1
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Banks JD, Emami A. Carbon-Based Piezoresistive Polymer Nanocomposites by Extrusion Additive Manufacturing: Process, Material Design, and Current Progress. 3D PRINTING AND ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING 2024; 11:e548-e571. [PMID: 38689914 PMCID: PMC11057547 DOI: 10.1089/3dp.2022.0153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Advancement in additive manufacturing (AM) allows the production of nanocomposites with complex and custom geometries not typically allowable with conventional manufacturing techniques. The benefits of AM have led to recent interest in producing multifunctional materials capable of being printed with current AM technologies. In this article, piezoresistive composites realized by AM and the matrices and fillers utilized to make such devices are introduced and discussed. Carbon-based nanoparticles (Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene/Graphite, and Carbon Black) are often the filler choice of most researchers and are heavily discussed throughout this review in combination with extrusion AM methods. Piezoresistive applications such as physiological and wearable sensors, structural health monitoring, and soft robotics are presented with an emphasis on material and AM selection to meet the demands of such applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D. Banks
- Materials Science, Engineering, & Commercialization, Ingram School of Engineering, Texas State University, San Marcos, Texas, USA
| | - Anahita Emami
- Mechanical Engineering, Ingram School of Engineering, Texas State University, San Marcos, Texas, USA
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2
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Yu H, Li H, Sun X, Pan L. Biomimetic Flexible Sensors and Their Applications in Human Health Detection. Biomimetics (Basel) 2023; 8:293. [PMID: 37504181 PMCID: PMC10807369 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics8030293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Bionic flexible sensors are a new type of biosensor with high sensitivity, selectivity, stability, and reliability to achieve detection in complex natural and physiological environments. They provide efficient, energy-saving and convenient applications in medical monitoring and diagnosis, environmental monitoring, and detection and identification. Combining sensor devices with flexible substrates to imitate flexible structures in living organisms, thus enabling the detection of various physiological signals, has become a hot topic of interest. In the field of human health detection, the application of bionic flexible sensors is flourishing and will evolve into patient-centric diagnosis and treatment in the future of healthcare. In this review, we provide an up-to-date overview of bionic flexible devices for human health detection applications and a comprehensive summary of the research progress and potential of flexible sensors. First, we evaluate the working mechanisms of different classes of bionic flexible sensors, describing the selection and fabrication of bionic flexible materials and their excellent electrochemical properties; then, we introduce some interesting applications for monitoring physical, electrophysiological, chemical, and biological signals according to more segmented health fields (e.g., medical diagnosis, rehabilitation assistance, and sports monitoring). We conclude with a summary of the advantages of current results and the challenges and possible future developments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Xidi Sun
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Lijia Pan
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
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3
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Leber A, Laperrousaz S, Qu Y, Dong C, Richard I, Sorin F. Thermally Drawn Elastomer Nanocomposites for Soft Mechanical Sensors. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2207573. [PMID: 36852621 PMCID: PMC10161033 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202207573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Stretchable and conductive nanocomposites are emerging as important constituents of soft mechanical sensors for health monitoring, human-machine interactions, and soft robotics. However, tuning the materials' properties and sensor structures to the targeted mode and range of mechanical stimulation is limited by current fabrication approaches, particularly in scalable polymer melt techniques. Here, thermoplastic elastomer-based nanocomposites are engineered and novel rheological requirements are proposed for their compatibility with fiber processing technologies, yielding meters-long, soft, and highly versatile stretchable fiber devices. Based on microstructural changes in the nanofiller arrangement, the resistivity of the nanocomposite is tailored in its final device architecture across an entire order of magnitude as well as its sensitivity to strain via tuning thermal drawing processing parameters alone. Moreover, the prescribed electrical properties are coupled with suitable device designs and several fiber-based sensors are proposed aimed at specific types of deformations: i) a robotic fiber with an integrated bending mechanism where changes as small as 5° are monitored by piezoresistive nanocomposite elements, ii) a pressure-sensing fiber based on a geometrically controlled resistive signal that responds with a sub-newton resolution to changes in pressing forces, and iii) a strain-sensing fiber that tracks changes in capacitance up to 100% elongation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Leber
- Institute of Materials, École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
| | - Stella Laperrousaz
- Institute of Materials, École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
| | - Yunpeng Qu
- Institute of Materials, École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
| | - Chaoqun Dong
- Institute of Materials, École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
| | - Inès Richard
- Institute of Materials, École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
| | - Fabien Sorin
- Institute of Materials, École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
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4
