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Jiao L, Gao X, Xing J, Zhou Y, Liu X, Zhao A, Zhang Z. Nuclease-Mimetic Nanomaterials: From Fundamentals to Bioapplications. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2025:e2502660. [PMID: 40304160 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202502660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2025] [Revised: 04/04/2025] [Indexed: 05/02/2025]
Abstract
With the rapid development of nanozymes and nanomedicine, designing novel nanostructures directly acting on deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) has great therapeutic potential because DNA is the carrier of genetic information and plays a vital role on life activities of the organism. Specifically, DNA cleavage is an important step in most of these DNA engineering technologies. While nucleases play crucial roles in the cell metabolism by efficient DNA cutting, the practical applications of natural nucleases suffer from some intrinsic shortcomings such as high cost and intolerance to harsh environments. In the past 20 years, great varieties of engineered nanostructures with DNA cleavage (nuclease-mimetic nanomaterials, abbreviated as nuclease mimics) have been developed rapidly and widely used in biomedical fields. In view of the significant progress of nuclease-mimetic nanomaterials, the possible DNA cleavage mechanism mediated by nuclease-mimetic nanomaterials is systematically discussed in this review, and the classification of nuclease-mimetic nanomaterials is illustrated. Their potential biomedical applications, especially in anti-biofilms and cancer treatment, are also comprehensively summarized. Finally, the current opportunities and challenges are discussed to stimulate the research of understanding and development of nuclease-mimetic nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizhi Jiao
- Key Laboratory of Surface & Interface Science of Polymer Materials of Zhejiang Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Xiaoyin Gao
- Key Laboratory of Surface & Interface Science of Polymer Materials of Zhejiang Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
- Shengzhou Innovation Research Institute of Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Shengzhou, 312400, China
| | - Jinzhu Xing
- Key Laboratory of Surface & Interface Science of Polymer Materials of Zhejiang Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
- Shengzhou Innovation Research Institute of Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Shengzhou, 312400, China
| | - Yuan Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, Hubei Provincial Clinical Research Center for Umbilical Cord Blood Hematopoietic Stem Cells, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, 442000, China
| | - Xinping Liu
- Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
| | - Andong Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology, Jilin, 132000, China
| | - Zhijun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Surface & Interface Science of Polymer Materials of Zhejiang Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
- Shengzhou Innovation Research Institute of Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Shengzhou, 312400, China
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2
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Ahoulou E, Ugboya A, Ogbonna V, Basnet K, Henary M, Grant KB. Single-Photon DNA Photocleavage up to 905 nm by a Benzylated 4-Quinolinium Carbocyanine Dye. ACS OMEGA 2025; 10:6544-6558. [PMID: 40028136 PMCID: PMC11865986 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c07083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2024] [Revised: 01/29/2025] [Accepted: 02/05/2025] [Indexed: 03/05/2025]
Abstract
This paper describes the DNA interactions of near-infrared (NIR) benzylated 4-quinolinium dicarbocyanine dyes containing a pentamethine bridge meso-substituted either with a bromine (4) or hydrogen (5) atom. In pH 7.0 buffered aqueous solutions, the 4-quinolinium dyes absorb light that extends into the near-infrared range up to ∼950 nm. The unique direct strand breakage of pUC19 DNA that is sensitized by irradiating either dicarbocyanine with an 850 nm LED laser constitutes the first published example of DNA photocleavage upon single-photon chromophore excitation at a wavelength greater than 830 nm. Brominated dye 4, which is more stable than and achieves DNA strand scission in higher yield than its hydrogen-bearing counterpart 5, cleaves plasmid DNA under 830 and 905 nm laser illumination. The addition of increasing amounts of DNA to aqueous pH 7.0 solutions converted an aggregated form of dye 4 to a monomer with bathochromic absorption that overlaps all three laser emission wavelengths. No induced circular dichroism and fluorescence signals were detected when DNA was present, pointing to possible external binding of the dye to the DNA. Experiments employing radical-specific fluorescent probes and chemical additives showed that brominated dye 4 likely breaks DNA strands by photosensitizing hydroxyl radical production. Micromolar concentrations of the dye were relatively nontoxic to cultured Escherichia coli cells in the dark but dramatically reduced survival of the cells under 830 nm illumination. As NIR light wavelengths deeply penetrate biological tissues, we envisage the future use of carbocyanine dyes as a sensitizing agent in phototherapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Effibe
O. Ahoulou
- Department
of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Aikohi Ugboya
- Department
of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Victor Ogbonna
- Department
of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Kanchan Basnet
- Department
of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Maged Henary
