116 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202105084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
With the advent of the Internet of Things era, the connection between electronic devices and humans is getting closer and closer. New-concept electronic devices including e-skins, nanogenerators, brain-machine interfaces, and implantable medical devices, can work on or inside human bodies, calling for wearing comfort, super flexibility, biodegradability, and stability under complex deformations. However, conventional electronics based on metal and plastic substrates cannot effectively meet these new application requirements. Therefore, a series of advanced electronic devices based on flexible porous substrates (e.g., paper, fabric, electrospun nanofibers, wood, and elastic polymer sponge) is being developed to address these challenges by virtue of their superior biocompatibility, breathability, deformability, and robustness. The porous structure of these substrates can not only improve device performance but also enable new functions, but due to their wide variety, choosing the right porous substrate is crucial for preparing high-performance electronics for specific applications. Herein, the properties of different flexible porous substrates are summarized and their basic principles of design, manufacture, and use are highlighted. Subsequently, various functionalization methods of these porous substrates are briefly introduced and compared. Then, the latest advances in flexible porous substrate-based electronics are demonstrated. Finally, the remaining challenges and future directions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyuan Zhang
- Department of Mechanical and Materials EngineeringUniversity of Western OntarioLondonONN6A 5B9Canada
| | - Tengyuan Zhang
- Department of Mechanical and Materials EngineeringUniversity of Western OntarioLondonONN6A 5B9Canada
| | - Zhandong Huang
- Department of Mechanical and Materials EngineeringUniversity of Western OntarioLondonONN6A 5B9Canada
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Mechanical and Materials EngineeringUniversity of Western OntarioLondonONN6A 5B9Canada
- Shenzhen Institute for Advanced StudyUniversity of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaShenzhen518000P. R. China
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Almutairi MD, Aria AI, Thakur VK, Khan MA. Self-Healing Mechanisms for 3D-Printed Polymeric Structures: From Lab to Reality. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1534. [PMID: 32664571 PMCID: PMC7408475 DOI: 10.3390/polym12071534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Existing self-healing mechanisms are still very far from full-scale implementation, and most published work has only demonstrated damage cure at the laboratory level. Their rheological nature makes the mechanisms for damage cure difficult to implement, as the component or structure is expected to continue performing its function. In most cases, a molecular bond level chemical reaction is required for complete healing with external stimulations such as heating, light and temperature change. Such requirements of external stimulations and reactions make the existing self-healing mechanism almost impossible to implement in 3D printed products, particularly in critical applications. In this paper, a conceptual description of the self-healing phenomenon in polymeric structures is provided. This is followed by how the concept of self-healing is motivated by the observation of nature. Next, the requirements of self-healing in modern polymeric structures and components are described. The existing self-healing mechanisms for 3D printed polymeric structures are also detailed, with a special emphasis on their working principles and advantages of the self-healing mechanism. A critical discussion on the challenges and limitations in the existing working principles is provided at the end. A novel self-healing idea is also proposed. Its ability to address current challenges is assessed in the conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Dukhi Almutairi
- School of Aerospace, Transport and Manufacturing, Cranfield University, Cranfield MK43 0AL, UK; (M.D.A.); (A.I.A.)
| | - Adrianus Indrat Aria
- School of Aerospace, Transport and Manufacturing, Cranfield University, Cranfield MK43 0AL, UK; (M.D.A.); (A.I.A.)
| | - Vijay Kumar Thakur
- Biorefining and Advanced Materials Research Centre, Scotland’s Rural College (SRUC), Edinburgh EH9 3JG, UK;
| | - Muhammad A. Khan
- School of Aerospace, Transport and Manufacturing, Cranfield University, Cranfield MK43 0AL, UK; (M.D.A.); (A.I.A.)
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Serpelloni M, Cantù E, Borghetti M, Sardini E. Printed Smart Devices on Cellulose-Based Materials by means of Aerosol-Jet Printing and Photonic Curing. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 20:E841. [PMID: 32033245 PMCID: PMC7038689 DOI: 10.3390/s20030841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Printed electronics is an expanding research field that can reach the goal of reducing the environmental impact on electronics exploiting renewable and biodegradable materials, like paper. In our work, we designed and tested a new method for fabricating hybrid smart devices on cellulose substrates by aerosol jet printing (AJP) and photonic curing, also known as flash lamp annealing (FLA), capable to cure low temperature materials without any damage. Three different cellulose-based materials (chromatographic paper, photopaper, cardboard) were tested. Multilayer capability and SMDs (surface mount devices) interconnections are possible permitting high flexibility in the fabrication process. Electrical and geometrical tests were performed to analyze the behavior of printed samples. Resulted resistivities are 26.3 × 10-8 m on chromatographic paper, 22.3 × 10-8 m on photopaper and 13.1 × 10-8 m on cardboard. Profilometer and optical microscope evaluations were performed to state deposition quality and penetration of the ink in cellulose materials (thicknesses equal to 24.9, 28.5, and 51 μm respectively for chromatographic paper, photopaper, and cardboard). Furthermore, bending (only chromatographic paper did not reach the break-up) and damp environment tests (no significant variations in resistance) where performed. A final prototype of a complete functioning multilayer smart devices on cellulose 3D-substrate is shown, characterized by multilayers, capacitive sensors, SMDs interconnections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Serpelloni
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Brescia, Via Branze 38, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (M.B.); (E.S.)
| | - Edoardo Cantù
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Brescia, Via Branze 38, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (M.B.); (E.S.)
