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He R, Yang P, Liu A, Zhang Y, Chen Y, Chang C, Lu B. Cascade strategy for glucose oxidase-based synergistic cancer therapy using nanomaterials. J Mater Chem B 2023; 11:9798-9839. [PMID: 37842806 DOI: 10.1039/d3tb01325a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Nanomaterial-based cancer therapy faces significant limitations due to the complex nature of the tumor microenvironment (TME). Starvation therapy is an emerging therapeutic approach that targets tumor cell metabolism using glucose oxidase (GOx). Importantly, it can provide a material or environmental foundation for other diverse therapeutic methods by manipulating the properties of the TME, such as acidity, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) levels, and hypoxia degree. In recent years, this cascade strategy has been extensively applied in nanoplatforms for ongoing synergetic therapy and still holds undeniable potential. However, only a few review articles comprehensively elucidate the rational designs of nanoplatforms for synergetic therapeutic regimens revolving around the conception of the cascade strategy. Therefore, this review focuses on innovative cascade strategies for GOx-based synergetic therapy from representative paradigms to state-of-the-art reports to provide an instructive, comprehensive, and insightful reference for readers. Thereafter, we discuss the remaining challenges and offer a critical perspective on the further advancement of GOx-facilitated cancer treatment toward clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixuan He
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China.
| | - Peida Yang
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China.
| | - Aoxue Liu
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yueli Zhang
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yuqi Chen
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China.
| | - Cong Chang
- College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Bo Lu
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China.
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2
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pH-responsive magnolol nanocapsule-embedded magnolol-grafted-chitosan hydrochloride hydrogels for promoting wound healing. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 292:119643. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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3
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Chen S, Wu Y, Lortie F, Bernard J, Binder WH, Zhu J. Hydrogen-Bonds Mediated Nanomedicine: Design, Synthesis and Applications. Macromol Rapid Commun 2022; 43:e2200168. [PMID: 35609317 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Among the various challenges in medicine, diagnosis, complete cure and healing of cancers remain difficult given the heterogeneity and complexity of such disease. Differing from conventional platforms with often unsatisfactory theranostic capabilities, the contribution of supramolecular interactions, such as hydrogen-bonds (H-bonds), to cancer nanotheranostics opens new perspectives for the design of biomedical materials, exhibiting remarkable properties and easier processability. Thanks to their dynamic characteristics, a feature generally observed for non-covalent interactions, H-bonding (macro)molecules can be used as supramolecular motifs for yielding drug- and diagnostic carriers that possess attractive features, arising from the combination of assembled nanoplatforms and the responsiveness of H-bonds. Thus H-bonded nanomedicine provides a rich toolbox that is useful to fulfill biomedical needs with unique advantages in early-stage diagnosis and therapy, demonstrating the promising potential in clinical translations and applications. We here summarize the design and synthetic routes towards H-bonded nanomedicines, focus on the growing understanding of the structure-function relationship for efficient cancer treatment. We propose a guidance for designing new H-bonded intelligent theranostic agents, to inspire more successful explorations of cancer nanotheranostics and finally to promote potential clinical translations. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senbin Chen
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Yanggui Wu
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Frédéric Lortie
- Univ Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5223, Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, INSA Lyon, Université Jean Monnet, Villeurbanne Cedex, F-69621, France
| | - Julien Bernard
- Univ Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5223, Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, INSA Lyon, Université Jean Monnet, Villeurbanne Cedex, F-69621, France
| | - Wolfgang H Binder
- Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Science II (Chemistry, Physics and Mathematics), Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, Halle (Saale), D-06120, Germany
| | - Jintao Zhu
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, 430074, China
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4