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Lim GJH, Yang Z, Hou Y, Sugumaran PJ, Qiao Z, Ding J, Yan W, Yang Y. Direct Ink Writing for High-Efficiency Microwave Attenuation with Nanofibers Alignment. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:31267-31276. [PMID: 35767341 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c06567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
One-dimensional (1D) fibers have been widely used in composites reinforcement for microwave attenuation due to their outstanding mechanical and electromagnetic properties, especially in the axial direction. However, the precise control of fiber alignment in a polymer matrix remains a challenge. In this work, we successfully demonstrated the well-controlled alignment of silicon carbide nanowires (SiCNW) in a silicone matrix by using direct ink writing (DIW)-based 3D printing. It is proven that the printed multilayer material with fiber alignment could show a dramatic improvement in both reflection loss (RL) and effective attenuation bandwidth (EAB, RL < -10 dB). In particular, a uniaxial in-plane orientation is found to be the optimal alignment among other planar and also out-of-plane orientations. Benefiting from the optimized alignment, the 3D-printed SiC composite could show an EAB (∼6.4 GHz)1.6 times broader than that of the randomly mixed composite at the same thickness without alignment, associated with a minimum RL of -48 dB at 14.3 GHz. In addition, it is demonstrated that DIW could print different materials, such as SiCNW and multiwall carbon nanotube (MWCNT), in alternating layers for multiple-frequency-band attenuation benefiting from the distinct property of each material. Considering the one-step control of fiber alignment and material selectivity, DIW could play an important role in materials design for high-efficiency microwave attenuation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zeshi Yang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, 117575, Singapore
| | - Yi Hou
- National University of Singapore, 5A Engineering Drive 1, 117411, Singapore
| | | | - Zhi Qiao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, 117575, Singapore
| | - Jun Ding
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, 117575, Singapore
| | - Wentao Yan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, 117575, Singapore
| | - Yong Yang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, 117575, Singapore
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5
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Ding C, Wang J, Yuan W, Zhou X, Lin Y, Zhu G, Li J, Zhong T, Su W, Cui Z. Durability Study of Thermal Transfer Printed Textile Electrodes for Wearable Electronic Applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:29144-29155. [PMID: 35723443 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c03807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Textile-based electronics hold great promise because they can endow wearable devices with soft and comfortable characteristics. However, the inherent porosity and fluffiness of fabrics result in high surface roughness, which presents great challenges in the manufacture of high-performance fabric electrodes. In this work, we propose a thermal transfer printing method to address the above challenges, in which electrodes or circuits of silver flake/thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) composites are prefabricated on a release film by coating and laser engraving and then laminated by hot-pressing to a variety of fabrics and textiles. This universal and scalable production technique enables fabric electrodes to be made without compromising the original wearability, washability, and stretchability of textiles. The prepared fabric electrodes exhibit high conductivity (5.48 × 104 S/cm), high adhesion (≥1750 N/m), good abrasion/washing resistance, high patterning resolution (∼40 μm), and good electromechanical performance up to 50% strain. To demonstrate the potential applications, we developed textile-based radio frequency identification (RFID) tags for remote identification and a large-sized heater for wearable thermotherapy. More importantly, the solvent-free thermal transfer printing technology developed in this paper enables people to DIY interesting flexible electronics on clothes with daily tools, which can promote the commercial application of smart textile-based electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Ding
- Printable Electronics Research Centre, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiayi Wang
- Printable Electronics Research Centre, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
- School of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Yuan
- Printable Electronics Research Centre, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojin Zhou
- Suzhou Institute of Fiber Inspection, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Lin
- Printable Electronics Research Centre, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoqing Zhu
- Suzhou Institute of Fiber Inspection, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Li
- Jiangsu Textiles Quality Services Inspection Testing Institute, Nanjing 210007, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Zhong
- Printable Electronics Research Centre, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenming Su
- Printable Electronics Research Centre, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng Cui
- Printable Electronics Research Centre, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
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6
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Zhang Q, Meng F, Li Y, Ma H, Gong P, Yang J, Park CB, Li G. Construction of a Two-Dimensional Response Network in Three-Dimensional Composites to Dramatically Enhance Sensor Sensitivity: A Simple, Feasible, and Green Regulating Strategy. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c01174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zhang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, 24 Yihuan Road, Nanyiduan, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, People’s Republic of China
| | - Feiran Meng
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, 24 Yihuan Road, Nanyiduan, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanting Li
- Jiangsu JITRI Advanced Polymer Materials Research Institute, Tengfei Building, 88 Jiangmiao Road, Jiangbei New District, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211800, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haoyu Ma
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, 24 Yihuan Road, Nanyiduan, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, People’s Republic of China
