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Abstract
Quinoidal π-conjugated systems are sought-after materials for semiconducting applications because of their rich optical and electronic characteristics. However, the analogous fluorescent compounds are extremely rare, with just two reports in the literature. Here, we present the design and development of a third series of quinoidal fluorophores [(2,5-diarylidene)-3,6-bis(hexyloxy)-2,5-dihydropyrazine (Q1-Q5)] that incorporates p-azaquinodimethane. The fluorophores are synthesized in a two-step synthetic approach employing Knoevenagel condensation of N,N-diacetyl-piperazine-2,5-dione with different aromatic aldehydes followed by O-alkylation in high yields. Q1-Q5 are strongly emissive, and by altering the aryl-substituents, the emission colors can be modulated from blue to orange. The compounds possess emission maxima (λem) at 475-555 nm in the solution state and 510-610 nm in the solid state, with fluorescence quantum yields of up to 60%. To the best of our knowledge, the reported systems are the first quinoidal dual-state emissive (solution- and solid-state) compounds. In trifluoroacetic acid, Q5 exhibits halochromic behavior, with a dramatic color change from yellow to blue. Furthermore, the preliminary fluorescent sensing studies demonstrated that Q5 could act as a selective turn-off fluorescence probe for electron-deficient picric acid (PA), with an emission quenching of >90% in the solution state. The thin-layer chromatography (TLC) strip sensor of Q5 was also designed to detect PA in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aswani Raj K
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Dharwad, Karnataka, 580011, India
| | - Rajeswara Rao M
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Dharwad, Karnataka, 580011, India
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2
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Anderson CL, Zhang T, Qi M, Chen Z, Yang C, Teat SJ, Settineri NS, Dailing EA, Garzón-Ruiz A, Navarro A, Lv Y, Liu Y. Exceptional Electron-Rich Heteroaromatic Pentacycle for Ultralow Band Gap Conjugated Polymers and Photothermal Therapy. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:5474-5485. [PMID: 36812073 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c00036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Stable redox-active conjugated molecules with exceptional electron-donating abilities are key components for the design and synthesis of ultralow band gap conjugated polymers. While hallmark electron-rich examples such as pentacene derivatives have been thoroughly explored, their poor air stability has hampered their broad incorporation into conjugated polymers for practical applications. Herein, we describe the synthesis of the electron-rich, fused pentacyclic pyrazino[2,3-b:5,6-b']diindolizine (PDIz) motif and detail its optical and redox behavior. The PDIz ring system exhibits a lower oxidation potential and a reduced optical band gap than the isoelectronic pentacene while retaining greater air stability in both solution and the solid state. The enhanced stability and electron density, together with readily installed solubilizing groups and polymerization handles, allow for the use of the PDIz motif in the synthesis of a series of conjugated polymers with band gaps as small as 0.71 eV. The tunable absorbance throughout the biologically relevant near-infrared I and II regions enables the use of these PDIz-based polymers as efficient photothermal therapeutic reagents for laser ablation of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher L Anderson
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Tong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Miao Qi
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Ziman Chen
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Chongqing Yang
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Simon J Teat
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Nicholas S Settineri
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Eric A Dailing
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Andrés Garzón-Ruiz
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Cronista Francisco Ballesteros Gómez, Albacete 02071, Spain
| | - Amparo Navarro
- Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, Universidad de Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas, Jaén 23071, Spain
| | - Yongqin Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yi Liu
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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3
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Anderson CL, Li H, Jones CG, Teat SJ, Settineri NS, Dailing EA, Liang J, Mao H, Yang C, Klivansky LM, Li X, Reimer JA, Nelson HM, Liu Y. Solution-processable and functionalizable ultra-high molecular weight polymers via topochemical synthesis. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6818. [PMID: 34819494 PMCID: PMC8613210 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27090-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Topochemical polymerization reactions hold the promise of producing ultra-high molecular weight crystalline polymers. However, the totality of topochemical polymerization reactions has failed to produce ultra-high molecular weight polymers that are both soluble and display variable functionality, which are restrained by the crystal-packing and reactivity requirements on their respective monomers in the solid state. Herein, we demonstrate the topochemical polymerization reaction of a family of para-azaquinodimethane compounds that undergo facile visible light and thermally initiated polymerization in the solid state, allowing for the first determination of a topochemical polymer crystal structure resolved via the cryoelectron microscopy technique of microcrystal electron diffraction. The topochemical polymerization reaction also displays excellent functional group tolerance, accommodating both solubilizing side chains and reactive groups that allow for post-polymerization functionalization. The thus-produced soluble ultra-high molecular weight polymers display superior capacitive energy storage properties. This study overcomes several synthetic and characterization challenges amongst topochemical polymerization reactions, representing a critical step toward their broader application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher L Anderson
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - He Li
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Christopher G Jones
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Simon J Teat
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Nicholas S Settineri
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Eric A Dailing
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Jiatao Liang
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Haiyan Mao
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Chongqing Yang
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Liana M Klivansky
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Xinle Li
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Reimer
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Hosea M Nelson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
| | - Yi Liu
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
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4
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Zhang G, Xue N, Gu W, Yang X, Lv A, Zheng Y, Zhang L. Regiocontrolled dimerization of asymmetric diazaheptacene derivatives toward X-shaped porous semiconductors. Chem Sci 2020; 11:11235-11243. [PMID: 34094364 PMCID: PMC8162510 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc03744c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Conformationally rigid X-shaped PAHs are attracting interest due to their self-assembly into unique networks and as models to study through-space exciton and charge delocalization in one single molecule. We report here the synthesis of X-shaped PAHs by dimerization of diazaheptacene diimides. The diimide groups are employed to effectively direct the self-assembly into antiparallel dimer aggregates, which assist the compounds to undergo a regiocontrolled [4 + 4] dimerization, leading to an X-shaped conformation bearing electron-poor and -rich subunits. The resulting PAHs are found to pack in 2D layers with large open channels and infinite π⋯π arrays. Furthermore, these highly crystalline porous materials serve as electron-transporting materials in OFETs due to the long-range π-stacked arrays in the layers. This work presents a potentially generalizable strategy, which may provide a unique class of porous semiconductors for organic devices, taking advantage of their open channels. The synthesis of conformationally rigid X-shaped PAHs by regiocontrolled cyclodimerization of diazaheptacene diimides is presented. The resulting porous materials exhibit enhanced semiconducting behaviors with large open channels.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Guowei Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 P. R. China
| | - Ning Xue
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 P. R. China
| | - Wen Gu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science Shanghai 201620 P. R. China
| | - Xingzhou Yang
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC) Chengdu 610054 P. R. China
| | - Aifeng Lv
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science Shanghai 201620 P. R. China
| | - Yonghao Zheng
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC) Chengdu 610054 P. R. China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 P. R. China
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