- Department
of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
- Center
for
Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Kathryn B. Grant
- Department
of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
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Xu M, Lin Y, Li Y, Dong Y, Guo C, Zhou X, Wang L. Nanoprobe Based on Novel NIR-II Quinolinium Cyanine for Multimodal Imaging. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2406879. [PMID: 39328013 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202406879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2024] [Revised: 09/02/2024] [Indexed: 09/28/2024]
Abstract
NIR-II imaging has the advantages of high sensitivity, spatiotemporal resolution, and high penetration depth, thereby serving as a potential alternative to conventional imaging methods. Herein, a novel NIR-II dye IR-1010 (λex/λem = 1010/1058 nm) is reported with high quantum yield (3.08%) and good stability, by incorporating p-methoxyphenyl groups into a quinolinium cyanine dye. Then a multifunctional nanoprobe, termed IUFP NPs, is developed by the incorporation of upconversion (UC) nanoparticles (NPs), perfluoro-15-crown-5-ether (PFCE), and IR-1010, to display the novel performance of multimodal imaging. Under the single-wavelength excitation (980 nm), IUFP NPs simultaneously emit the NIR-II fluorescence of IR-1010 and visible UC luminescence of UCNPs, and thus realize the UC imaging for cells, and NIR-II fluorescence/photoacoustic/19F magnetic resonance imaging for blood vessels, lymph nodes and tumor in mice. This work affords a novel approach to NIR-II dyes and a general strategy for the design of multimodal imaging probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meilin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Yanhong Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Yuhang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Yao Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Chang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Xiaole Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Leyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
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4
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Mitrakas A, Stathopoulou MEK, Mikra C, Konstantinou C, Rizos S, Malichetoudi S, Koumbis AE, Koffa M, Fylaktakidou KC. Synthesis of 2-Amino- N'-aroyl(het)arylhydrazides, DNA Photocleavage, Molecular Docking and Cytotoxicity Studies against Melanoma CarB Cell Lines. Molecules 2024; 29:647. [PMID: 38338390 PMCID: PMC10856246 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29030647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Diacylhydrazine bridged anthranilic acids with aryl and heteroaryl domains have been synthesized as the open flexible scaffold of arylamide quinazolinones in order to investigate flexibility versus rigidity towards DNA photocleavage and sensitivity. Most of the compounds have been synthesized via the in situ formation of their anthraniloyl chloride and subsequent reaction with the desired hydrazide and were obtained as precipitates, in moderate yields. All compounds showed high UV-A light absorption and are eligible for DNA photocleavage studies under this "harmless" irradiation. Despite their reduced UV-B light absorption, a first screening indicated the necessity of a halogen at the p-position in relation to the amine group and the lack of an electron-withdrawing group on the aryl group. These characteristics, in general, remained under UV-A light, rendering these compounds as a novel class of UV-A-triggered DNA photocleavers. The best photocleaver, the compound 9, was active at concentrations as low as 2 μΜ. The 5-Nitro-anthranilic derivatives were inactive, giving the opposite results to their related rigid quinazolinones. Molecular docking studies with DNA showed possible interaction sites, whereas cytotoxicity experiments indicated the iodo derivative 17 as a potent cytotoxic agent and the compound 9 as a slight phototoxic compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achilleas Mitrakas
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Molecular Biology and Genetics Department, Democritus University of Thrace, University Campus, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece; (A.M.); (S.M.); (M.K.)
| | - Maria-Eleni K. Stathopoulou
- Laboratory of Organic, Bioorganic and Natural Product Chemistry, Molecular Biology and Genetics Department, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece; (M.-E.K.S.); (C.K.)
| | - Chrysoula Mikra
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (C.M.); (A.E.K.)
| | - Chrystalla Konstantinou
- Laboratory of Organic, Bioorganic and Natural Product Chemistry, Molecular Biology and Genetics Department, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece; (M.-E.K.S.); (C.K.)
| | - Stergios Rizos
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford St., Cambridge, MA 02138, USA;
| | - Stella Malichetoudi
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Molecular Biology and Genetics Department, Democritus University of Thrace, University Campus, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece; (A.M.); (S.M.); (M.K.)
| | - Alexandros E. Koumbis
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (C.M.); (A.E.K.)
| | - Maria Koffa
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Molecular Biology and Genetics Department, Democritus University of Thrace, University Campus, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece; (A.M.); (S.M.); (M.K.)
| | - Konstantina C. Fylaktakidou
- Laboratory of Organic, Bioorganic and Natural Product Chemistry, Molecular Biology and Genetics Department, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece; (M.-E.K.S.); (C.K.)
