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Schulz F, Lutz B, Rück D, Batman D, Frey W, Laschat S. Tailoring liquid crystalline self-assembly and de Vries behavior of azulenes via lateral and core substitution. SOFT MATTER 2023; 19:2397-2406. [PMID: 36928070 DOI: 10.1039/d3sm00205e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The azulene moiety is a highly attractive building block in optoelectronic applications due to its unique properties. For high-performing devices, the molecular orientation is crucial and can be controlled through liquid-crystalline self-assembly. Recent work showed that liquid crystalline derivatives bearing the 2-phenyl-azulene-1-nitrile core formed broad de Vries-type SmA and SmC phases. For exact understanding of the structure-property relationship, a series of 2-(hetero)aryl-azulenes has been synthesized varying the chain linkage, the lateral substituent, and the aromatic ring. Small changes of the molecular structure determined whether the orthogonal SmA phase or the tilted SmC phase is predominant. Implementation of alkyne chains instead of alkoxy chains resulted in the reduction of phase transition temperatures and formation of mesophases at room temperature. Furthermore, de Vries-like behavior was investigated and reduction values between R = 0.35 and 0.74 were measured which supported the hypothesis that in this system de Vries-like behavior is caused by steric repulsion of the lateral substituent. The control of the phase geometry by the molecular structure might be used for improved molecular orientation in optoelectronic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Finn Schulz
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Bettina Lutz
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Daniel Rück
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Derman Batman
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Wolfgang Frey
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Sabine Laschat
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
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2
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Karunarathna MS, Maladeniya CP, Lauer MK, Tennyson AG, Smith RC. Durable composites by vulcanization of oleyl-esterified lignin. RSC Adv 2023; 13:3234-3240. [PMID: 36756427 PMCID: PMC9855616 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra07082k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Productive utilization of lignocellulosic biomass is critical to the continued advancement of human civilization. Whereas the cellulose component can be efficiently upconverted to automotive fuel-grade ethanol, the lack of upconversion methods for the lignin component constitutes one of the grand challenges facing science. Lignin is an attractive feedstock for structural applications, in which its highly-crosslinked architecture can endow composite structures with high strengths. Prior work suggests that high-strength composites can be prepared by the reaction of olefin-modified lignin with sulfur. Those studies were limited to ≤5 wt% lignin, due to phase-separation of hydrophilic lignin from hydrophobic sulfur matrices. Herein we report a protocol to increase lignin hydrophobicity and thus its incorporation into sulfur-rich materials. This improvement is affected by esterifying lignin with oleic acid prior to its reaction with sulfur. This approach allowed preparation of esterified lignin-sulfur (ELS) composites comprising up to 20 wt% lignin. Two reaction temperatures were employed such that the reaction of ELS with sulfur at 180 °C would only produce S-C bonds at olefinic sites, whereas the reaction at 230 °C would produce C-S bonds at both olefin and aryl sites. Mechanistic analyses and microstructural characterization elucidated two ELS composites having compressive strength values (>20 MPa), exceeding the values observed with ordinary Portland cements. Consequently, this new method represents a way to improve lignin utilization to produce durable composites that represent sustainable alternatives to Portland cements.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Moira K. Lauer
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson UniversityClemsonSouth Carolina29634USA
| | - Andrew G. Tennyson
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson UniversityClemsonSouth Carolina29634USA,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Clemson UniversityClemsonSouth Carolina29634USA
| | - Rhett C. Smith
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson UniversityClemsonSouth Carolina29634USA
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3
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A novel crosslinked sulfur-containing polymer cathode material for high-performance lithium-sulfur batteries. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.140890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Miao C, Yan P, Liu H, Cai S(D, Dodd LJ, Wang H, Deng X, Li J, Wang XC, Hu X, Wu X, Hasell T, Quan ZJ. Fabrication of TiN-Based Superhydrophobic Anti-Corrosion Coating by Inverse Vulcanization. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2022. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20220142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Congcong Miao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Gansu International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Water-Retention Chemical Functional Material, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, P. R. China
| | - Peiyao Yan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK
| | - Haichao Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Gansu International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Water-Retention Chemical Functional Material, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, P. R. China
| | | | - Liam J. Dodd
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK
| | - Haoran Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK
| | - Xi Deng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK
| | - Jian Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Gansu International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Water-Retention Chemical Functional Material, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, P. R. China