| | - Pengjian Gong
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, 24 Yihuan Road, Nanyiduan, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, People’s Republic of China
| | - Junlong Yang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, 24 Yihuan Road, Nanyiduan, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chul B. Park
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, 24 Yihuan Road, Nanyiduan, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, People’s Republic of China
- Microcellular Plastics Manufacturing Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King’s College Road, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Guangxian Li
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, 24 Yihuan Road, Nanyiduan, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, People’s Republic of China
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7
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Gunasekaran HB, Ponnan S, Zheng Y, Laroui A, Wang H, Wu L, Wang J. Facile Fabrication of Highly Sensitive Thermoplastic Polyurethane Sensors with Surface- and Interface-Impregnated 3D Conductive Networks. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:22615-22625. [PMID: 35506598 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c03351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This research aims to develop a practical, scalable, and highly conductive flexible 3D printed piezoresistive sensor with low filler content. Here, we introduced a fused deposition modeling 3D printing combined in situ spray-coating technique to develop a conductive sensor in a single shot. The graphene suspension is sprayed over each layer during the 3D printing of the sensor, which helps develop a conductive network on the surface and at the interface of the printed system. Graphene deposited on the overall surface is often affected by nanoparticle delamination and loses its function over time. To avoid this, the prepared samples are subjected to foaming. The foaming process created a low-mass-density sensor by forming a microcellular structure, and the surface-deposited graphene is embedded well on the TPU surface. The method followed in this work reveals a stable and connected conduction path with excellent electrical resistance and resistance against harsh conditions (exposure to organic solvents). Besides, the compression sensor withstood its sensitivity over a severe compressive strain of 80% and showed a GF of 1.82 and a sensitivity of 2.316 kPa-1. The conductive network path varied based on the infill pattern, affecting its electrical sensitivity. The wiggle pattern shows good resistance; under stretching, the pattern generated a higher current and showed a delayed conductive path disconnection than other patterns. Thus, the embedded graphene/TPU conductive sensors show good stability and promising sensitivity. Furthermore, the developed sensor is used to monitor human motion and actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harini Bhuvaneswari Gunasekaran
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, Fujian Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Sathiyanathan Ponnan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, Fujian Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, People's Republic of China
- Key Lab for Sport Shoes Upper Materials of Fujian Province, Fujian Huafeng New Materials Co., Ltd., Putian, Fujian 351164, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanling Zheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, Fujian Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, People's Republic of China
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
- Fujian College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Abdelatif Laroui
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, Fujian Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Haopeng Wang
- Fujian Science & Technology Innovation Laboratory for Optoelectronic Information of China, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, People's Republic of China
| | - Lixin Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, Fujian Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, People's Republic of China
- Fujian Science & Technology Innovation Laboratory for Optoelectronic Information of China, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianlei Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, Fujian Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
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8
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Li WD, Ke K, Jia J, Pu JH, Zhao X, Bao RY, Liu ZY, Bai L, Zhang K, Yang MB, Yang W. Recent Advances in Multiresponsive Flexible Sensors towards E-skin: A Delicate Design for Versatile Sensing. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2103734. [PMID: 34825473 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202103734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Multiresponsive flexile sensors with strain, temperature, humidity, and other sensing abilities serving as real electronic skin (e-skin) have manifested great application potential in flexible electronics, artificial intelligence (AI), and Internet of Things (IoT). Although numerous flexible sensors with sole sensing function have already been reported since the concept of e-skin, that mimics the sensing features of human skin, was proposed about a decade ago, the ones with more sensing capacities as new emergences are urgently demanded. However, highly integrated and highly sensitive flexible sensors with multiresponsive functions are becoming a big thrust for the detection of human body motions, physiological signals (e.g., skin temperature, blood pressure, electrocardiograms (ECG), electromyograms (EMG), sweat, etc.) and environmental stimuli (e.g., light, magnetic field, volatile organic compounds (VOCs)), which are vital to real-time and all-round human health monitoring and management. Herein, this review summarizes the design, manufacturing, and application of multiresponsive flexible sensors and presents the future challenges of fabricating these sensors for the next-generation e-skin and wearable electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu-Di Li
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, China
| | - Kai Ke
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, China
| | - Jin Jia
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, China