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Manayia AH, Ilhami FB, Lee AW, Cheng CC. Photoreactive Cytosine-Functionalized Self-Assembled Micelles with Enhanced Cellular Uptake Capability for Efficient Cancer Chemotherapy. Biomacromolecules 2021; 22:5307-5318. [PMID: 34802236 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.1c01199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Design, fabrication, and control of photoreactive supramolecular macromers─which are composed of a thermoresponsive polymer backbone and photoreactive nucleobase end-groups─to achieve the desired physical-chemical performance and provide the high efficiency required for chemotherapy drug delivery purposes still present challenges. Herein, a difunctional cytosine-terminated supramolecular macromer was successfully obtained at high yield. UV-irradiation induces the formation of cytosine photodimers within the structure. The irradiated macromer can self-assemble into nanosized spherical micelles in water that possess a number of interesting and unique features, such as desired micellar size and morphology, tunable drug-loading capacity, and excellent structural stability in serum-containing medium, in addition to well-controlled drug-release behaviors in response to changes in environmental temperature and pH; these extremely desirable, rare features are required to augment the functions of polymeric nanocarriers for drug delivery. Importantly, a series of in vitro studies demonstrated that photodimerized cytosine moieties within the drug-loaded micelles substantially enhance their internalization and accumulation inside cells via endocytosis and subsequently lead to induction of massive apoptotic cell death compared with the corresponding nonirradiated micelles. Thus, this newly developed "photomodified" nanocarrier system could provide a potentially fruitful route to enhance the drug delivery performance of nanocages without the need to introduce targeting moieties or additional components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abere Habtamu Manayia
- Graduate Institute of Applied Science and Technology, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan
| | - Fasih Bintang Ilhami
- Graduate Institute of Applied Science and Technology, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan
| | - Ai-Wei Lee
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chia Cheng
- Graduate Institute of Applied Science and Technology, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan.,Advanced Membrane Materials Research Center, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan
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5
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Zhang Z, He Z, Xie Y, He T, Fu Y, Yu Y, Huang F. Brønsted acid-catalyzed homogeneous O–H and S–H insertion reactions under metal- and ligand-free conditions. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0qo01401j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The economical and accessible CF3SO3H successfully catalyzed homogeneous O–H and S–H bond insertion reactions between hydroxyl compounds, thiols and diazo compounds under metal- and ligand-free conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhipeng Zhang
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering
- Nanjing Normal University
- Nanjing 210023
- P. R. China
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering
| | - Zhiqin He
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering
- Nanjing Normal University
- Nanjing 210023
- P. R. China
| | - Yuxing Xie
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering
- Nanjing Normal University
- Nanjing 210023
- P. R. China
| | - Tiantong He
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing 211816
- P. R. China
| | - Yaofeng Fu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing 211816
- P. R. China
| | - Yang Yu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing
- China
| | - Fei Huang
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering
- Nanjing Normal University
- Nanjing 210023
- P. R. China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
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6
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Ilhami FB, Peng KC, Chang YS, Alemayehu YA, Tsai HC, Lai JY, Chiao YH, Kao CY, Cheng CC. Photo-Responsive Supramolecular Micelles for Controlled Drug Release and Improved Chemotherapy. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:E154. [PMID: 33375720 PMCID: PMC7795671 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of stimuli-responsive supramolecular micelles that enable high levels of well-controlled drug release in cancer cells remains a grand challenge. Here, we encapsulated the antitumor drug doxorubicin (DOX) and pro-photosensitizer 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) within adenine-functionalized supramolecular micelles (A-PPG), in order to achieve effective drug delivery combined with photo-chemotherapy. The resulting DOX/5-ALA-loaded micelles exhibited excellent light and pH-responsive behavior in aqueous solution and high drug-entrapment stability in serum-rich media. A short duration (1-2 min) of laser irradiation with visible light induced the dissociation of the DOX/5-ALA complexes within the micelles, which disrupted micellular stability and resulted in rapid, immediate release of the physically entrapped drug from the micelles. In addition, in vitro assays of cellular reactive oxygen species generation and cellular internalization confirmed the drug-loaded micelles exhibited significantly enhanced cellular uptake after visible light irradiation, and that the light-triggered disassembly of micellar structures rapidly increased the production of reactive oxygen species within the cells. Importantly, flow cytometric analysis demonstrated that laser irradiation of cancer cells incubated with DOX/5-ALA-loaded A-PPG micelles effectively induced apoptotic cell death via endocytosis. Thus, this newly developed supramolecular system may offer a potential route towards improving the efficacy of synergistic chemotherapeutic approaches for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fasih Bintang Ilhami
- Graduate Institute of Applied Science and Technology, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan; (F.B.I.); (Y.-S.C.); (Y.A.A.); (H.-C.T.); (J.-Y.L.)
