1
|
Clarke R, Zeng L, Atkinson BC, Kadodwala M, Thomson AR, Sutherland A. Fluorescent carbazole-derived α-amino acids: structural mimics of tryptophan. Chem Sci 2024; 15:5944-5949. [PMID: 38665535 PMCID: PMC11040653 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc01173b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Fluorescent tags are commonly used for imaging of proteins and peptides during biological events; however, the large size of dyes can disrupt protein structure and function, and typically require the use of a chemical spacer. Herein, we report the synthesis of a new class of fluorescent unnatural α-amino acid, containing carbazole side-chains designed to mimic l-tryptophan and thus, readily incorporated into peptides. The amino acids were constructed using a Negishi cross-coupling reaction as the key step and exhibited strong fluorescent emission, with high quantum yields in both organic solvents and water. Compatible with solid phase peptide synthesis, the carbazole amino acids were used to replace tryptophan in a β-hairpin model peptide and shown to be a close structural mimic with retention of conformation. They were also found to be effective fluorescent molecular reporters for biological events. Incorporation into a proline-rich ligand of the WW domain protein demonstrated that the fluorescent properties of a carbazole amino acid could be used to measure the protein-protein binding interaction of this important biological signalling process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Clarke
- School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow Joseph Black Building, University Avenue Glasgow G12 8QQ UK
| | - Liyao Zeng
- School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow Joseph Black Building, University Avenue Glasgow G12 8QQ UK
| | - Bethany C Atkinson
- School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow Joseph Black Building, University Avenue Glasgow G12 8QQ UK
| | - Malcolm Kadodwala
- School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow Joseph Black Building, University Avenue Glasgow G12 8QQ UK
| | - Andrew R Thomson
- School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow Joseph Black Building, University Avenue Glasgow G12 8QQ UK
| | - Andrew Sutherland
- School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow Joseph Black Building, University Avenue Glasgow G12 8QQ UK
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Dodds AC, Sansom HG, Magennis SW, Sutherland A. Synthesis of Thiazoloindole α-Amino Acids: Chromophores Amenable to One- and Two-Photon Induced Fluorescence. Org Lett 2023; 25:8942-8946. [PMID: 38055619 PMCID: PMC10729019 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c03851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Thiazoloindole α-amino acids have been synthesized in four steps from tryptophan using a dual-catalytic thiolation reaction and a copper-mediated intramolecular N-arylation process. Late-stage diversification of the thiazoloindole core with electron-deficient aryl substituents produced chromophores that on one-photon excitation displayed blue-green emission, mega-Stokes shifts, and high quantum yields. The thiazoloindole amino acids could also be excited via two-photon absorption in the near-infrared, demonstrating their potential for biomedical imaging applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amy C. Dodds
- School of Chemistry, The Joseph Black
Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Henry G. Sansom
- School of Chemistry, The Joseph Black
Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Steven W. Magennis
- School of Chemistry, The Joseph Black
Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Sutherland
- School of Chemistry, The Joseph Black
Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Songsri S, Harkiss AH, Sutherland A. Synthesis and Photophysical Properties of Charge-Transfer-Based Pyrimidine-Derived α-Amino Acids. J Org Chem 2023; 88:13214-13224. [PMID: 37621156 PMCID: PMC10507667 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
The four-step synthesis of fluorescent pyrimidine-derived α-amino acids from an l-aspartic acid derivative is described. The key synthetic steps involved preparation of ynone intermediates via the reaction of alkynyl lithium salts with a Weinreb amide, followed by an ytterbium-catalyzed heterocyclization reaction with amidines. Variation of substituents at the C2- and C4-position of the pyrimidine ring allowed tuning of the photoluminescent properties of the α-amino acids. This revealed that a combination of highly conjugated or electron-rich aryl substituents with the π-deficient pyrimidine motif resulted in fluorophores with the highest quantum yields and overall brightness. Further analysis of the most fluorogenic α-amino acid demonstrated solvatochromism and sensitivity to pH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sineenard Songsri
- School of Chemistry, The Joseph Black Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander H. Harkiss
- School of Chemistry, The Joseph Black Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Sutherland
- School of Chemistry, The Joseph Black Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
McGrory R, Clarke R, Marshall O, Sutherland A. Fluorescent α-amino acids via Heck-Matsuda reactions of phenylalanine-derived arenediazonium salts. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:6932-6939. [PMID: 37580965 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob01096a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
The Heck-Matsuda coupling reaction of arenediazonium salts derived from L-phenylalanine with various alkenes has been developed. A two-step process involving the preparation of a tetrafluoroborate diazonium salt from a 4-aminophenylalanine derivative, followed by a palladium(0)-catalysed Heck-Matsuda coupling reaction allowed access to a range of unnatural α-amino acids with cinnamate, vinylsulfone and stilbene side-chains. Analysis of the photophysical properties of these unnatural α-amino acids demonstrated that the (E)-stilbene analogues exhibited fluorescent properties with red-shifted absorption and emission spectra and larger quantum yields than L-phenylalanine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rochelle McGrory
- School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, The Joseph Black Building, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK.
