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Zhang G, Xu N, Yang M, Wang W, Su K, Yuan D. Ultrastable Imidazole-linked Porous Organic Cages for Ammonia Capture and Detection. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2025; 64:e202423226. [PMID: 39777845 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202423226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2024] [Revised: 12/29/2024] [Accepted: 01/07/2025] [Indexed: 01/11/2025]
Abstract
Here, we report the facile synthesis of imidazole-linked porous organic cages (IPOCs) via an in situ cyclization reaction protocol. Specifically, three IPOCs with [2+4] lantern-like structures and one with a [3+6] triangular prism structure were successfully prepared through condensation reactions between tetraformyl-functionalized calix[4]arene and bis(o-phenylenediamine) monomers in a single pot. Notably, these IPOCs exhibit high porosity, with Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) specific surface areas reaching up to 1162 m2 g-1. Moreover, they demonstrate excellent chemical stability in both strong acidic and alkaline solutions. Furthermore, IPOC-2 and IPOC-4 display a remarkable NH3 capturing capability, with uptakes of up to 11.5 mmol g-1 at 1 bar and 298 K, surpassing most reported porous organic materials. Additionally, IPOC-1 exhibits highly efficient fluorescent quenching sensing of aqueous NH3, with a detection limit as low as 3.35×10-6 M. These findings strongly suggest the potential for widespread use of imidazole linkages in the development of robust functional porous organic cage materials for diverse applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoshi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350007, China
| | - Ning Xu
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu, 241000, China
| | - Miao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Wenjing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Kongzhao Su
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Daqiang Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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2
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Tashiro S, Yamada Y, Kringe LA, Okajima Y, Shionoya M. Intricate Low-Symmetry Ag 6L4 Capsules Formed by Anion-Templated Self-Assembly of the Stereoisomers of an Unsymmetric Ligand. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:34501-34509. [PMID: 39616534 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c11583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2024]
Abstract
Metal-organic cages and capsules exhibit space-specific functions based on their discrete hollow structures. To acquire enzyme-like asymmetric or intricate structures, they have been modified by desymmetrization with two or more different ligands. There is a need to establish new strategies that can desymmetrize structures in a simple way using only one type of ligand, which is different from the mixed-ligand approach. In this study, a strategy was developed to form interconvertible stereoisomers using the unsymmetric macrocyclic ligand benzimidazole[3]arene. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis revealed that the isomers assembled with silver tetrafluoroborate afforded a conformationally heteroleptic Ag6L4 capsule with an intricate structure. The six Ag ions in the capsule were desymmetrized, resulting in significantly different coordination geometries. Remarkably, the capsule encapsulates a single tetrafluoroborate anion via multipoint C-H···F-B hydrogen bonds in both the solid and solution states, suggesting that anions of appropriate size and shape can act as a template for the capsule formation. These results demonstrate that the use of isomerizable and unsymmetric ligands is the effectiveness of constructing highly dissymmetric supramolecular structures from a single ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shohei Tashiro
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Yamada
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Lea Antonia Kringe
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Okajima
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiko Shionoya
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Research Institute for Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
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3
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Ramesh A, Das TN, Maji TK, Ghosh G. Unravelling denaturation, temperature and cosolvent-driven chiroptical switching in peptide self-assembly with switchable piezoelectric responses. Chem Sci 2024:d4sc05016a. [PMID: 39309077 PMCID: PMC11409859 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc05016a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2024] [Accepted: 09/08/2024] [Indexed: 09/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Herein, we explore the intricate pathway complexity, focusing on the dynamic interplay between kinetic and thermodynamic states, during the supramolecular self-assembly of peptides. We uncover a multiresponsive chiroptical switching phenomenon influenced by temperature, denaturation and content of cosolvent in peptide self-assembly through pathway complexity (kinetic vs. thermodynamic state). Particularly noteworthy is the observation of chiroptical switching during the denaturation process, marking an unprecedented phenomenon in the literature. Furthermore, the variation in cosolvent contents produces notable chiroptical switching effects, emphasizing their infrequent incidence. Such chiroptical switching yields switchable piezoresponsive peptide-based nanomaterials, demonstrating the potential for dynamic control over material properties. In essence, our work pioneers the ability to control piezoresponsive behavior by transforming nanostructures from kinetic to thermodynamic states through pathway complexity. This approach provides new insights and opportunities for tailoring material properties in self-assembled systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aparna Ramesh
- Centre for Nano and Soft Matter Sciences (CeNS) Shivanapura, Dasanapura Hobli Bangalore 562162 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovation Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad 201002 India
| | - Tarak Nath Das
- New Chemistry Unit (NCU), Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR) Jakkur Bangalore 560064 India
| | - Tapas Kumar Maji
- New Chemistry Unit (NCU), Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR) Jakkur Bangalore 560064 India
- Chemistry and Physics of Materials Unit (CPMU), School of Advanced Materials (SAMat), Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR) Jakkur Bangalore 560064 India
| | - Goutam Ghosh
- Centre for Nano and Soft Matter Sciences (CeNS) Shivanapura, Dasanapura Hobli Bangalore 562162 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovation Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad 201002 India
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4
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Mensah A, Liu XY, Hu BX, Kweku EV, Wang FM, Chen LZ, Zheng SJ. One Pot Synthesis of New Benzimidazole Derivatives with Exceptionally High Luminescence Quantum Efficiency. Curr Org Synth 2024; 21:1091-1101. [PMID: 39044697 DOI: 10.2174/0115701794271985231219070212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
AIM AND OBJECTIVES There are different approaches to the synthesis of benzimidazole. In this article, five new benzimidazole derivatives, BMPO, Me-BMPO, Di-MeBMPO, F-BMPO and Cl-BMPO where (BMPO=3-[(1H)-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl]pyridin-2(1H)-one), have been prepared. Another study was carried out on luminescence properties and their potential applications for the detection of transition metal ions. MATERIALS AND METHODS From the one-pot synthesis approach, all the derivatives of the benzimidazole compounds were obtained. The compounds were characterized using HRMS, 1HNMR, 13CNMR, and X-ray crystallography. Herein, a mechanism has been deciphered by predicting the release of HCl(g). RESULTS All compounds showed a strong deep blue emission when dissolved in dimethylacetamide (DMA), with emission wavelengths at 423, 428, 435, 423, and 421 nm, and half-times of 3.64, 2.77, 2, 19, 3.42 and 3.52 ns, respectively. In addition, their emission quantum yields were determined to be 72, 50, 42, 73 and 80%. CONCLUSION Five new benzimidazole derivatives, BMPO, Me-BMPO, Di-MeBIPO, F-BIPO, and Cl-BIPO, have been successfully synthesized by the one-pot synthesis method, and their structures are characterized and confirmed. The compounds exhibited exceptional luminescence by emitting a strong blue light in DMA with high fluorescence quantum yields between 42~80%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham Mensah
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212003, P. R. China
| | - Xin-Ye Liu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212003, P. R. China
| | - Bing-Xiang Hu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212003, P. R. China
| | - Ennin Vendish Kweku
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212003, P. R. China
| | - Fang-Ming Wang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212003, P. R. China
| | - Li-Zhuang Chen
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212003, P. R. China
| | - Shao-Jun Zheng
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212003, P. R. China
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Monga J, Ghosh NS, Rani I, Singh R, Deswal G, Dhingra AK, Grewal AS. Unlocking the Pharmacological Potential of Benzimidazole Derivatives: A Pathway to Drug Development. Curr Top Med Chem 2024; 24:437-485. [PMID: 38311918 DOI: 10.2174/0115680266283641240109080047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