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Lee HS, Jo Y, Joo JH, Woo K, Zhong Z, Jung S, Lee SY, Choi Y, Jeong S. Three-Dimensionally Printed Stretchable Conductors from Surfactant-Mediated Composite Pastes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:12622-12631. [PMID: 30855933 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b21570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A stretchable conductor is a critical prerequisite to achieve various forms of stretchable electronics. In particular, directly printable stretchable conductors have gathered considerable attention with recent growing interest in a variety of large-area, deformable electronics. In this study, we have developed a chemical pathway of incorporating a surfactant with a moderate hydrophilic-lipophilic balance in formulating composite pastes for printed stretchable conductors, with a possibility of a vertically stackable, three-dimensional printing process. We demonstrate that the addition of a nonionic surfactant, sorbitane monooleate (commonly called SPAN 80) in Ag flake-based composite pastes, allows a critical reduction in resistance variation under an external strain. The four-layer stacked, surfactant-added composite conductors show a resistance variation of merely 1.6 at a strain of 0.6 and excellent cycling durability over 1000 cycles. The effectiveness of the methods suggested in this study is demonstrated with basic light-emitting diode circuits and the thermal heating characteristics of stretchable conductors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoi Sung Lee
- Division of Advanced Materials , Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT) , 19 Sinseongno , Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-600 , Korea
- Department of Advanced Materials Engineering , Chungbuk National University , 1 Chungdae-ro , Seowon-gu, Cheongju , Chungbuk 28644 , Korea
| | - Yejin Jo
- Division of Advanced Materials , Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT) , 19 Sinseongno , Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-600 , Korea
- Department of Chemical Convergence Materials , Korea University of Science and Technology (UST) , 217 Gajeongno , Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-350 , Korea
| | - Jong Hoon Joo
- Department of Advanced Materials Engineering , Chungbuk National University , 1 Chungdae-ro , Seowon-gu, Cheongju , Chungbuk 28644 , Korea
| | - Kyoohee Woo
- Advanced Manufacturing Systems Research Division , Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials (KIMM) , 156 Gajeongbuk-Ro , Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon 34103 , Republic of Korea
| | - Zhaoyang Zhong
- Advanced Manufacturing Systems Research Division , Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials (KIMM) , 156 Gajeongbuk-Ro , Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon 34103 , Republic of Korea
| | - Sungmook Jung
- Division of Advanced Materials , Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT) , 19 Sinseongno , Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-600 , Korea
| | - Su Yeon Lee
- Division of Advanced Materials , Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT) , 19 Sinseongno , Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-600 , Korea
| | - Youngmin Choi
- Division of Advanced Materials , Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT) , 19 Sinseongno , Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-600 , Korea
- Department of Chemical Convergence Materials , Korea University of Science and Technology (UST) , 217 Gajeongno , Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-350 , Korea
| | - Sunho Jeong
- Division of Advanced Materials , Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT) , 19 Sinseongno , Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-600 , Korea
- Department of Chemical Convergence Materials , Korea University of Science and Technology (UST) , 217 Gajeongno , Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-350 , Korea
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Kang JH, Kim JY, Jo Y, Kim HS, Jung SM, Lee SY, Choi Y, Jeong S. Three-dimensionally printed pressure sensor arrays from hysteresis-less stretchable piezoresistive composites. RSC Adv 2019; 9:39993-40002. [PMID: 35541388 PMCID: PMC9082324 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra08461d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we formulate three-dimensionally (3D) printable composite pastes employing electrostatically assembled-hybrid carbon and a polystyrene-polyisoprene-polystyrene tri-block copolymer elastomer for the fabrication of multi-stack printed piezoresistive pressure sensor arrays. To address a critical drawback of piezoresistive composite materials, we have developed a previously unrecognized strategy of incorporating a non-ionic amphiphilic surfactant, sorbitan trioleate, into composite materials. It is revealed that the surfactant with an appropriate amphiphilic property, represented by the hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) index of 1.8, allows for a reversible piezoresistive characteristic under a wide pressure range up to 30 kPa as well as a significant reduction of elastomer viscoelastic behavior. The 3D-printed pressure sensor arrays exhibit a sensitivity of 0.31 kPa−1 in a linear trend, and it is demonstrated successfully that the position-addressable array device is capable of spatially detecting objects up to a pressure level of 22.1 kPa. The pressure sensor array device was fabricated by the 3D multi-stacked printing technique using highly reversible composite materials comprising a non-ionic amphiphilic surfactant.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Hyun Kang
- Division of Advanced Materials
- Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT)
- Daejeon 305-600
- Korea
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
| | - Ju Young Kim
- Division of Advanced Materials
- Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT)
- Daejeon 305-600
- Korea
| | - Yejin Jo
- Division of Advanced Materials
- Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT)
- Daejeon 305-600
- Korea
- Department of Chemical Convergence Materials
| | - Hyun-Suk Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- College of Engineering
- Chungnam National University
- Daejeon 305-764
- Korea
| | - Sung Mook Jung
- Division of Advanced Materials
- Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT)
- Daejeon 305-600
- Korea
| | - Su Yeon Lee
- Division of Advanced Materials
- Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT)
- Daejeon 305-600
- Korea
| | - Youngmin Choi
- Division of Advanced Materials
- Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT)
- Daejeon 305-600
- Korea
- Department of Chemical Convergence Materials
| | - Sunho Jeong
- Department of Advanced Materials Engineering for Information and Electronics
- Kyung Hee University
- Yongin-si
- Korea
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