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan;
| | - Kai-Chen Peng
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan;
| | - Yi-Shiuan Chang
- Graduate Institute of Applied Science and Technology, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan; (F.B.I.); (Y.-S.C.); (Y.A.A.); (H.-C.T.); (J.-Y.L.)
| | - Yihalem Abebe Alemayehu
- Graduate Institute of Applied Science and Technology, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan; (F.B.I.); (Y.-S.C.); (Y.A.A.); (H.-C.T.); (J.-Y.L.)
| | - Hsieh-Chih Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Applied Science and Technology, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan; (F.B.I.); (Y.-S.C.); (Y.A.A.); (H.-C.T.); (J.-Y.L.)
- Advanced Membrane Materials Research Center, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan
- R&D Center for Membrane Technology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chungli, Taoyuan 32043, Taiwan
| | - Juin-Yih Lai
- Graduate Institute of Applied Science and Technology, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan; (F.B.I.); (Y.-S.C.); (Y.A.A.); (H.-C.T.); (J.-Y.L.)
- Advanced Membrane Materials Research Center, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan
- R&D Center for Membrane Technology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chungli, Taoyuan 32043, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsuan Chiao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA;
| | - Chen-Yu Kao
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan;
| | - Chih-Chia Cheng
- Graduate Institute of Applied Science and Technology, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan; (F.B.I.); (Y.-S.C.); (Y.A.A.); (H.-C.T.); (J.-Y.L.)
- Advanced Membrane Materials Research Center, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan
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7
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Ilhami FB, Alemayehu YA, Fan WL, Tsai HC, Kao CY, Cheng CC. Adenine-Functionalized Supramolecular Micelles for Selective Cancer Chemotherapy. Macromol Biosci 2020; 20:e2000233. [PMID: 32869957 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202000233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Functional supramolecular micelles containing self-complementary multiple hydrogen bonding adenine groups (A-PPG) can spontaneously self-assemble into stable nanosized micelles in aqueous solution. These micelles can be used to selectively deliver anticancer drugs to cancer cells and effectively promote tumor cell death via apoptosis, without harming normal cells. The drug-loaded micelles exhibit tunable drug-loading capacity and rapid pH-triggered drug release under acidic conditions, as well as a high drug-entrapment stability in serum-rich media due to the reversible hydrogen-bonded adenine-adenine interactions within the micellar interior; these properties are critical to achieving effective chemotherapeutic drug delivery and controlled drug release. In vitro assays show that the drug-loaded micelles exert significant cytotoxic effects on cancer cells, with minimal effects on normal cells under physiological conditions. Cytotoxicity assays using A-PPG micelles loaded with different anticancer drugs confirm these effects. Importantly, cellular internalization and flow cytometric analyses demonstrate that the adenine moieties within A-PPG micelles significantly increase selective endocytic uptake of the supramolecular micelles by cancer cells, which in turn induce apoptotic cell death and substantially enhance the response to chemotherapy. Thus, A-PPG micelles can improve the safety and efficacy of cancer chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fasih Bintang Ilhami
- Graduate Institute of Applied Science and Technology, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, 10607, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, 10607, Taiwan
| | - Yihalem Abebe Alemayehu
- Graduate Institute of Applied Science and Technology, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, 10607, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Lu Fan
- Graduate Institute of Applied Science and Technology, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, 10607, Taiwan
| | - Hsieh-Chih Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Applied Science and Technology, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, 10607, Taiwan.,Advanced Membrane Materials Research Center, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, 10607, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Yu Kao
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, 10607, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chia Cheng
- Graduate Institute of Applied Science and Technology, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, 10607, Taiwan.,Advanced Membrane Materials Research Center, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, 10607, Taiwan
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Functionalization of Polymers and Nanomaterials for Biomedical Applications: Antimicrobial Platforms and Drug Carriers. PROSTHESIS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/prosthesis2020012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The use of polymers and nanomaterials has vastly grown for industrial and biomedical sectors during last years. Before any designation or selection of polymers and their nanocomposites, it is vital to recognize the targeted applications which require these platforms to be modified. Surface functionalization to introduce the desired type and quantity of reactive functional groups to target a cell or tissue in human body is a pivotal approach to improve the physicochemical and biological properties of these materials. Herein, advances in the functionalized polymer and nanomaterials surfaces are highlighted along with their applications in biomedical fields, e.g., antimicrobial therapy and drug delivery.