| | - Jun-Hong Pu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, China
| | - Xing Zhao
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, China
| | - Rui-Ying Bao
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, China
| | - Zheng-Ying Liu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, China
| | - Lu Bai
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, China
| | - Ming-Bo Yang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, China
| | - Wei Yang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, China
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Kim TG, Eom HS, Kim JH, Jung JK, Jang KS, Lee SJ. Electrically Conductive Silicone-Based Nanocomposites Incorporated with Carbon Nanotubes and Silver Nanowires for Stretchable Electrodes. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:31876-31890. [PMID: 34870010 PMCID: PMC8638027 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c04628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Stretchable electrode materials have attracted great attention as next-generation electronic materials because of their ability to maintain intrinsic properties with rare damage when undergoing repetitive deformations, such as folding, twisting, and stretching. In this study, an electrically conductive PDMS nanocomposite was manufactured by combining the hybrid nanofillers of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and silver nanowires (AgNWs). The amphiphilic isopropyl alcohol molecules temporarily adhered simultaneously to the hydrophobic CNT and hydrophilic AgNW surfaces, thereby improving the dispersity. As the CNT/AgNW ratio (wt %/wt %) decreased under the constant nanofiller content, the tensile modulus decreased and the elongation at break increased owing to the poor interaction between the AgNWs and matrix. The shear storage moduli of all nanocomposites were higher than the loss moduli, indicating the elastic behavior with a cross-linked network. The electrical conductivities of the nanocomposite containing the hybrid nanofillers were superior to those of the nanocomposite containing either CNT or AgNW at the same filler content (4 wt %). The hybrid nanofillers were rearranged and deformed by 5000 cyclic strain tests, relaxing the PDMS matrix chain and weakening the interfacial bonding. However, the elastic behavior was maintained. The dynamic electrical conductivities gradually increased under the cyclic strain tests due to the rearrangement and tunneling effect of the nanofillers. The highest dynamic electrical conductivity (10 S/m) was obtained for the nanocomposite consisting of 2 wt % of CNTs and 2 wt % of AgNWs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Gon Kim
- Department of Polymer Engineering, School of Chemical and Materials Engineering, The University of Suwon, Hwaseong, Gyeonggi 18323, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon Sik Eom
- Department of Polymer Engineering, School of Chemical and Materials Engineering, The University of Suwon, Hwaseong, Gyeonggi 18323, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Hwi Kim
- Department of Polymer Engineering, School of Chemical and Materials Engineering, The University of Suwon, Hwaseong, Gyeonggi 18323, Republic of Korea
- NanoChemTech Inc., 112 Yangseong-ro, Yangseong-myeon, Anseong, Gyeonggi 17502, Republic of Korea
| | - Jik Kyo Jung
- NanoChemTech Inc., 112 Yangseong-ro, Yangseong-myeon, Anseong, Gyeonggi 17502, Republic of Korea
| | - Keon-Soo Jang
- Department of Polymer Engineering, School of Chemical and Materials Engineering, The University of Suwon, Hwaseong, Gyeonggi 18323, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Jae Lee
- Department of Polymer Engineering, School of Chemical and Materials Engineering, The University of Suwon, Hwaseong, Gyeonggi 18323, Republic of Korea
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10
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Piezoresistive behavior of elastomer composites with segregated network of carbon nanostructures and alumina. NANO MATERIALS SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nanoms.2021.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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11
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Wang X, Liu X, Schubert DW. Highly Sensitive Ultrathin Flexible Thermoplastic Polyurethane/Carbon Black Fibrous Film Strain Sensor with Adjustable Scaffold Networks. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2021; 13:64. [PMID: 34138311 PMCID: PMC8187661 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-021-00592-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
In recently years, high-performance wearable strain sensors have attracted great attention in academic and industrial. Herein, a conductive polymer composite of electrospun thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) fibrous film matrix-embedded carbon black (CB) particles with adjustable scaffold network was fabricated for high-sensitive strain sensor. This work indicated the influence of stereoscopic scaffold network structure built under various rotating speeds of collection device in electrospinning process on the electrical response of TPU/CB strain sensor. This structure makes the sensor exhibit combined characters of high sensitivity under stretching strain (gauge factor of 8962.7 at 155% strain), fast response time (60 ms), outstanding stability and durability (> 10,000 cycles) and a widely workable stretching range (0-160%). This high-performance, wearable, flexible strain sensor has a broad vision of application such as intelligent terminals, electrical skins, voice measurement and human motion monitoring. Moreover, a theoretical approach was used to analyze mechanical property and a model based on tunneling theory was modified to describe the relative change of resistance upon the applied strain. Meanwhile, two equations based from this model were first proposed and offered an effective but simple approach to analyze the change of number of conductive paths and distance of adjacent conductive particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- Institute of Polymer Materials, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Martensstr. 7, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
- National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450002, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianhu Liu
- Institute of Polymer Materials, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Martensstr. 7, 91058, Erlangen, Germany.