| | - Rebecca Clarke
- School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, The Joseph Black Building, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK.
| | - Olivia Marshall
- School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, The Joseph Black Building, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK.
| | - Andrew Sutherland
- School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, The Joseph Black Building, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
McGrory R, Morgan DC, Jamieson AG, Sutherland A. Rotamer-Controlled Dual Emissive α-Amino Acids. Org Lett 2023; 25:5844-5849. [PMID: 37506290 PMCID: PMC10425982 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c02112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis and photoluminescent properties of novel α-amino acids are described in which the biaryl benzotriazinone-containing chromophores were found to display dual emission fluorescence via locally excited (LE) and twisted intramolecular charge transfer (TICT) states. The intensity of each emission band could be controlled by the electronics and position of the substituents, and this led to the design of a 2-methoxyphenyl analogue that, due to twisting, displayed bright TICT fluorescence, solvatochromism, and pH sensitivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rochelle McGrory
- School
of Chemistry, The Joseph Black Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United
Kingdom
| | - Danielle C. Morgan
- School
of Chemistry, Advanced Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G11 6EW, United
Kingdom
| | - Andrew G. Jamieson
- School
of Chemistry, Advanced Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G11 6EW, United
Kingdom
| | - Andrew Sutherland
- School
of Chemistry, The Joseph Black Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United
Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Riley L, Mclay TN, Sutherland A. Synthesis and Fluorescent Properties of Alkynyl- and Alkenyl-Fused Benzotriazole-Derived α-Amino Acids. J Org Chem 2023; 88:2453-2463. [PMID: 36749161 PMCID: PMC9942204 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescent unnatural α-amino acids are widely used as probes in chemical biology and medicinal chemistry. While a variety of structural classes have been developed, there is still a requirement for new environmentally sensitive analogues that can closely mimic proteinogenic α-amino acids. Here, we report the synthesis and fluorescent properties of highly conjugated, benzotriazole-derived α-amino acids designed to mimic l-tryptophan. Alkynyl-substituted analogues were prepared using three key steps, nucleophilic aromatic substitution with a 3-aminoalanine derivative, benzotriazole formation via a one-pot diazotization and cyclization process, and a Sonogashira cross-coupling reaction. E-Alkenyl-substituted benzotriazoles were accessed by stereoselective partial hydrogenation of the alkynes using zinc iodide and palladium catalysis. The alkynyl analogues were found to possess higher quantum yields and stronger brightness and, a solvatochromic study with the most fluorogenic α-amino acids demonstrated sensitivity to polarity.
Collapse
|
7
|
de Moliner F, Konieczna Z, Mendive-Tapia L, Saleeb RS, Morris K, Gonzalez-Vera JA, Kaizuka T, Grant SGN, Horrocks MH, Vendrell M. Small Fluorogenic Amino Acids for Peptide-Guided Background-Free Imaging. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202216231. [PMID: 36412996 PMCID: PMC10108274 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202216231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The multiple applications of super-resolution microscopy have prompted the need for minimally invasive labeling strategies for peptide-guided fluorescence imaging. Many fluorescent reporters display limitations (e.g., large and charged scaffolds, non-specific binding) as building blocks for the construction of fluorogenic peptides. Herein we have built a library of benzodiazole amino acids and systematically examined them as reporters for background-free fluorescence microscopy. We have identified amine-derivatized benzoselenadiazoles as scalable and photostable amino acids for the straightforward solid-phase synthesis of fluorescent peptides. Benzodiazole amino acids retain the binding capabilities of bioactive peptides and display excellent signal-to-background ratios. Furthermore, we have demonstrated their application in peptide-PAINT imaging of postsynaptic density protein-95 nanoclusters in the synaptosomes from mouse brain tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabio de Moliner
- Centre for Inflammation Research, The University of Edinburgh, UK
| | | | | | | | - Katie Morris
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, The University of Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Takeshi Kaizuka
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - Seth G N Grant
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Marc Vendrell
- Centre for Inflammation Research, The University of Edinburgh, UK
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
de Moliner F, Konieczna Z, Mendive‐Tapia L, Saleeb RS, Morris K, Gonzalez‐Vera JA, Kaizuka T, Grant SGN, Horrocks MH, Vendrell M. Small Fluorogenic Amino Acids for Peptide-Guided Background-Free Imaging. ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 135:e202216231. [PMID: 38515539 PMCID: PMC10952862 DOI: 10.1002/ange.202216231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The multiple applications of super-resolution microscopy have prompted the need for minimally invasive labeling strategies for peptide-guided fluorescence imaging. Many fluorescent reporters display limitations (e.g., large and charged scaffolds, non-specific binding) as building blocks for the construction of fluorogenic peptides. Herein we have built a library of benzodiazole amino acids and systematically examined them as reporters for background-free fluorescence microscopy. We have identified amine-derivatized benzoselenadiazoles as scalable and photostable amino acids for the straightforward solid-phase synthesis of fluorescent peptides. Benzodiazole amino acids retain the binding capabilities of bioactive peptides and display excellent signal-to-background ratios. Furthermore, we have demonstrated their application in peptide-PAINT imaging of postsynaptic density protein-95 nanoclusters in the synaptosomes from mouse brain tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Katie Morris
- EaStCHEM School of ChemistryThe University of EdinburghUK
| | | | - Takeshi Kaizuka
- Centre for Clinical Brain SciencesThe University of EdinburghUK
| | | | | | - Marc Vendrell
- Centre for Inflammation ResearchThe University of EdinburghUK
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Benson S, de Moliner F, Tipping W, Vendrell M. Miniaturized Chemical Tags for Optical Imaging. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202204788. [PMID: 35704518 PMCID: PMC9542129 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202204788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in optical bioimaging have prompted the need for minimal chemical reporters that can retain the molecular recognition properties and activity profiles of biomolecules. As a result, several methodologies to reduce the size of fluorescent and Raman labels to a few atoms (e.g., single aryl fluorophores, Raman‐active triple bonds and isotopes) and embed them into building blocks (e.g., amino acids, nucleobases, sugars) to construct native‐like supramolecular structures have been described. The integration of small optical reporters into biomolecules has also led to smart molecular entities that were previously inaccessible in an expedite manner. In this article, we review recent chemical approaches to synthesize miniaturized optical tags as well as some of their multiple applications in biological imaging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sam Benson
- Centre for Inflammation Research The University of Edinburgh Edinburgh EH16 4TJ UK
| | - Fabio de Moliner
- Centre for Inflammation Research The University of Edinburgh Edinburgh EH16 4TJ UK
| | - William Tipping
- Centre for Molecular Nanometrology The University of Strathclyde Glasgow G1 1RD UK
| | - Marc Vendrell
- Centre for Inflammation Research The University of Edinburgh Edinburgh EH16 4TJ UK
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Benson S, de Moliner F, Tipping W, Vendrell M. Miniaturized Chemical Tags for Optical Imaging. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202204788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sam Benson
- The University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Fabio de Moliner
- The University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research UNITED KINGDOM
| | - William Tipping
- University of Strathclyde Centre for Molecular Nanometrology UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Marc Vendrell
- University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research 47 Little France Crescent EH16 4TJ Edinburgh UNITED KINGDOM
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Highly Fluorescent Dyes Containing Conformationally Restrained Pyrazolylpyrene (Pyrazoolympicene) Chromophore. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27041272. [PMID: 35209060 PMCID: PMC8875643 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27041272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The triflic-acid-promoted cyclization of 1-phenyl-3-(pyren-1-yl)-1H-pyrazole-4-carbaldehyde afforded a mixture of 9-phenyl-7,9-dihydropyreno (10,1-fg)indazole and 9-phenylpyreno(10,1-fg)indazole-7(9H)-one, readily separable by column chromatography. Both products contained a rigid six-ringed pyrazoolympicene backbone and exhibited bright fluorescence in chloroform solution and a weak fluorescence in the solid state. DFT and TD DFT calculations revealed that the lowest excited state (S1) of these compounds is populated via HOMO →LUMO π-π * transition. Furthermore, the synthesized compounds behaved as weak bases and their emission spectra showed substantial changes upon protonation. Therefore, they may be of interest for sensing of strongly acidic fluorophore environments.
Collapse
|
12
|
Bajaj K, Pidiyara K, Khan S, Jha PN, Sakhuja R, Kumar D. Fluorescent glutamine and asparagine as promising probes for chemical biology. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:7695-7700. [PMID: 34524312 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob01029h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescent probes have become valuable tools in chemical biology, providing interesting inferences for unfolding the complexities of natural biochemical processes. In this study, we report the synthesis and characterization of fluorescent labelled glutamine (Gln) and asparagine (Asn) derivatives via traceless Staudinger ligation, which exhibited high fluorescence quantum yields, excellent photostabilities and emission of blue fluorescence in the visible region. The successful permeation of these fluorescent amino acids into cellular components proved their potential as fluorescent probes for chemical biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Bajaj
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani 333031, Rajasthan, India.
| | - Karishma Pidiyara
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani 333031, Rajasthan, India.
| | - Shahid Khan
- Department of Biology, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani 333031, Rajasthan, India
| | - Prabhat N Jha
- Department of Biology, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani 333031, Rajasthan, India
| | - Rajeev Sakhuja
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani 333031, Rajasthan, India.
| | - Dalip Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani 333031, Rajasthan, India.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Singh H, Verma S. Visualization of third-level information in latent fingerprints by a new fluorogenic L-tyrosine analogue. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:5290-5293. [PMID: 33942826 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc01910d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Incorporation of fluorescent α-amino acids in peptide/protein sequences, at desired positions, is eminently useful for non-invasive detection of cellular events, without impacting their native properties. As an extension to such an approach, we describe the design of two stable, fluorescent l-tyrosine analogs, FHBY and BHBY, exhibiting photophysical properties associated with the AIE-coupled ESIPT mechanism, for fluorescent reporting of latent fingerprints. Notably, FHBY selectively adheres to the papillary ridges of latent fingerprints and reveals up to the third-level of information at one of the lowest reported concentrations of 25 μM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Harminder Singh
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Nanoscience, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, 208016, UP, India.
| | - Sandeep Verma
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Nanoscience, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, 208016, UP, India.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
McGrory R, Faggyas RJ, Sutherland A. One-pot synthesis of N-substituted benzannulated triazoles via stable arene diazonium salts. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:6127-6140. [PMID: 34179913 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob00968k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A mild and effective one-pot synthesis of 1,2,3-benzotriazin-4(3H)-ones and benzothiatriazine-1,1(2H)-dioxide analogues has been developed. The method involves the diazotisation and subsequent cyclisation of 2-aminobenzamides and 2-aminobenzenesulfonamides via stable diazonium salts, prepared using a polymer-supported nitrite reagent and p-tosic acid. The transformation was compatible with a wide range of aryl functional groups and amide/sulfonamide-substituents and was used for the synthesis of pharmaceutically important targets. The synthetic utility of the one-pot diazotisaton-cyclisation process was further demonstrated with the preparation of an α-amino acid containing 1,2,3-benzotriazin-4(3H)-one.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rochelle McGrory
- School of Chemistry, The Joseph Black Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK.
| | - Réka J Faggyas
- School of Chemistry, The Joseph Black Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK.
| | - Andrew Sutherland
- School of Chemistry, The Joseph Black Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Grzelakowska A, Zielonka M, Dębowska K, Modrzejewska J, Szala M, Sikora A, Zielonka J, Podsiadły R. Two-photon fluorescent probe for cellular peroxynitrite: Fluorescence detection, imaging, and identification of peroxynitrite-specific products. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 169:24-35. [PMID: 33862158 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A new naphthalene-based boronate probe, NAB-BE, for the fluorescence-based detection of inflammatory oxidants, including peroxynitrite, hypochlorous acid, and hydrogen peroxide, is reported. The chemical reactivity and fluorescence properties of the probe and the products are described. The major, phenolic oxidation product, NAB-OH, is formed in case of all three oxidants tested. This product shows green fluorescence, with a maximum at 512 nm, and can be excited either at 340 nm or in the near infrared region (745 nm) for two-photon fluorescence imaging. Peroxynitrite is the fastest of the oxidants tested and, in addition to the phenolic product, leads to the formation of a nitrated product, NAB-NO2, which can serve as a fingerprint for peroxynitrite. The probe was applied to detect peroxynitrite in activated macrophages using fluorimetry and two-photon fluorescence microscopy, and both NAB-OH and NAB-NO2 products were detected in cell extracts by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The combined use of fluorometric high-throughput analyses, fluorescence imaging, and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-based product identification and quantitation is proposed for most comprehensive and rigorous characterization of oxidants in biological systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Grzelakowska
- Institute of Polymer and Dye Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 12/16, 90-924, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Monika Zielonka
- Department of Biophysics, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, United States.
| | - Karolina Dębowska
- Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Zeromskiego 116, 90-924, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Julia Modrzejewska
- Institute of Polymer and Dye Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 12/16, 90-924, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Marcin Szala
- Institute of Polymer and Dye Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 12/16, 90-924, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Adam Sikora
- Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Zeromskiego 116, 90-924, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Jacek Zielonka
- Department of Biophysics, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, United States.
| | - Radosław Podsiadły
- Institute of Polymer and Dye Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 12/16, 90-924, Lodz, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Fluorescent amino acids as versatile building blocks for chemical biology. Nat Rev Chem 2020; 4:275-290. [PMID: 37127957 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-020-0186-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Fluorophores have transformed the way we study biological systems, enabling non-invasive studies in cells and intact organisms, which increase our understanding of complex processes at the molecular level. Fluorescent amino acids have become an essential chemical tool because they can be used to construct fluorescent macromolecules, such as peptides and proteins, without disrupting their native biomolecular properties. Fluorescent and fluorogenic amino acids with unique photophysical properties have been designed for tracking protein-protein interactions in situ or imaging nanoscopic events in real time with high spatial resolution. In this Review, we discuss advances in the design and synthesis of fluorescent amino acids and how they have contributed to the field of chemical biology in the past 10 years. Important areas of research that we review include novel methodologies to synthesize building blocks with tunable spectral properties, their integration into peptide and protein scaffolds using site-specific genetic encoding and bioorthogonal approaches, and their application to design novel artificial proteins, as well as to investigate biological processes in cells by means of optical imaging.
Collapse
|
17
|
Bhaskaran RP, Janardhanan JC, Babu BP. Metal‐Free Synthesis of Pyrazoles and Chromenopyrazoles from Hydrazones and Acetylenic Esters. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202000719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rasmi P. Bhaskaran
- Department of ChemistryNational Institute of Technology Karnataka (NITK), Surathkal 575025 Mangalore
| | - Jith C. Janardhanan
- Department of Applied ChemistryCochin University of Science and Technology (CUSAT) Kochi 682022 INDIA
| | - Beneesh P. Babu
- Department of ChemistryNational Institute of Technology Karnataka (NITK), Surathkal 575025 Mangalore
| |
Collapse
|