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Moore JM, Crom AB, Feldblyum JI, Genna DT. Disulfide-Driven Pore Functionalization of Metal-Organic Frameworks. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202302144. [PMID: 37486291 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Post-synthetic modification (PSM) imparts additional functionality to metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) that is often difficult to access using solvothermal synthesis. As such, expanding the repertory of PSM reactions available to the practitioner is of increased importance for the generation of materials tailored for desired applications. Herein, a method is described for the protecting group-free installation of diverse functional groups within the pores of a MIL-53(Al) analogue via disulfide bond formation. The majority of the reactions proceed with thiol-to-disulfide conversions ranging from high to nearly quantitative. The disulfide bonds are stable in various solvents and can be cleaved in the presence of a reducing agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Moore
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Youngstown State University, One University Plaza, Youngstown, OH 44555, USA
| | - Audrey B Crom
- Department of Chemistry, The University at Albany, State University of New York, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, NY, 12222, USA
| | - Jeremy I Feldblyum
- Department of Chemistry, The University at Albany, State University of New York, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, NY, 12222, USA
| | - Douglas T Genna
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Youngstown State University, One University Plaza, Youngstown, OH 44555, USA
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2
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Zhang C, Ren H, Liu G, Li J, Wang X, Zhang Y. Effective Genome Editing Using CRISPR-Cas9 Nanoflowers. Adv Healthc Mater 2022; 11:e2102365. [PMID: 34989166 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202102365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
CRISPR-Cas9 as a powerful gene-editing tool has tremendous potential for the treatment of genetic diseases. Herein, a new mesoporous nanoflower (NF)-like delivery nanoplatform termed Cas9-NF is reported by crosslinking Cas9 and polymeric micelles that enables efficient intracellular delivery and controlled release of Cas9 in response to reductive microenvironment in tumor cells. The flower morphology is flexibly tunable by the protein concentration and different types of crosslinkers. Cas9 protein, embedded between polymeric micelles and protected by Cas9-NF, remains stable even under extreme pH conditions. Responsive cleavage of crosslinkers in tumor cells, leads to the traceless release of Cas9 for efficient gene knockout in nucleus. This crosslinked nanoparticle exhibits excellent capability of downregulating oncogene expression and inhibiting tumor growth in a murine tumor model. Taken together, these findings pave a new pathway toward the application of the protein-micelle crosslinked nanoflower for protein delivery, which warrants further investigations for gene regulation and cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education) School of Chemical Engineering and Technology Tianjin University Tianjin 300350 P. R. China
| | - He Ren
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education) School of Chemical Engineering and Technology Tianjin University Tianjin 300350 P. R. China
| | - Gengqi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education) School of Chemical Engineering and Technology Tianjin University Tianjin 300350 P. R. China
| | - Jiexin Li
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education) School of Chemical Engineering and Technology Tianjin University Tianjin 300350 P. R. China
| | - Xiaojie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education) School of Chemical Engineering and Technology Tianjin University Tianjin 300350 P. R. China
| | - Yumiao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education) School of Chemical Engineering and Technology Tianjin University Tianjin 300350 P. R. China
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3
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Røise JJ, Han H, Li J, Kerr DL, Taing C, Behrouzi K, He M, Ruan E, Chan LY, Espinoza EM, Reinhard S, Thakker K, Kwon J, Mofrad MRK, Murthy N. Acid-Sensitive Surfactants Enhance the Delivery of Nucleic Acids. Mol Pharm 2022; 19:67-79. [PMID: 34931518 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.1c00579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The development of endosomal disruptive agents is a major challenge in the field of drug delivery and pharmaceutical chemistry. Current endosomal disruptive agents are composed of polymers, peptides, and nanoparticles and have had limited clinical impact. Alternatives to traditional endosomal disruptive agents are therefore greatly needed. In this report, we introduce a new class of low molecular weight endosomal disruptive agents, termed caged surfactants, that selectively disrupt endosomes via reversible PEGylation under acidic endosomal conditions. The caged surfactants have the potential to address several of the limitations hindering the development of current endosomal disruptive agents, such as high toxicity and low excretion, and are amenable to traditional medicinal chemistry approaches for optimization. In this report, we synthesized three generations of caged surfactants and demonstrated that they can enhance the ability of cationic lipids to deliver mRNA into primary cells. We also show that caged surfactants can deliver siRNA into cells when modified with the RNA-binding dye thiazole orange. We anticipate that the caged surfactants will have numerous applications in pharmaceutical chemistry and drug delivery given their versatility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Justad Røise
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Hesong Han
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - D Lucas Kerr
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Chung Taing
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Kamyar Behrouzi
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Maomao He
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Emily Ruan
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Lienna Y Chan
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Eli M Espinoza