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (C.M.); (A.E.K.)
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5
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Safiarian M, Ugboya A, Khan I, Marichev KO, Grant KB. New Insights into the Phototoxicity of Anthracene-Based Chromophores: The Chloride Salt Effect†. Chem Res Toxicol 2023; 36:1002-1020. [PMID: 37347986 PMCID: PMC10354805 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.2c00235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Unraveling the causes underlying polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon phototoxicity is an essential step in understanding the harmful effects of these compounds in nature. Toward this end, we have studied the DNA interactions and photochemistry of N1-(anthracen-9-ylmethyl)ethane-1,2-diaminium dichloride in the presence and absence of NaF, KF, NaCl, KCl, NaBr, KBr, NaI, and KI (350 nm hν, pH 7.0). Exposing pUC19 plasmid to UV light in solutions containing 400 mM KCl formed significantly more direct strand breaks in DNA compared to no-salt control reactions. In contrast, NaCl increased DNA damage moderately, while the sodium(I) and potassium(I) fluoride, bromide, and iodide salts generally inhibited cleavage (I- > Br- > F-). A halide anion-induced heavy-atom effect was indicated by monitoring anthracene photodegradation and by employing the hydroxyl radical (•OH) probe hydroxyphenyl fluorescein (HPF). These studies revealed that among no-salt controls and the eight halide salts, only NaCl and KCl enabled the anthracene to photosensitize the production of high levels of DNA-damaging reactive oxygen species (ROS). Pre-irradiation of N1-(anthracen-9-ylmethyl)ethane-1,2-diaminium dichloride at 350 nm increased the amounts of chloride salt-induced •OH detected by HPF in subsequent anthracene photoactivation experiments. Taking into consideration that •OH and other highly reactive ROS are extremely short-lived, this result suggests that the pre-irradiation step might lead to the formation of oxidized anthracene photoproducts that are exceedingly redox-active. The fluorometric probes HPF and Singlet Oxygen Sensor Green revealed that KCl concentrations ranging from 150 to 400 mM and from 100 to 400 mM, respectively, enhanced N1-(anthracen-9-ylmethyl)ethane-1,2-diaminium dichloride photosensitized •OH and singlet oxygen (1O2) production over no-salt controls. Considering the relatively high levels of Na+, K+, and Cl- ions that exist in the environment and in living organisms, our findings may be relevant to the phototoxic effects exhibited by anthracenes and other polycyclic hydrocarbons in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Imran Khan
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Kostiantyn O. Marichev
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Kathryn B. Grant
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
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6
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Ragheb MA, Abdelwahab RE, Darweesh AF, Soliman MH, Elwahy AHM, Abdelhamid IA. Hantzsch-Like Synthesis, DNA Photocleavage, DNA/BSA Binding, and Molecular Docking Studies of Bis(sulfanediyl)bis(tetrahydro-5-deazaflavin) Analogs Linked to Naphthalene Core. Chem Biodivers 2022; 19:e202100958. [PMID: 36045280 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202100958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The cyclocondensation reaction of aldehydes with dimedone and bis(6-aminopyrimidin-4-one) in acetic acid led to the formation of the corresponding bis(pyrimido[4,5-b]quinoline-4,6-diones) which are known as bis(sulfanediyl)bis(tetrahydro-5-deazaflavin) analogs in a single step. Also, bis(pyrimido[4,5-b]quinoline-4,6-diones) which are linked to naphthyl core via phenoxymethyl linkage is prepared. The interactions of the synthesized compounds with DNA and bovine serum albumin (BSA) were studied. Gel electrophoresis assay was used to show the capability of the compounds to photocleave the supercoiled pBR322 plasmid DNA in UV-A (365 nm). Besides, the most photocleavable compound, bis(tetrahydropyrimido[4,5-b]quinoline-4,6-dione) linked to pyridin-3-yl at position-5 exhibits good binding affinities toward CT-DNA and BSA as supported by UV/VIS spectral studies. In addition to the experimental findings, a molecular docking simulation was performed to collect detailed binding data for this compound to both biomolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A Ragheb
- Department of Chemistry (Biochemistry Division), Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, 12613, Egypt
| | - Reham E Abdelwahab
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, 12613, Egypt
| | - Ahmed F Darweesh
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, 12613, Egypt
| | - Marwa H Soliman
- Department of Chemistry (Biochemistry Division), Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, 12613, Egypt
| | - Ahmed H M Elwahy
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, 12613, Egypt
| | - Ismail A Abdelhamid
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, 12613, Egypt
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7
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Das S. Recent applications of quinolinium salts in the synthesis of annulated heterocycles. SYNOPEN 2022. [DOI: 10.1055/a-1834-2189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Quinoline derivatives are frequently found in natural products and biologically active compounds, however, construction of quinoline fused polyheterocycles is the challenging goal in synthetic organic chemistry. In this regard, quinolinium salts meet the demand to a great level, as they can be synthesized readily and employed effectively for the rapid construction of condensed heterocyclic core. The present review focuses on recent (2015-2021) applications of different quinolinium salts that react with suitable partners to access diverse annulated products. Most of the reactions discussed here involve easily available starting materials, operationally simple, high atom efficiency and environmentally benign. Mechanistic aspects of representative transformations have also been highlighted for better understanding of reaction pathway.
