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Zhao Y, Wan W, Erni R, Pan L, Patzke GR. Operando Spectroscopic Monitoring of Metal Chalcogenides for Overall Water Splitting: New Views of Active Species and Sites. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202400048. [PMID: 38587199 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202400048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Metal-based chalcogenides exhibit great promise for overall water splitting, yet their intrinsic catalytic reaction mechanisms remain to be fully understood. In this work, we employed operando X-ray absorption (XAS) and in situ Raman spectroscopy to elucidate the structure-activity relationships of low-crystalline cobalt sulfide (L-CoS) catalysts toward overall water splitting. The operando results for L-CoS catalyzing the alkaline hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) demonstrate that the cobalt centers in the bulk are predominantly coordinated by sulfur atoms, which undergo a kinetic structural rearrangement to generate metallic cobalt in S-Co-Co-S moieties as the true catalytically active species. In comparison, during the acidic HER, L-CoS undergoes local structural optimization of Co centers, and H2 production proceeds with adsorption/desorption of key intermediates atop the Co-S-Co configurations. Further operando characterizations highlight the crucial formation of high-valent Co4+ species in L-CoS for the alkaline oxygen evolution reaction (OER), and the formation of such active species was found to be far more facile than in crystalline Co3O4 and Co-LDH references. These insights offer a clear picture of the complexity of active species and site formation in different media, and demonstrate how their restructuring influences the catalytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonggui Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Wenchao Wan
- Department of Heterogeneous Reactions, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, D-45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Rolf Erni
- Electron Microscopy Center, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Long Pan
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Metallic Materials of Jiangsu Province, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
| | - Greta R Patzke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland
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Dasgupta B, Hausmann JN, Beltrán-Suito R, Kalra S, Laun K, Zebger I, Driess M, Menezes PW. A Facile Molecular Approach to Amorphous Nickel Pnictides and Their Reconstruction to Crystalline Potassium-Intercalated γ-NiOOH x Enabling High-Performance Electrocatalytic Water Oxidation and Selective Oxidation of 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2301258. [PMID: 37086146 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202301258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The low-temperature molecular precursor approach can be beneficial to conventional solid-state methods, which require high temperatures and lead to relatively large crystalline particles. Herein, a novel, single-step, room-temperature preparation of amorphous nickel pnictide (NiE; EP, As) nanomaterials is reported, starting from NaOCE(dioxane)n and NiBr2 (thf)1.5 . During application for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER), the pnictide anions leach, and both materials fully reconstruct into nickel(III/IV) oxide phases (similar to γ-NiOOH) comprising edge-sharing (NiO6 ) layers with intercalated potassium ions and a d-spacing of 7.27 Å. Remarkably, the intercalated γ-NiOOHx phases are nanocrystalline, unlike the amorphous nickel pnictide precatalysts. This unconventional reconstruction is fast and complete, which is ascribed to the amorphous nature of the nanostructured NiE precatalysts. The obtained γ-NiOOHx can effectively catalyse the OER for 100 h at a high current density (400 mA cm-2 ) and achieves outstandingly high current densities (>600 mA cm-2 ) for the selective, value-added oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF). The NiP-derived γ-NiOOHx shows a higher activity for both processes due to more available active sites. It is anticipated that the herein developed, effective, room-temperature molecular synthesis of amorphous nickel pnictide nanomaterials can be applied to other functional transition-metal pnictides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basundhara Dasgupta
- Department of Chemistry: Metalorganics and Inorganic Materials, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17 Juni 135, Sekr. C2, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jan Niklas Hausmann
- Department of Chemistry: Metalorganics and Inorganic Materials, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17 Juni 135, Sekr. C2, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rodrigo Beltrán-Suito
- Department of Chemistry: Metalorganics and Inorganic Materials, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17 Juni 135, Sekr. C2, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Shweta Kalra
- Department of Chemistry: Metalorganics and Inorganic Materials, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17 Juni 135, Sekr. C2, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Konstantin Laun
- Department of Chemistry: Physical Chemistry/Biophysical Chemistry, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17 Juni 135, Sekr. C2, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ingo Zebger
- Department of Chemistry: Physical Chemistry/Biophysical Chemistry, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17 Juni 135, Sekr. C2, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias Driess
