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Kongkaew S, Thipwimonmas Y, Hayeeabu M, Limbut W. Fabrication of a 96-electrode array using carbon dioxide laser ablation. Talanta 2024; 274:125912. [PMID: 38547843 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.125912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024]
Abstract
The 96 laser-induced multigraphene electrode (96L-MGE) integrated microwell plate (96 L-MGE-MP) is described. Each cell includes separate working, auxiliary, and reference electrodes, and the array sits on a poly-methyl methacrylate (PMMA) well. The 96 electrochemical cells were fabricated by laser ablation of polyimide adhesive tape, which created laser-induced graphene electrodes (L-GE). The microwell was produced using laser ablation of the PMMA sheet as well. The morphology and electrochemical characterization of L-GE were controlled by tuning the laser processing. L-GE fabricated at laser power-laser speed ratios of 0.008-0.02 W s mm-1displayed good electrochemical behaviors. Under the optimal condition of L-GE fabrication, the measured L-GE surface roughness was 475.47 nm. The 96 L-MGE can be fabricated in 24.2 min and is compatible with various analytes. 10 benchmark redox compounds were shown as electrocatalytic examples. The performance of each analyte was investigated by voltammetry. As proof of concept, 96 L-MGE-MP was connected to a 96× connector for multichannel detection. The RSD of the 96 L-MGE-MPwas below 5.3%, which demonstrated good fabrication reproducibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supatinee Kongkaew
- Center of Excellence for Trace Analysis and Biosensor, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand; Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand; Forensic Science Innovation and Service Center, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand; Division of Health and Applied Sciences, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand
| | - Yudtapum Thipwimonmas
- Forensic Science Innovation and Service Center, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand; Division of Health and Applied Sciences, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand
| | - Mareeyam Hayeeabu
- Forensic Science Innovation and Service Center, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand; Division of Health and Applied Sciences, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand
| | - Warakorn Limbut
- Center of Excellence for Trace Analysis and Biosensor, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand; Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand; Forensic Science Innovation and Service Center, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand; Division of Health and Applied Sciences, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand.
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2
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Ino K, Utagawa Y, Shiku H. Microarray-Based Electrochemical Biosensing. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 187:317-338. [PMID: 37306698 DOI: 10.1007/10_2023_229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Microarrays are widely utilized in bioanalysis. Electrochemical biosensing techniques are often applied in microarray-based assays because of their simplicity, low cost, and high sensitivity. In such systems, the electrodes and sensing elements are arranged in arrays, and the target analytes are detected electrochemically. These sensors can be utilized for high-throughput bioanalysis and the electrochemical imaging of biosamples, including proteins, oligonucleotides, and cells. In this chapter, we summarize recent progress on these topics. We categorize electrochemical biosensing techniques for array detection into four groups: scanning electrochemical microscopy, electrode arrays, electrochemiluminescence, and bipolar electrodes. For each technique, we summarize the key principles and discuss the advantages, disadvantages, and bioanalysis applications. Finally, we present conclusions and perspectives about future directions in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Ino
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan.
| | - Yoshinobu Utagawa
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Shiku
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan.
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan.
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3
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Kumar N, He J, Rusling JF. Electrochemical transformations catalyzed by cytochrome P450s and peroxidases. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:5135-5171. [PMID: 37458261 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00461a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450s (Cyt P450s) and peroxidases are enzymes featuring iron heme cofactors that have wide applicability as biocatalysts in chemical syntheses. Cyt P450s are a family of monooxygenases that oxidize fatty acids, steroids, and xenobiotics, synthesize hormones, and convert drugs and other chemicals to metabolites. Peroxidases are involved in breaking down hydrogen peroxide and can oxidize organic compounds during this process. Both heme-containing enzymes utilize active FeIVO intermediates to oxidize reactants. By incorporating these enzymes in stable thin films on electrodes, Cyt P450s and peroxidases can accept electrons from an electrode, albeit by different mechanisms, and catalyze organic transformations in a feasible and cost-effective way. This is an advantageous approach, often called bioelectrocatalysis, compared to their biological pathways in solution that require expensive biochemical reductants such as NADPH or additional enzymes to recycle NADPH for Cyt P450s. Bioelectrocatalysis also serves as an ex situ platform to investigate metabolism of drugs and bio-relevant chemicals. In this paper we review biocatalytic electrochemical reactions using Cyt P450s including C-H activation, S-oxidation, epoxidation, N-hydroxylation, and oxidative N-, and O-dealkylation; as well as reactions catalyzed by peroxidases including synthetically important oxidations of organic compounds. Design aspects of these bioelectrocatalytic reactions are presented and discussed, including enzyme film formation on electrodes, temperature, pH, solvents, and activation of the enzymes. Finally, we discuss challenges and future perspective of these two important bioelectrocatalytic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeraj Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-3136, USA.