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Sören Reinhard
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Kanav Thakker
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Justin Kwon
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Mohammad R K Mofrad
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Molecular Biophysics and Integrative Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Niren Murthy
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Innovative Genomics Institute (IGI), 2151 Berkeley Way, Berkeley, California 94704, United States
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Li J, Røise JJ, He M, Das R, Murthy N. Non-viral strategies for delivering genome editing enzymes. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 168:99-117. [PMID: 32931860 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Genome-editing tools such as Cre recombinase (Cre), zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs), transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), and most recently the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)-associated protein system have revolutionized biomedical research, agriculture, microbial engineering, and therapeutic development. Direct delivery of genome editing enzymes, as opposed to their corresponding DNA and mRNA precursors, is advantageous since they do not require transcription and/or translation. In addition, prolonged overexpression is a problem when delivering viral vector or plasmid DNA which is bypassed when delivering whole proteins. This lowers the risk of insertional mutagenesis and makes for relatively easier manufacturing. However, a major limitation of utilizing genome editing proteins in vivo is their low delivery efficiency, and currently the most successful strategy involves using potentially immunogenic viral vectors. This lack of safe and effective non-viral delivery systems is still a big hurdle for the clinical translation of such enzymes. This review discusses the challenges of non-viral delivery strategies of widely used genome editing enzymes, including Cre recombinase, ZFNs and TALENs, CRISPR/Cas9, and Cas12a (Cpf1) in their protein format and highlights recent innovations of non-viral delivery strategies which have the potential to overcome current delivery limitations and advance the clinical translation of genome editing.
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Zhang S, Shen J, Li D, Cheng Y. Strategies in the delivery of Cas9 ribonucleoprotein for CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing. Theranostics 2021; 11:614-648. [PMID: 33391496 PMCID: PMC7738854 DOI: 10.7150/thno.47007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing has gained rapidly increasing attentions in recent years, however, the translation of this biotechnology into therapy has been hindered by efficient delivery of CRISPR/Cas9 materials into target cells. Direct delivery of CRISPR/Cas9 system as a ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex consisting of Cas9 protein and single guide RNA (sgRNA) has emerged as a powerful and widespread method for genome editing due to its advantages of transient genome editing and reduced off-target effects. In this review, we summarized the current Cas9 RNP delivery systems including physical approaches and synthetic carriers. The mechanisms and beneficial roles of these strategies in intracellular Cas9 RNP delivery were reviewed. Examples in the development of stimuli-responsive and targeted carriers for RNP delivery are highlighted. Finally, the challenges of current Cas9 RNP delivery systems and perspectives in rational design of next generation materials for this promising field will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Zhang
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, School of Molecular Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jiangtao Shen
- The Second People's Hospital of Taizhou affiliated to Yangzhou University, Taizhou, 225500, China
| | - Dali Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Yiyun Cheng
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, School of Molecular Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
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Lau CH, Tin C. The Synergy between CRISPR and Chemical Engineering. Curr Gene Ther 2020; 19:147-171. [PMID: 31267870 DOI: 10.2174/1566523219666190701100556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Gene therapy and transgenic research have advanced quickly in recent years due to the development of CRISPR technology. The rapid development of CRISPR technology has been largely benefited by chemical engineering. Firstly, chemical or synthetic substance enables spatiotemporal and conditional control of Cas9 or dCas9 activities. It prevents the leaky expression of CRISPR components, as well as minimizes toxicity and off-target effects. Multi-input logic operations and complex genetic circuits can also be implemented via multiplexed and orthogonal regulation of target genes. Secondly, rational chemical modifications to the sgRNA enhance gene editing efficiency and specificity by improving sgRNA stability and binding affinity to on-target genomic loci, and hence reducing off-target mismatches and systemic immunogenicity. Chemically-modified Cas9 mRNA is also more active and less immunogenic than the native mRNA. Thirdly, nonviral vehicles can circumvent the challenges associated with viral packaging and production through the delivery of Cas9-sgRNA ribonucleoprotein complex or large Cas9 expression plasmids. Multi-functional nanovectors enhance genome editing in vivo by overcoming multiple physiological barriers, enabling ligand-targeted cellular uptake, and blood-brain barrier crossing. Chemical engineering can also facilitate viral-based delivery by improving vector internalization, allowing tissue-specific transgene expression, and preventing inactivation of the viral vectors in vivo. This review aims to discuss how chemical engineering has helped improve existing CRISPR applications and enable new technologies for biomedical research. The usefulness, advantages, and molecular action for each chemical engineering approach are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cia-Hin Lau
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
| | - Chung Tin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
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