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8
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Pham TC, Nguyen VN, Choi Y, Lee S, Yoon J. Recent Strategies to Develop Innovative Photosensitizers for Enhanced Photodynamic Therapy. Chem Rev 2021; 121:13454-13619. [PMID: 34582186 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 803] [Impact Index Per Article: 200.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This review presents a robust strategy to design photosensitizers (PSs) for various species. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a photochemical-based treatment approach that involves the use of light combined with a light-activated chemical, referred to as a PS. Attractively, PDT is one of the alternatives to conventional cancer treatment due to its noninvasive nature, high cure rates, and low side effects. PSs play an important factor in photoinduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Although the concept of photosensitizer-based photodynamic therapy has been widely adopted for clinical trials and bioimaging, until now, to our surprise, there has been no relevant review article on rational designs of organic PSs for PDT. Furthermore, most of published review articles in PDT focused on nanomaterials and nanotechnology based on traditional PSs. Therefore, this review aimed at reporting recent strategies to develop innovative organic photosensitizers for enhanced photodynamic therapy, with each example described in detail instead of providing only a general overview, as is typically done in previous reviews of PDT, to provide intuitive, vivid, and specific insights to the readers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanh Chung Pham
- Industry 4.0 Convergence Bionics Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea
| | - Van-Nghia Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Yeonghwan Choi
- Industry 4.0 Convergence Bionics Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea
| | - Songyi Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea.,Industry 4.0 Convergence Bionics Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea
| | - Juyoung Yoon
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
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9
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Essam ZM, Ozmen GE, Setiawan D, Hamid RR, Abd El-Aal RM, Aneja R, Hamelberg D, Henary M. Donor acceptor fluorophores: synthesis, optical properties, TD-DFT and cytotoxicity studies. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:1835-1846. [PMID: 33565564 PMCID: PMC8514131 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob02313b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Donor-π-acceptor (D-π-A) fluorophores consisting of a donor unit, a π linker, and an acceptor moiety have attracted attention in the last decade. In this study, we report the synthesis, characterization, optical properties, TD-DFT, and cytotoxicity studies of 17 near infrared (NIR) D-π-A analogs which have not been reported so far to the best of our knowledge. These fluorophores have chloroacrylic acid as the acceptor unit and various donor units such as indole, benzothiazole, benzo[e]indole, and quinoline. The fluorophores showed strong absorption in the NIR (700-970 nm) region due to their enhanced intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) between chloroacrylic acid and the donor moieties connected with the Vilsmeier-Haack linker. The emission wavelength maxima of the fluorophores were in between 798 and 870 nm. Compound 20 with a 4-quinoline donor moiety showed an emission wavelength above 1000 nm in the NIR II window. The synthesized fluorophores were characterized by 1H NMR and 13C NMR, and their optical properties were studied. Time dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) calculations showed that the charge transfer occurs from the donor groups (indole, benzothiazole, benzo[e]indole, and quinoline) to the acceptor chloroacrylic acid moiety. Fluorophores with [HOMO] to [LUMO+1] transitions were shown to possess a charge separation character. The cytotoxicity of selected fluorophores, 4, 7, 10 and 12 was investigated against breast cancer cell lines and they showed better activity than the anti-cancer agent docetaxel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahraa M Essam
- Department of Chemistry, Petit Science Center, Georgia State University, 100 Piedmont Avenue SE, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, USA. and Department of Chemistry, Suez University, Suez, Egypt
| | - Guliz Ersoy Ozmen
- Department of Chemistry, Petit Science Center, Georgia State University, 100 Piedmont Avenue SE, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, USA.
| | - Dani Setiawan
- Department of Chemistry, Petit Science Center, Georgia State University, 100 Piedmont Avenue SE, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, USA.
