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de Oliveira LR, de Souza Gonçalves D, de Souza Carolino A, Facchinatto WM, de Carvalho Menezes D, Dias CO, Colnago LA, Ruiz YL, Ţălu Ş, da Fonseca Filho HD, Chaudhuri P, Campelo PH, Mascarenhas YP, Sanches EA. Head-to-Tail and Head-to-Head Molecular Chains of Poly( p-Anisidine): Combined Experimental and Theoretical Evaluation. Molecules 2022; 27:6326. [PMID: 36234863 PMCID: PMC9571860 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(p-anisidine) (PPA) is a polyaniline derivative presenting a methoxy (-OCH3) group at the para position of the phenyl ring. Considering the important role of conjugated polymers in novel technological applications, a systematic, combined experimental and theoretical investigation was performed to obtain more insight into the crystallization process of PPA. Conventional oxidative polymerization of p-anisidine monomer was based on a central composite rotational design (CCRD). The effects of the concentration of the monomer, ammonium persulfate (APS), and HCl on the percentage of crystallinity were considered. Several experimental techniques such as X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), multifractal analysis, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (13C NMR), Fourier-transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and complex impedance spectroscopy analysis, in addition to Density Functional Theory (DFT), were employed to perform a systematic investigation of PPA. The experimental treatments resulted in different crystal structures with a percentage of crystallinity ranging from (29.2 ± 0.6)% (PPA1HT) to (55.1 ± 0.2)% (PPA16HT-HH). A broad halo in the PPA16HT-HH pattern from 2θ = 10.0-30.0° suggested a reduced crystallinity. Needle and globular-particle morphologies were observed in both samples; the needle morphology might have been related to the crystalline contribution. A multifractal analysis showed that the PPA surface became more complex when the crystallinity was reduced. The proposed molecular structures of PPA were supported by the high-resolution 13C NMR results, allowing us to access the percentage of head-to-tail (HT) and head-to-head (HH) molecular structures. When comparing the calculated and experimental FTIR spectra, the most pronounced changes were observed in ν(C-H), ν(N-H), ν(C-O), and ν(C-N-C) due to the influence of counterions on the polymer backbone as well as the different mechanisms of polymerization. Finally, a significant difference in the electrical conductivity was observed in the range of 1.00 × 10-9 S.cm-1 and 3.90 × 10-14 S.cm-1, respectively, for PPA1HT and PPA16HT-HH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian Rodrigues de Oliveira
- Graduate Program in Physics (PPGFIS), Federal University of Amazonas, Manaus 69077-000, AM, Brazil
- Laboratory of Nanostructured Polymers (NANOPOL), Federal University of Amazonas, Manaus 69077-000, AM, Brazil
| | | | - Adriano de Souza Carolino
- Graduate Program in Physics (PPGFIS), Federal University of Amazonas, Manaus 69077-000, AM, Brazil
- Laboratory of Nanostructured Polymers (NANOPOL), Federal University of Amazonas, Manaus 69077-000, AM, Brazil
| | | | - Diogo de Carvalho Menezes
- Graduate Program in Materials Science and Engineering (PPGCEM—EESC), University of São Paulo (USP), São Carlos 13563-120, SP, Brazil
| | - Cleverton Oliveira Dias
- Graduate Program in Physics (PPGFIS), Federal University of Amazonas, Manaus 69077-000, AM, Brazil
| | - Luiz Alberto Colnago
- Brazilian Corporation for Agricultural Research, EMBRAPA Instrumentation, São Carlos 13560-970, SP, Brazil
- São Carlos Institute of Chemistry (IQSC), University of São Paulo, São Carlos 13566-590, SP, Brazil
| | - Yurimiler Leyet Ruiz
- Graduate Program in Physics (PPGFIS), Federal University of Amazonas, Manaus 69077-000, AM, Brazil
| | - Ştefan Ţălu
- The Directorate of Research, Development and Innovation Management (DMCDI), Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, 15 Constantin Daicoviciu St., 400020 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Henrique Duarte da Fonseca Filho
- Graduate Program in Physics (PPGFIS), Federal University of Amazonas, Manaus 69077-000, AM, Brazil
- Department of Physics, Federal University of Amazonas (UFAM), Manaus 69077-000, AM, Brazil
- Laboratory of Synthesis of Nanomaterials and Nanoscopy (LSNN), Federal University of Amazonas, Manaus 69077-000, AM, Brazil
| | - Puspitapallab Chaudhuri
- Graduate Program in Physics (PPGFIS), Federal University of Amazonas, Manaus 69077-000, AM, Brazil
- Department of Physics, Federal University of Amazonas (UFAM), Manaus 69077-000, AM, Brazil
| | - Pedro Henrique Campelo
- Department of Food Technology, Federal University of Viçosa (UFV), Viçosa 36570-900, MG, Brazil
| | - Yvonne Primerano Mascarenhas
- Graduate Program in Materials Science and Engineering (PPGCEM—EESC), University of São Paulo (USP), São Carlos 13563-120, SP, Brazil
- São Carlos Institute of Physics (IFSC), University of São Paulo (USP), São Carlos 13563-120, SP, Brazil
| | - Edgar Aparecido Sanches
- Graduate Program in Physics (PPGFIS), Federal University of Amazonas, Manaus 69077-000, AM, Brazil
- Laboratory of Nanostructured Polymers (NANOPOL), Federal University of Amazonas, Manaus 69077-000, AM, Brazil
- Department of Physics, Federal University of Amazonas (UFAM), Manaus 69077-000, AM, Brazil
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Macedo LJA, Rodrigues FP, Hassan A, Máximo LNC, Zobi F, da Silva RS, Crespilho FN. Non-destructive molecular FTIR spectromicroscopy for real time assessment of redox metallodrugs. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2022; 14:1094-1102. [PMID: 34935794 DOI: 10.1039/d1ay01198g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Recent emergence of FTIR spectromicroscopy (micro-FTIR) as a dynamic spectroscopy for imaging to study biological chemistry has opened new possibilities for investigating in situ drug release, redox chemistry effects on biological molecules, DNA and drug interactions, membrane dynamics, and redox reactions with proteins at the single cell level. Micro-FTIR applied to metallodrugs has been playing an important role since the last decade because of its great potential to achieve more robust and controlled pharmacological effects against several diseases, including cancer. An important aspect in the development of these drugs is to understand their cellular properties, such as uptake, accumulation, activity, and toxicity. In this review, we present the potential application of micro-FTIR and its importance for studying metal-based drugs, highlighting the perspectives of chemistry of living cells. We also emphasise bioimaging, which is of high importance to localize the cellular processes, for a proper understanding of the mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucyano J A Macedo
- São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, SP 13560-970, Brazil.
| | - Fernando P Rodrigues
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Ayaz Hassan
- São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, SP 13560-970, Brazil.
| | - Leandro N C Máximo
- Department of Chemistry, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology, Goiano, Urutuai, GO 75790-000, Brazil
| | - Fabio Zobi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 9, Fribourg, CH-1700, Switzerland
| | - Roberto S da Silva
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Frank N Crespilho
- São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, SP 13560-970, Brazil.
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