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Cheng CC, Sun YT, Lee AW, Huang SY, Fan WL, Chiao YH, Tsai HC, Lai JY. Self-Assembled Supramolecular Micelles with pH-Responsive Properties for More Effective Cancer Chemotherapy. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2020; 6:4096-4105. [PMID: 33463316 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.0c00644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
pH-Responsive hydrogen-bonded supramolecular micelles, composed of a water-soluble poly(ethylene glycol) polymer with two terminal sextuple hydrogen bonding groups, can spontaneously organize in aqueous media to give well-defined, uniformly sized spherical micelles. The supramolecular micelles exhibit a number of unique physical characteristics, such as interesting amphiphilic behavior, desirable micellar size and nanospherical morphology, excellent biocompatibility, tailorable drug-loading capacities, and high structural stability in media containing serum or red blood cells. In addition, the drug release kinetics of drug-loaded micelles can be easily manipulated to achieve the desired release profile by regulating the environmental pH, thus these micelles are highly attractive candidates as an intelligent drug carrier system for cancer therapy. Cytotoxicity assays showed that the drug-loaded micelles induced pH-dependent intracellular drug release and exerted strong antiproliferative and cytotoxic activities toward cancer cells. Importantly, cellular uptake and flow cytometric analyses confirmed that a mildly acidic intracellular environment significantly increased cellular internalization of the drug-loaded micelles and subsequent drug release in the cytoplasm and nucleus of cancer cells, resulting in more effective induction of apoptotic cell death. Thus, this system may provide an efficient route toward achieving the fundamental properties and practical realization of pH-sensitive drug-delivery systems for chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Chia Cheng
- Graduate Institute of Applied Science and Technology, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan.,Advanced Membrane Materials Research Center, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Ting Sun
- Graduate Institute of Applied Science and Technology, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan
| | - Ai-Wei Lee
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan.,Cardiovascular Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan.,Taipei Heart Institute, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
| | - Shan-You Huang
- Graduate Institute of Applied Science and Technology, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Lu Fan
- Graduate Institute of Applied Science and Technology, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsuan Chiao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, United States
| | - Hsieh-Chih Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Applied Science and Technology, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan.,Advanced Membrane Materials Research Center, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan
| | - Juin-Yih Lai
- Graduate Institute of Applied Science and Technology, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan.,Advanced Membrane Materials Research Center, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan.,R&D Center for Membrane Technology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chungli, Taoyuan 32043, Taiwan
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Cheng CC, Sun YT, Lee AW, Huang SY, Fan WL, Chiao YH, Chiu CW, Lai JY. Hydrogen-bonded supramolecular micelle-mediated drug delivery enhances the efficacy and safety of cancer chemotherapy. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py00082e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Multiple hydrogen-bonded supramolecular polymers tend to form stable spherical micelles with oppositely charged anticancer drugs in biological environments, which improves cellular drug uptake and more effectively induces apoptosis in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Chia Cheng
- Graduate Institute of Applied Science and Technology
- National Taiwan University of Science and Technology
- Taipei 10607
- Taiwan
- Advanced Membrane Materials Research Center
| | - Ya-Ting Sun
- Graduate Institute of Applied Science and Technology
- National Taiwan University of Science and Technology
- Taipei 10607
- Taiwan
| | - Ai-Wei Lee
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology
- School of Medicine
- College of Medicine
- Taipei Medical University
- Taipei
| | - Shan-You Huang
- Graduate Institute of Applied Science and Technology
- National Taiwan University of Science and Technology
- Taipei 10607
- Taiwan
| | - Wen-Lu Fan
- Graduate Institute of Applied Science and Technology
- National Taiwan University of Science and Technology
- Taipei 10607
- Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsuan Chiao
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- University of Arkansas
- Fayetteville
- USA
| | - Chih-Wei Chiu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- National Taiwan University of Science and Technology
- Taipei 10607
- Taiwan
| | - Juin-Yih Lai
- Graduate Institute of Applied Science and Technology
- National Taiwan University of Science and Technology
- Taipei 10607
- Taiwan
- Advanced Membrane Materials Research Center
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