- Department of Chemistry: Metalorganics and Inorganic Materials, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17 Juni 135, Sekr. C2, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Prashanth Wilfred Menezes
- Department of Chemistry: Metalorganics and Inorganic Materials, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17 Juni 135, Sekr. C2, 10623, Berlin, Germany
- Materials Chemistry Group for Thin Film Catalysis - CatLab, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489, Berlin, Germany
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Zhao Y, Adiyeri Saseendran DP, Huang C, Triana CA, Marks WR, Chen H, Zhao H, Patzke GR. Oxygen Evolution/Reduction Reaction Catalysts: From In Situ Monitoring and Reaction Mechanisms to Rational Design. Chem Rev 2023; 123:6257-6358. [PMID: 36944098 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
The oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) are core steps of various energy conversion and storage systems. However, their sluggish reaction kinetics, i.e., the demanding multielectron transfer processes, still render OER/ORR catalysts less efficient for practical applications. Moreover, the complexity of the catalyst-electrolyte interface makes a comprehensive understanding of the intrinsic OER/ORR mechanisms challenging. Fortunately, recent advances of in situ/operando characterization techniques have facilitated the kinetic monitoring of catalysts under reaction conditions. Here we provide selected highlights of recent in situ/operando mechanistic studies of OER/ORR catalysts with the main emphasis placed on heterogeneous systems (primarily discussing first-row transition metals which operate under basic conditions), followed by a brief outlook on molecular catalysts. Key sections in this review are focused on determination of the true active species, identification of the active sites, and monitoring of the reactive intermediates. For in-depth insights into the above factors, a short overview of the metrics for accurate characterizations of OER/ORR catalysts is provided. A combination of the obtained time-resolved reaction information and reliable activity data will then guide the rational design of new catalysts. Strategies such as optimizing the restructuring process as well as overcoming the adsorption-energy scaling relations will be discussed. Finally, pending current challenges and prospects toward the understanding and development of efficient heterogeneous catalysts and selected homogeneous catalysts are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonggui Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Chong Huang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Carlos A Triana
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Walker R Marks
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hang Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Han Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Greta R Patzke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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Chen Z, Yang H, Mebs S, Dau H, Driess M, Wang Z, Kang Z, Menezes PW. Reviving Oxygen Evolution Electrocatalysis of Bulk La-Ni Intermetallics via Gaseous Hydrogen Engineering. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2208337. [PMID: 36528302 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202208337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
A hydrogen processing strategy is developed to enable bulk LaNi5 to attain high activity and long-term stability toward the electrocatalytic oxygen evolution reaction (OER). By a combination of in situ Raman and quasi in situ X-ray absorption (XAS) spectra, secondary-electron-excited scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) patterns as well as the Rietveld method and density functional theory (DFT) calculations, it is discovered that hydrogen-induced lattice distortion, grain refinement, and particle cracks dictate the effective reconstruction of the LaNi5 surface into a porous hetero-nanoarchitecture composed of uniformly confined active γ-NiOOH nanocrystals by La(OH)3 layer in the alkaline OER process. This significantly optimizes the charge transfer, structural integrity, active-site exposure, and adsorption energy toward the reaction intermediates. Benefiting from these merits, the overpotential (322 mV) at 100 mA cm-2 for the hydrogen-processed OER catalyst deposited on nickel foam is reduced by 104 mV as compared to the original phase. Notably, it exhibits remarkable stability for 10 days at an industrial-grade current density of more than 560 mA cm-2 in alkaline media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziliang Chen
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Hongyuan Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Metalorganics and Inorganic Materials, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17 Juni 135, Sekr. C2, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Mebs
- S Department of Physics, Free University of Berlin, Arnimallee 14, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Holger Dau
- S Department of Physics, Free University of Berlin, Arnimallee 14, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias Driess
- Department of Chemistry, Metalorganics and Inorganic Materials, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17 Juni 135, Sekr. C2, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Zhaowu Wang
- School of Physics and Engineering, Longmen laboratory, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, P. R. China
| | - Zhenhui Kang
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Prashanth W Menezes
- Department of Chemistry, Metalorganics and Inorganic Materials, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17 Juni 135, Sekr. C2, 10623, Berlin, