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Laporte AAH, Masson TM, Zondag SDA, Noël T. Multiphasic Continuous-Flow Reactors for Handling Gaseous Reagents in Organic Synthesis: Enhancing Efficiency and Safety in Chemical Processes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202316108. [PMID: 38095968 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202316108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
The use of reactive gaseous reagents for the production of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) remains a scientific challenge due to safety and efficiency limitations. The implementation of continuous-flow reactors has resulted in rapid development of gas-handling technology because of several advantages such as increased interfacial area, improved mass- and heat transfer, and seamless scale-up. This technology enables shorter and more atom-economic synthesis routes for the production of pharmaceutical compounds. Herein, we provide an overview of literature from 2016 onwards in the development of gas-handling continuous-flow technology as well as the use of gases in functionalization of APIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annechien A H Laporte
- Flow Chemistry Group, van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tom M Masson
- Flow Chemistry Group, van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan D A Zondag
- Flow Chemistry Group, van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Timothy Noël
- Flow Chemistry Group, van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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O'Brien M, Moraru R. An Automated Computer-Vision "Bubble-Counting" Technique to Characterise CO 2 Dissolution into an Acetonitrile Flow Stream in a Teflon AF-2400 Tube-in-Tube Flow Device. Chempluschem 2023; 88:e202200167. [PMID: 35997644 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202200167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A Teflon AF-2400 based tube-in-tube device was used to generate flow streams of CO2 in acetonitrile and a computer-vision based 'bubble counting' technique was used to estimate the amount of CO2 that had passed into solution whilst in the tube-in-tube device by quantifying the amount of CO2 that left solution (forming separate gas-phase segments) downstream of the back-pressure regulator. For both CO2 pressures used, there appeared to be a minimum residence time below which no CO2 was observed to leave solution. This was assumed to be due to residual CO2 below (or close to) the saturation concentration at atmospheric pressure and, by taking this into account, we were able to fit curves corresponding to simple gradient-driven diffusion and which closely matched previously obtained colorimetric titration data for the same system. The estimated value for the residual concentration of CO2 (0.37 M) is higher than, but in reasonable general correspondence with, saturation concentrations previously reported for CO2 in acetonitrile (0.27 M).
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew O'Brien
- The Lennard-Jones Laboratories, Keele University, Keele, Borough of Newcastle-under-Lyme, ST5 5BG, Staffordshire, UK
| | - Ruxandra Moraru
- The Lennard-Jones Laboratories, Keele University, Keele, Borough of Newcastle-under-Lyme, ST5 5BG, Staffordshire, UK
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Asano S, Adams SJ, Tsuji Y, Yoshizawa K, Tahara A, Hayashi JI, Cherkasov N. Homogeneous catalyst modifier for alkyne semi-hydrogenation: systematic screening in an automated flow reactor and computational study on mechanisms. REACT CHEM ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2re00147k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
21 types of modifiers are screened for palladium catalysed semi-hydrogenation of alkynes with varying catalyst type, reaction time, and target substrate using an automated flow reactor system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shusaku Asano
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, Kasuga 816-8580, Japan
| | - Samuel J. Adams
- Stoli Chem, Prince Phillip Building, Wellesbourne, CV35 9 EF, UK
| | - Yuta Tsuji
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, Kasuga 816-8580, Japan
| | - Kazunari Yoshizawa
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, Kasuga 816-8580, Japan
| | - Atsushi Tahara
- Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Jun-ichiro Hayashi
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, Kasuga 816-8580, Japan
| | - Nikolay Cherkasov
- Stoli Chem, Prince Phillip Building, Wellesbourne, CV35 9 EF, UK
- School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
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Crandall Z, Basemann K, Qi L, Windus TL. Rxn Rover: automation of chemical reactions with user-friendly, modular software. REACT CHEM ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1re00265a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Automation of chemical reactions through tools such as Rxn Rover in research and development is an enabling technology to reduce cost and waste management in technology transformations towards renewable feedstocks and energy in the chemical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachery Crandall
- U.S. DOE Ames Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - Kevin Basemann
- U.S. DOE Ames Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - Long Qi
- U.S. DOE Ames Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - Theresa L. Windus
- U.S. DOE Ames Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
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Hammer AS, Leonov AI, Bell NL, Cronin L. Chemputation and the Standardization of Chemical Informatics. JACS AU 2021; 1:1572-1587. [PMID: 34723260 PMCID: PMC8549037 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.1c00303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The explosion in the use of machine learning for automated chemical reaction optimization is gathering pace. However, the lack of a standard architecture that connects the concept of chemical transformations universally to software and hardware provides a barrier to using the results of these optimizations and could cause the loss of relevant data and prevent reactions from being reproducible or unexpected findings verifiable or explainable. In this Perspective, we describe how the development of the field of digital chemistry or chemputation, that is the universal code-enabled control of chemical reactions using a standard language and ontology, will remove these barriers allowing users to focus on the chemistry and plug in algorithms according to the problem space to be explored or unit function to be optimized. We describe a standard hardware (the chemical processing programming architecture-the ChemPU) to encompass all chemical synthesis, an approach which unifies all chemistry automation strategies, from solid-phase peptide synthesis, to HTE flow chemistry platforms, while at the same time establishing a publication standard so that researchers can exchange chemical code (χDL) to ensure reproducibility and interoperability. Not only can a vast range of different chemistries be plugged into the hardware, but the ever-expanding developments in software and algorithms can also be accommodated. These technologies, when combined will allow chemistry, or chemputation, to follow computation-that is the running of code across many different types of capable hardware to get the same result every time with a low error rate.
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Cherkasov N, Murzin DY, Catlow CRA, Chutia A. Selectivity of the Lindlar catalyst in alkyne semi-hydrogenation: a direct liquid-phase adsorption study. Catal Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1cy01016f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Pd catalysts contain active sites that strongly adsorb alkyne and alkene molecules. The presence of the latter, alkene sites, defines the low semi-hydrogenation selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolay Cherkasov
- School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
- Stoli Catalysts Ltd, Wellesbourne Campus, Wellesbourne, Coventry, CV35 9EF, UK
| | - Dmitry Yu. Murzin
- Laboratory of Industrial Chemistry and Reaction Engineering, Process Chemistry Centre, Åbo Akademi University, FI-20500, Turku/Åbo, Finland
| | - C. Richard A. Catlow
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, Wales, UK
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1 HOAJ, UK
| | - Arunabhiram Chutia
- School of Chemistry, University of Lincoln, Brayford Pool, Lincoln, LN6 7TS, UK
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Cherkasov N, Baldwin S, Gibbons GJ, Isakov D. Monitoring Chemistry In Situ with a Smart Stirrer: A Magnetic Stirrer Bar with an Integrated Process Monitoring System. ACS Sens 2020; 5:2497-2502. [PMID: 32618188 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.0c00720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Inspired by the miniaturization and efficiency of the sensors for telemetry, we have developed a device that provides the functionalities of laboratory magnetic stirring and integrated multisensor monitoring of various chemical reaction parameters. The device, called "Smart Stirrer", when immersed in a solution, can in situ monitor physical properties of the chemical reaction such as the temperature, conductivity, visible spectrum, opaqueness, stirring rate, and viscosity. This data is transmitted real-time over a wireless connection to an external system, such as a PC or smartphone. The flexible open-source software architecture allows effortless programming of the operation parameters of the Smart Stirrer in accordance with the end-user needs. The concept of the Smart Stirrer device with an integrated process monitoring system has been demonstrated in a series of experiments showing its capability for many hours of continuous telemetry with fine accuracy and a high data rate. Such a device can be used in conventional research laboratories, industrial production lines, flow reactors, and others where it can log the state of the process to ensure repeatability and operational consistency.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Samuel Baldwin
- Mathematics Institute, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
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Asano S, Takahashi Y, Maki T, Muranaka Y, Cherkasov N, Mae K. Contactless mass transfer for intra-droplet extraction. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7685. [PMID: 32376922 PMCID: PMC7203142 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64520-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study demonstrates the possibility of “contactless” mass transfer between two aqueous slugs (droplets) separated by an oil slug in Taylor flow inside milli-channels. Separation of the alternating aqueous slugs at the outlet was performed by switching a couple of solenoid valves at branched outlets according to signals obtained by an optical sensor at the branch. Transfer of bromothymol blue (BTB) from acidic to basic aqueous slugs was performed for demonstration. In some cases, aqueous slugs separated by oil, merged catching on each other due to the velocity difference. Interfacial tension which was affected by the solute concentration was responsible for the velocity difference. Position-specific mass transfer activity at the rear end of the aqueous slugs was found on the course of the experiment. A meandering channel decreased the velocity difference and enhanced mass transfer. Almost complete (93%) transfer of BTB was achieved within a short residence time of several minutes under optimized conditions. The presented system opens a way for advanced separation using minimum amounts of the oil phase and allows concentrating the solute by altering relative lengths of the sender and receiver slugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shusaku Asano
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, 6-1, Kasuga Koen, Kasuga, 816-8580, Japan. .,Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Engineering Sciences, Kyushu University, 6-1, Kasuga Koen, Kasuga, 816-8580, Japan.