| | - Jie He
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-3136, USA.
- Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-3136, USA
| | - James F Rusling
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-3136, USA.
- Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-3136, USA
- Department of Surgery and Neag Cancer Center, Uconn Health, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
- School of Chemistry, National University of Ireland at Galway, Galway, Ireland
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4
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Hu B, Zhao X, Wang E, Zhou J, Li J, Chen J, Du G. Efficient heterologous expression of cytochrome P450 enzymes in microorganisms for the biosynthesis of natural products. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2023; 43:227-241. [PMID: 35129020 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2022.2029344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Natural products, a chemically and structurally diverse class of molecules, possess a wide spectrum of biological activities, have been used therapeutically for millennia, and have provided many lead compounds for the development of synthetic drugs. Cytochrome P450 enzymes (P450s, CYP) are widespread in nature and are involved in the biosynthesis of many natural products. P450s are heme-containing enzymes that use molecular oxygen and the hydride donor NAD(P)H (coupled via enzymic redox partners) to catalyze the insertion of oxygen into C-H bonds in a regio- and stereo-selective manner, effecting hydroxylation and several other reactions. With the rapid development of systems biology, numerous novel P450s have been identified for the biosynthesis of natural products, but there are still several challenges to the efficient heterologous expression of active P450s. This review covers recent developments in P450 research and development, including the properties and functions of P450s, discovery and mining of novel P450s, modification and screening of P450 mutants, improved heterologous expression of P450s in microbial hosts, efficient whole-cell transformation with P450s, and current applications of P450s for the biosynthesis of natural products. This resource provides a solid foundation for the application of highly active and stable P450s in microbial cell factories to biosynthesize natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baodong Hu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China.,Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xinrui Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China.,Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Endao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jingwen Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China.,Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jianghua Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China.,Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jian Chen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China.,Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guocheng Du
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China.,Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China.,Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
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5
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Lai B, Glaven S, Song H. Editorial: Electrobiotechnology Towards Sustainable Bioeconomy: Fundamental, Optimization and Applications. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:901072. [PMID: 35557869 PMCID: PMC9086240 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.901072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Lai
- Department of Solar Materials, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sarah Glaven
- Naval Research Laboratory, Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Hao Song
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering, Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
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6
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Kuchenbuch A, Frank R, Ramos JV, Jahnke HG, Harnisch F. Electrochemical Microwell Plate to Study Electroactive Microorganisms in Parallel and Real-Time. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 9:821734. [PMID: 35242754 PMCID: PMC8887713 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.821734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial resource mining of electroactive microorganism (EAM) is currently methodically hampered due to unavailable electrochemical screening tools. Here, we introduce an electrochemical microwell plate (ec-MP) composed of a 96 electrochemical deepwell plate and a recently developed 96-channel multipotentiostat. Using the ec-MP we investigated the electrochemical and metabolic properties of the EAM models Shewanella oneidensis and Geobacter sulfurreducens with acetate and lactate as electron donor combined with an individual genetic analysis of each well. Electrochemical cultivation of pure cultures achieved maximum current densities (jmax) and coulombic efficiencies (CE) that were well in line with literature data. The co-cultivation of S. oneidensis and G. sulfurreducens led to an increased current density of jmax of 88.57 ± 14.04 µA cm−2 (lactate) and jmax of 99.36 ± 19.12 µA cm−2 (lactate and acetate). Further, a decreased time period of reaching jmax and biphasic current production was revealed and the microbial electrochemical performance could be linked to the shift in the relative abundance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Kuchenbuch