- National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450002, People's Republic of China.
| | - Dirk W Schubert
- Institute of Polymer Materials, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Martensstr. 7, 91058, Erlangen, Germany.
- Bavarian Polymer Institute, Dr. Mack-Strasse 77, 90762, Fürth, Germany.
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12
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Nguyen T, Khine M. Advances in Materials for Soft Stretchable Conductors and Their Behavior under Mechanical Deformation. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1454. [PMID: 32610500 PMCID: PMC7408380 DOI: 10.3390/polym12071454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Soft stretchable sensors rely on polymers that not only withstand large deformations while retaining functionality but also allow for ease of application to couple with the body to capture subtle physiological signals. They have been applied towards motion detection and healthcare monitoring and can be integrated into multifunctional sensing platforms for enhanced human machine interface. Most advances in sensor development, however, have been aimed towards active materials where nearly all approaches rely on a silicone-based substrate for mechanical stability and stretchability. While silicone use has been advantageous in academic settings, conventional silicones cannot offer self-healing capability and can suffer from manufacturing limitations. This review aims to cover recent advances made in polymer materials for soft stretchable conductors. New developments in substrate materials that are compliant and stretchable but also contain self-healing properties and self-adhesive capabilities are desirable for the mechanical improvement of stretchable electronics. We focus on materials for stretchable conductors and explore how mechanical deformation impacts their performance, summarizing active and substrate materials, sensor performance criteria, and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thao Nguyen
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA;
| | - Michelle Khine
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA;
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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Sang Z, Ke K, Manas-Zloczower I. Design Strategy for Porous Composites Aimed at Pressure Sensor Application. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2019; 15:e1903487. [PMID: 31583819 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201903487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 08/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Flexible and highly sensitive pressure sensors have versatile biomedical engineering applications for disease diagnosis and healthcare. The fabrication of such sensors based on porous structure composites usually requires complex, costly, and nonenvironmentally friendly procedures. As such, it is highly desired to develop facile, economical, and environment-friendly fabrication strategies for highly sensitive lightweight pressure sensors. Herein, a novel design strategy is reported to fabricate porous composite pressure sensors via a simple heat molding of conductive fillers and thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) powders together with commercially available popcorn salts followed by water-assisted salt removal. The obtained TPU/carbon nanostructure (CNS) foam sensors have a linear resistance response up to 60% compressive strain with a gauge factor (GF ) of 1.5 and show reversible and reproducible piezoresistive properties due to the robust electrically conductive pathways formed on the foam struts. Such foam sensors can be potentially utilized for guiding squatting exercises and respiration rate monitoring in daily physical training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Sang
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 2100 Adelbert Road, Cleveland, OH, 44106-7202, USA
| | - Kai Ke
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 2100 Adelbert Road, Cleveland, OH, 44106-7202, USA
| | - Ica Manas-Zloczower
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 2100 Adelbert Road, Cleveland, OH, 44106-7202, USA
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Zhang K, Kong S, Li Y, Lu M, Kong D. Soft elastomeric composite materials with skin-inspired mechanical properties for stretchable electronic circuits. LAB ON A CHIP 2019; 19:2709-2717. [PMID: 31334739 DOI: 10.1039/c9lc00544g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The stretchable version of electronic circuits harnesses commercial chip scale components to achieve complex functionality and mechanical deformability, which represents an emerging technology to expand the application of conventional electronics on rigid wafers. The bottleneck lies in the lack of a robust approach for the collective integration of off-the-shelf components into a reliable system. In this study, an elastomeric composite material with skin-like mechanical responses and spatially heterogeneous rigidity is reported as an attractive platform for stretchable circuit systems. The approach utilizes a high modulus microstructure embedded in the matrix of a soft elastomer to achieve programmable mechanical properties, thereby offering selective strain isolation for fragile components and overall protection against excessive loads. A low cost procedure involving laser ablation and blade coating is established to create the composite material matching with the circuit design. In addition, ultrasonic atomization of liquid metal into microparticles allows flexible preparations of deformable conductors in the forms of interconnects and contacts. An LED matrix is demonstrated as a prototype circuit system with excellent durability to withstand repetitive stretching and external impacts. Stretchable circuit systems based on soft elastomeric composite materials may find potential uses in health monitoring, mechatronic prosthetics, and soft robotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuikui Zhang
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Advanced Microstructures, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
| | - Shixiao Kong
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Advanced Microstructures, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
| | - Yanyan Li
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Advanced Microstructures, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
| | - Minghui Lu
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Advanced Microstructures, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
| | - Desheng Kong
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Advanced Microstructures, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
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