| | - Yu Takahashi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto-daigaku Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
| | - Taisuke Maki
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto-daigaku Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
| | - Yosuke Muranaka
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto-daigaku Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
| | - Nikolay Cherkasov
- School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Kazuhiro Mae
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto-daigaku Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
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Aka EC, Wimmer E, Barré E, Cortés-Borda D, Ekou T, Ekou L, Rodriguez-Zubiri M, Felpin FX. Comparing Gas–Liquid Segmented and Tube-in-Tube Setups for the Aerobic Dimerization of Desmethoxycarpacine with an Automated Flow Platform. Org Process Res Dev 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.9b00525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ehu Camille Aka
- Université de Nantes, UFR des Sciences et des Techniques, CNRS UMR 6230, CEISAM, 2 rue de la Houssinière, 44322 Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Eric Wimmer
- Université de Nantes, UFR des Sciences et des Techniques, CNRS UMR 6230, CEISAM, 2 rue de la Houssinière, 44322 Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Elvina Barré
- Université de Nantes, UFR des Sciences et des Techniques, CNRS UMR 6230, CEISAM, 2 rue de la Houssinière, 44322 Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Daniel Cortés-Borda
- Université de Nantes, UFR des Sciences et des Techniques, CNRS UMR 6230, CEISAM, 2 rue de la Houssinière, 44322 Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Tchirioua Ekou
- Université Nangui Abrogoua, Laboratoire de Thermodynamique et de Physico-Chimie du Milieu, 02 BP
801 Abidjan 02, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Lynda Ekou
- Université Nangui Abrogoua, Laboratoire de Thermodynamique et de Physico-Chimie du Milieu, 02 BP
801 Abidjan 02, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Mireia Rodriguez-Zubiri
- Université de Nantes, UFR des Sciences et des Techniques, CNRS UMR 6230, CEISAM, 2 rue de la Houssinière, 44322 Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - François-Xavier Felpin
- Université de Nantes, UFR des Sciences et des Techniques, CNRS UMR 6230, CEISAM, 2 rue de la Houssinière, 44322 Nantes Cedex 3, France
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Exposito AJ, Bai Y, Tchabanenko K, Rebrov EV, Cherkasov N. Process Intensification of Continuous-Flow Imine Hydrogenation in Catalyst-Coated Tube Reactors. Ind Eng Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.8b06058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio J. Exposito
- Stoli Catalysts Ltd., Coventry CV3 4DS, United Kingdom
- School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Yang Bai
- Stoli Catalysts Ltd., Coventry CV3 4DS, United Kingdom
- School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Kirill Tchabanenko
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen’s University, Belfast BT9 5AG, United Kingdom
| | - Evgeny V. Rebrov
- Stoli Catalysts Ltd., Coventry CV3 4DS, United Kingdom
- School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
- Department of Biotechnology and Chemistry, Tver State Technical University, Naberezhnaya Afanasiya Nikitina 22, Tver 170026, Russia
| | - Nikolay Cherkasov
- Stoli Catalysts Ltd., Coventry CV3 4DS, United Kingdom
- School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
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