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, UFZ—Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research GmbH, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ronny Frank
- Centre for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Molecular Biological-Biochemical Processing Technology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - José Vazquez Ramos
- Centre for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Molecular Biological-Biochemical Processing Technology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Heinz-Georg Jahnke
- Centre for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Molecular Biological-Biochemical Processing Technology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Falk Harnisch
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, UFZ—Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research GmbH, Leipzig, Germany
- *Correspondence: Falk Harnisch,
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Nowrouzi B, Rios-Solis L. Redox metabolism for improving whole-cell P450-catalysed terpenoid biosynthesis. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2021; 42:1213-1237. [PMID: 34749553 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2021.1990210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The growing preference for producing cytochrome P450-mediated natural products in microbial systems stems from the challenging nature of the organic chemistry approaches. The P450 enzymes are redox-dependent proteins, through which they source electrons from reducing cofactors to drive their activities. Widely researched in biochemistry, most of the previous studies have extensively utilised expensive cell-free assays to reveal mechanistic insights into P450 functionalities in presence of commercial redox partners. However, in the context of microbial bioproduction, the synergic activity of P450- reductase proteins in microbial systems have not been largely investigated. This is mainly due to limited knowledge about their mutual interactions in the context of complex systems. Hence, manipulating the redox potential for natural product synthesis in microbial chassis has been limited. As the potential of redox state as crucial regulator of P450 biocatalysis has been greatly underestimated by the scientific community, in this review, we re-emphasize their pivotal role in modulating the in vivo P450 activity through affecting the product profile and yield. Particularly, we discuss the applications of widely used in vivo redox engineering methodologies for natural product synthesis to provide further suggestions for patterning on P450-based terpenoids production in microbial platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behnaz Nowrouzi
- Institute for Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Centre for Synthetic and Systems Biology (SynthSys), The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Leonardo Rios-Solis
- Institute for Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Centre for Synthetic and Systems Biology (SynthSys), The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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8
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Amongre R, Gassner G. Regenerable copper anode for the Cu(I)-mediated reduction of FAD in the electroenzymatic styrene epoxidation reaction. Bioelectrochemistry 2020; 137:107679. [PMID: 33120296 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2020.107679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Styrene monooxygenase (SMO) is a two-component flavoenzyme composed of NADH-dependent flavin reductase (SMOB) and FAD-specific styrene epoxidase (NSMOA) components. The enantioselective styrene epoxidation reaction catalyzed by this enzyme can be streamlined for chemosynthetic applications by substituting NADH and the reductase with an electrode to supply the epoxidase with reducing equivalents required for catalysis. Slow kinetics of adsorption and desorption of FAD from the electrode surface and unproductive side reactions of the reduced flavin with oxygen limit the efficiency of direct electroenzymatic catalysis. In the present work we develop a miniature spectroelectrochemical cell equipped with a copper electrode for the anodic synthesis of Cu(I) chelates of EDTA, glutamate, and citrate as FAD-reducing agents, and a platinum electrode for the electrolytic generation of oxygen. Copper oxidized in the flavin reduction reaction can be reclaimed subsequently as copper metal at the electrode surface. About 80% transformation of styrene is achieved in a single cell cycle of reduction and oxygenation at pH 7 and 25 °C in good agreement with that predicted by numerical simulation. When the cell is operated in two successive cycles, styrene oxide can be synthesized with an electroenzymatic epoxidation activity of 663U/g in 94% yield. This approach to electroenzymatic catalysis shows promise for the quantitative transformation of styrene to styrene oxide and may be applied more generally to other flavoprotein monooxygenases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Amongre
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - George Gassner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA, United States.
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