| | - Xi-Cun Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Gansu International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Water-Retention Chemical Functional Material, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, P. R. China
| | - Xiaolin Hu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Green Energy Materials Technology and Systems, Department of Physics and Energy, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 40054, P. R. China
| | - Xiaofeng Wu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Gansu International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Water-Retention Chemical Functional Material, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK
| | - Tom Hasell
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Gansu International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Water-Retention Chemical Functional Material, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK
| | - Zheng-Jun Quan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Gansu International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Water-Retention Chemical Functional Material, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, P. R. China
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Dong F, Peng C, Xu H, Zheng Y, Yao H, Yang J, Zheng S. Lithiated Sulfur-Incorporated, Polymeric Cathode for Durable Lithium-Sulfur Batteries with Promoted Redox Kinetics. ACS NANO 2021; 15:20287-20299. [PMID: 34817165 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c08449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Even though lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries have made much progress in terms of the delivered specific capacity and cycling stability by the encapsulation of sulfur within conductive carbon matrixes or polar materials, challenges such as low active sulfur utilization and unacceptable Coulombic efficiency are still hindering their commercial use. Herein, a lithium-rich conjugated sulfur-incorporated, polymeric material based on poly(Li2S6-r-1,3-diisopropenylbenzene) (DIB) is developed as a cathode material for high rate and stable Li-S batteries. Motivated by extra Li+ ions affording fast Li+ redox kinetics across the conjugated aromatic backbones, the Li-rich sulfur-based copolymer exhibits high delivery capacities (934 mAh g-1 at 120 cycles), impressive rate capabilities (727 mAh g-1 even under a current of 2 A g-1), and long electrochemical cycling performance over 500 cycles. Moreover, by use of the elastic nature and thermoplastic properties of the sulfur-incorporated, polymeric material, a prototype of a flexible Li-S pouch cell is constructed by using a poly(Li2S6-r-DIB) copolymer cathode and paired with the flexible carbon cloth/Si/Li anode, which exhibits stable electrochemical performance (658 mAh g-1 after 100 cycles) and operational capability even under folding at various angle (30°, 60°, 90°, 120°, 150°, 180°). This work extends the molecular-design approach to obtaining a high-performance organosulfur cathode material by introducing extra Li+ ions to promote redox kinetics, which provides valuable guidance for the development of high-performance Li-S batteries for practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Dong
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Chengxin Peng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Hongyi Xu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Yuxin Zheng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Hongfei Yao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Junhe Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Shiyou Zheng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
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Huang J, Jiang K, Tranca D, Ke C, Zhang L, Li J, Li J, Tong G, Kymakis E, Zhuang X. Perovskite oxide and polyazulene–based heterostructure for high–performance supercapacitors. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqian Huang
- The meso–Entropy Matter Lab, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Ageing, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China
| | - Kaiyue Jiang
- The meso–Entropy Matter Lab, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Ageing, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou China
| | - Diana Tranca
- The meso–Entropy Matter Lab, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Ageing, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China
| | - Changchun Ke
- School of Mechanical Engineering Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China
| | - Longhai Zhang
- School of Mechanical Engineering Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China
- Institute of Fuel Cells, School of Mechanical Engineering Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China
| | - Jin Li
- Henan Engineering Technology Research Center of Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Energy Zhengzhou Yutong Bus Co. Ltd Zhengzhou China
| | - Jiantong Li
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science KTH Royal Institute of Technology Kista Sweden
| | - Gangsheng Tong
- The meso–Entropy Matter Lab, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Ageing, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China
| | - Emmanuel Kymakis
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering Hellenic Mediterranean University Heraklion Greece
| | - Xiaodong Zhuang
- The meso–Entropy Matter Lab, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Ageing, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China
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7
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Electrochemical Comparison on New (Z)-5-(Azulen-1-Ylmethylene)-2-Thioxo-Thiazolidin-4-Ones. Symmetry (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/sym13040588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Three (Z)-5-(azulen-1-ylmethylene)-2-thioxo-thiazolidin-4-ones are electrochemically characterized by cyclic voltammetry, differential pulse voltammetry, and rotating disk electrode voltammetry. The electrochemical investigations revealed that the redox potential is influenced by the number and position of the alkyl groups, and the possible oxidation mechanism is proposed. These compounds, after their immobilization on glassy carbon electrodes during oxidative electropolymerization, were examined as complexing ligands for heavy metal ions from aqueous solutions through adsorptive stripping voltammetry.