| | - Riri Rizkianty Hamid
- Department of Biology, Petit Science Center, Georgia State University, 100 Piedmont Avenue SE, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, USA
| | | | - Ritu Aneja
- Department of Biology, Petit Science Center, Georgia State University, 100 Piedmont Avenue SE, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, USA
| | - Donald Hamelberg
- Department of Chemistry, Petit Science Center, Georgia State University, 100 Piedmont Avenue SE, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, USA. and Center of Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Petit Science Center, Georgia State University, 100 Piedmont Avenue SE, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, USA
| | - Maged Henary
- Department of Chemistry, Petit Science Center, Georgia State University, 100 Piedmont Avenue SE, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, USA. and Center of Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Petit Science Center, Georgia State University, 100 Piedmont Avenue SE, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, USA
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10
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Ilina K, Henary M. Cyanine Dyes Containing Quinoline Moieties: History, Synthesis, Optical Properties, and Applications. Chemistry 2021; 27:4230-4248. [PMID: 33137212 PMCID: PMC9832344 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202003697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Cyanine dyes carrying quinoline moieties are an important class of organic molecules that are of great interest for applications in many fields like medicine, pharmacology, and engineering. Despite their exceptional properties, such as stability, high molar extinction coefficients, and high pH-sensitivity, this class of dyes has been less analyzed and reviewed in the last few decades. Therefore, this review article focuses on discussing the history of quinoline compounds, various synthetic routes to prepare quinolinium salts and symmetrical and asymmetrical mono-, di-, tri-, penta- and heptamethine cyanine dyes, containing quinoline moieties, together with their optical properties and applications as photosensitizers in photodynamic therapy, probes in biomolecules for labeling of nucleic acids, as well as imaging agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Ilina
- Department of Chemistry, Petit Science Center, Georgia State University, 100 Piedmont Avenue SE Atlanta, GA 30303 (USA)
| | - Maged Henary
- Department of Chemistry, Petit Science Center, Georgia State University, 100 Piedmont Avenue SE Atlanta, GA 30303 (USA),Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics. Petit Science Center, Georgia State University, 100 Piedmont Avenue SE, Atlanta, GA 30303 (USA)
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11
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Ahoulou EO, Drinkard KK, Basnet K, St. Lorenz A, Taratula O, Henary M, Grant KB. DNA Photocleavage in the Near-Infrared Wavelength Range by 2-Quinolinium Dicarbocyanine Dyes. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25122926. [PMID: 32630496 PMCID: PMC7355653 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25122926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we report the syntheses of two pentamethine cyanine dyes containing quinolinium rings and substituted with either hydrogen (3) or bromine (4) at the meso carbon. The electron withdrawing bromine atom stabilizes dye 4 in aqueous buffer, allowing complex formation to occur between the dye and double-helical DNA. UV–visible, CD, and fluorescence spectra recorded at low DNA concentrations suggest that dye 4 initially binds to the DNA as a high-order aggregate. As the ratio of DNA to dye is increased, the aggregate is converted to monomeric and other low-order dye forms that interact with DNA in a non-intercalative fashion. The brominated dye 4 is relatively unreactive in the dark, but, under 707–759 nm illumination, generates hydroxyl radicals that cleave DNA in high yield (pH 7.0, 22 °C). Dye 4 is also taken up by ES2 ovarian carcinoma cells, where it is non-toxic under dark conditions. Upon irradiation of the ES2 cells at 694 nm, the brominated cyanine reduces cell viability from 100 ± 10% to 14 ± 1%. Our results suggest that 2-quinolinium-based carbocyanine dyes equipped with stabilizing electron withdrawing groups may have the potential to serve as sensitizing agents in long-wavelength phototherapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Effibe O. Ahoulou
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA; (E.O.A.); (K.K.D.); (K.B.)
| | - Kaitlyn K. Drinkard
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA; (E.O.A.); (K.K.D.); (K.B.)
| | - Kanchan Basnet
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA; (E.O.A.); (K.K.D.); (K.B.)
| | - Anna St. Lorenz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Portland, OR 97201, USA; (A.S.L.); (O.T.)
| | - Oleh Taratula
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Portland, OR 97201, USA; (A.S.L.); (O.T.)
| | - Maged Henary
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA; (E.O.A.); (K.K.D.); (K.B.)
- Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
- Correspondence: (M.H.); (K.B.G.); Tel.: +1-404-413-5566 (M.H.); +1-404-413-5522 (K.B.G.)
| | - Kathryn B. Grant
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA; (E.O.A.); (K.K.D.); (K.B.)
- Correspondence: (M.H.); (K.B.G.); Tel.: +1-404-413-5566 (M.H.); +1-404-413-5522 (K.B.G.)
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