Heterocyclic molecules have fascinated a massive interest in medicinal chemistry. They are heterocyclic compounds that have gained significance due to their diverse variety of pharmacological activities. Benzimidazole is a heterocyclic compound consisting of benzene and imidazole rings. The ease of synthesis and the structural versatility of benzimidazole make it a promising scaffold for drug development. Many biological actions of benzimidazole derivatives have been well documented, including antibacterial, antiviral, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antitubercular, and anthelmintic properties. The mechanism of action of benzimidazole derivatives varies with their chemical structure and target enzyme. This review has explored numerous methods for producing benzimidazole derivatives as well as a broad range of pharmacological activities. SAR investigations are also discussed in this review as they provide crucial details regarding the essential structural qualities that benzimidazole derivatives must have in order to be biologically active, which could aid in the rational design of new drug candidates. Benzimidazole scaffold is an exclusive structure in drug design and discovery. Many new pharmaceutical drugs containing benzimidazole are anticipated to be available within the next ten years as a result of the extensive therapeutic applications of benzimidazole and its derivatives. This review inspired many researchers to develop more biologically active compounds bearing benzimidazole, expanding the scope of finding a remedy for other diseases. From this study, we concluded that 2-substituted benzimidazole was considered more extensively by researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Monga
- Adarsh Vijendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shobhit University, Gangoh, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Ch. Devi Lal College of Pharmacy, Jagadhri, Yamuna Nagar, Haryana, India
| | - Niladry S Ghosh
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Assam down town University, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Isha Rani
- Spurthy College of Pharmacy, Marasur Gate, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Ranjit Singh
- Adarsh Vijendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shobhit University, Gangoh, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Geeta Deswal
- Guru Gobind Singh College of Pharmacy, Yamuna Nagar, Haryana, India
| | | | - Ajmer S Grewal
- Guru Gobind Singh College of Pharmacy, Yamuna Nagar, Haryana, India
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Han XN, Han Y, Chen CF. Recent advances in the synthesis and applications of macrocyclic arenes. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:3265-3298. [PMID: 37083011 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00002h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
Macrocyclic arenes including calixarenes, resorcinarenes, cyclotriveratrylene, pillararenes and so on have emerged as highly attractive synthetic macrocyclic hosts due to their unique structures, facile functionalization, and broad range of applications. In recent years, there has been growing interest in the development of novel macrocyclic arenes composed of various aromatic building blocks bridged by methylene groups, which have found applications in various research areas. Consequently, the development of novel macrocyclic arenes has become a frontier and hot topic in supramolecular and macrocyclic chemistry. In this review, we feature the recent advances in the synthesis and applications of novel macrocyclic arenes that have emerged in the last decade. The general synthetic strategies employed for these macrocyclic arenes are systematically summarized, and their wide applications in molecular recognition and assemblies, molecular machines, biomedical science and functional materials are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ni Han
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Ying Han
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Chuan-Feng Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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7
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Jurek P, Jędrzejewska H, Rode MF, Szumna A. Recognition-Induced Enhanced Emission of Core-Fluorescent ESIPT-type Macrocycles. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203116. [PMID: 36214211 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Core-fluorescent cavitands based on 2-(2'-resorcinol)benzimidazole fluorophores (RBIs) merged with the resorcin[4]arene skeleton were designed and synthesized. The cavitands, due to the presence of intramolecular hydrogen bonds and increased acidity, show excited state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) and readily undergo deprotonation to form dianionic cavitands, capable of strong binding to organic cations. The changes in fluorescence are induced by deprotonation and binding events and involve huge Stokes shifts (due to emission from anionic double keto tautomers) and cation-selective enhancement of emission originating from the restriction of intramolecular motion (RIR) upon recognition in the cavity. Ab initio calculations indicate that the macrocyclic scaffold stabilizes the ground state tautomeric forms of the fluorophores that are not observed for non-macrocyclic analogs. In the excited state, the emitting forms for both macrocyclic scaffolds and non-macrocyclic analogs are anionic double keto tautomers, which are the result of excited state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) or excited state double proton transfer (ESDPT).
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Jurek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Hanna Jędrzejewska
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michał F Rode
- Institute of Physics Polish Academy of Sciences, Aleja Lotników 32/46, 02-668, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Szumna
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland
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8
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Wydra K, Kobyłka MJ, Lis T, Ślepokura K, Lisowski J. Versatile Binding Modes of Chiral Macrocyclic Amine towards Rare Earth Ions. Eur J Inorg Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202000247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karol Wydra
- Department of Chemistry University of Wrocław 14 F. Joliot‐Curie 50‐383 Wrocław Poland
| | - Michał J. Kobyłka
- Department of Chemistry University of Wrocław 14 F. Joliot‐Curie 50‐383 Wrocław Poland
| | - Tadeusz Lis
- Department of Chemistry University of Wrocław 14 F. Joliot‐Curie 50‐383 Wrocław Poland
| | - Katarzyna Ślepokura
- Department of Chemistry University of Wrocław 14 F. Joliot‐Curie 50‐383 Wrocław Poland
| | - Jerzy Lisowski
- Department of Chemistry University of Wrocław 14 F. Joliot‐Curie 50‐383 Wrocław Poland
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Faheem M, Rathaur A, Pandey A, Kumar Singh V, Tiwari AK. A Review on the Modern Synthetic Approach of Benzimidazole Candidate. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201904832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohd. Faheem
- Department of ChemistryDr Shakuntala Misra National Rehabilitation University Lucknow Uttar Pradesh Republic of India
| | - Anjali Rathaur
- Department of ChemistryDr Shakuntala Misra National Rehabilitation University Lucknow Uttar Pradesh Republic of India
| | - Apoorva Pandey
- Department of ChemistryDr Shakuntala Misra National Rehabilitation University Lucknow Uttar Pradesh Republic of India
| | - Vinay Kumar Singh
- Department of ChemistryDr Shakuntala Misra National Rehabilitation University Lucknow Uttar Pradesh Republic of India
| | - Anjani K. Tiwari
- Department of ChemistryBabasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University Lucknow Uttar Pradesh Republic of India
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10
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Thapa P, Palacios PM, Tran T, Pierce BS, Foss FW. 1,2-Disubstituted Benzimidazoles by the Iron Catalyzed Cross-Dehydrogenative Coupling of Isomeric o-Phenylenediamine Substrates. J Org Chem 2020; 85:1991-2009. [PMID: 31928002 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b02714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Benzimidazoles are common in nature, medicines, and materials. Numerous strategies for preparing 2-arylbenzimidazoles exist. In this work, 1,2-disubstituted benzimidazoles were prepared from various mono- and disubstituted ortho-phenylenediamines (OPD) by iron-catalyzed oxidative coupling. Specifically, O2 and FeCl3·6H2O catalyzed the cross-dehydrogenative coupling and aromatization of diarylmethyl and dialkyl benzimidazole precursors. N,N'-Disubstituted-OPD substrates were significantly more reactive than their N,N-disubstituted isomers, which appears to be relative to their propensity for complexation and charge transfer with Fe3+. The reaction also converted N-monosubstituted OPD substrates to 2-substituted benzimidazoles; however, electron-poor substrates produce 1,2-disubstituted benzimidazoles by intermolecular imino-transfer. Kinetic, reagent, and spectroscopic (UV-vis and EPR) studies suggest a mechanism involving metal-substrate complexation, charge transfer, and aerobic turnover, involving high-valent Fe(IV) intermediates. Overall, comparative strategies for the relatively sustainable and efficient synthesis of 1,2-disubstituted benzimidazoles are demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawan Thapa
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , The University of Texas Arlington , Arlington , Texas 76019-0065 , United States
| | - Philip M Palacios
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , The University of Texas Arlington , Arlington , Texas 76019-0065 , United States
| | - Tam Tran
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , The University of Texas Arlington , Arlington , Texas 76019-0065 , United States
| | - Brad S Pierce
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , The University of Alabama , Tuscaloosa , Alabama 35487 , United States
| | - Frank W Foss
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , The University of Texas Arlington , Arlington , Texas 76019-0065 , United States
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11
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Tyszka A, Pikus G, Dąbrowa K, Jurczak J. Late-Stage Functionalization of (R)-BINOL-Based Diazacoronands and Their Chiral Recognition of α-Phenylethylamine Hydrochlorides. J Org Chem 2019; 84:6502-6507. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b00630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Agata Tyszka
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, Warsaw 01-224, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Pikus
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, Warsaw 01-224, Poland
| | - Kajetan Dąbrowa
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, Warsaw 01-224, Poland
| | - Janusz Jurczak
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, Warsaw 01-224, Poland
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