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Thiounn T, Karunarathna MS, Slann LM, Lauer MK, Smith RC. Sequential crosslinking for mechanical property development in high sulfur content composites. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20200521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Timmy Thiounn
- Department of Chemistry Clemson University Clemson South Carolina USA
| | | | - Lauren M. Slann
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Clemson University Clemson South Carolina USA
| | - Moira K. Lauer
- Department of Chemistry Clemson University Clemson South Carolina USA
| | - Rhett C. Smith
- Department of Chemistry Clemson University Clemson South Carolina USA
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Qu G, Tan J, Wu H, Yu Z, Zhang S, Liu G, Zheng GW, Tian B, Su C. Synergistic Effect of Salinized Quinone for Entrapment of Polysulfides for High-Performance Li-S Batteries. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:23867-23873. [PMID: 32368905 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c03621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries have attracted considerable attention in the energy storage field due to their high theoretical energy density and low price. However, the dissolution of polysulfides and the "shuttle effect" lead to serious capacity degradation, which greatly hinders the industrial application of Li-S batteries. Herein, we propose a bifunctional quinone-type salt to anchor polysulfides and suppress their dissolution for use in high-performance Li-S batteries. We find that the tetrahydroxy-1,4-benzoquinone disodium salt dimer (TBS-dimer) does not dissolve in organic electrolytes and can be generated at 400 °C. The abundant reactive keto groups and double bonds result in the TBS-dimers having numerous "hot spots" for capturing sulfur (TBS/S-400) in the three-dimensional space of the molecule. The insolubility and abundant active sites of the organic salt remarkably suppress the dissolution of lithium polysulfides. As a result, the TBS/S-400 composite delivers a capacity decay rate of only 0.023% per cycle over 600 cycles at 2 C. The use of organic salts to effectively suppress the dissolution of lithium polysulfides opens a new avenue for the practical applications of high-performance Li-S batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gan Qu
- SZU-NUS Collaborative Innovation Center and International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronics Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 10 Kent Ridge Crescent, 119260 Singapore
| | - Jiewen Tan
- SZU-NUS Collaborative Innovation Center and International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronics Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Hongru Wu
- SZU-NUS Collaborative Innovation Center and International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronics Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Zhaozhe Yu
- SZU-NUS Collaborative Innovation Center and International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronics Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Shengliang Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 10 Kent Ridge Crescent, 119260 Singapore
| | - Guangyou Liu
- SZU-NUS Collaborative Innovation Center and International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronics Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Guangyuan Wesley Zheng
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 10 Kent Ridge Crescent, 119260 Singapore
| | - Bingbing Tian
- SZU-NUS Collaborative Innovation Center and International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronics Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Chenliang Su
- SZU-NUS Collaborative Innovation Center and International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronics Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- Engineering Technology Research Center for 2D Material Information Function Devices and Systems of Guangdong Province, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
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Duarte ME, Huber B, Theato P, Mutlu H. The unrevealed potential of elemental sulfur for the synthesis of high sulfur content bio-based aliphatic polyesters. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py01152h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
We introduce a novel sulfur-containing polyester derivative based on a renewable monomer bearing secondary disulfide groups. Base-mediated sulfur exchange reaction of disulfide bonds using S8 delivers polyesters with tailored functional properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martín E. Duarte
- Soft Matter Synthesis Laboratory
- Institut für Biologische Grenzflächen
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- 76344 Karlsruhe
- Germany
| | - Birgit Huber
- Soft Matter Synthesis Laboratory
- Institut für Biologische Grenzflächen
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- 76344 Karlsruhe
- Germany
| | - Patrick Theato
- Soft Matter Synthesis Laboratory
- Institut für Biologische Grenzflächen
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- 76344 Karlsruhe
- Germany
| | - Hatice Mutlu
- Soft Matter Synthesis Laboratory
- Institut für Biologische Grenzflächen
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- 76344 Karlsruhe
- Germany
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11
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Karunarathna MS, Lauer MK, Tennyson AG, Smith RC. Copolymerization of an aryl halide and elemental sulfur as a route to high sulfur content materials. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py01706b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
RASP (radical-induced aryl halide-sulfur polymerization) is reported as a new route to high sulfur-content materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menisha S. Karunarathna
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Optical Materials Science and Engineering Technologies
- Clemson University
- Clemson
- USA
| | - Moira K. Lauer
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Optical Materials Science and Engineering Technologies
- Clemson University
- Clemson
- USA
| | - Andrew G. Tennyson
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Optical Materials Science and Engineering Technologies
- Clemson University
- Clemson
- USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
| | - Rhett C. Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Optical Materials Science and Engineering Technologies
- Clemson University
- Clemson
- USA
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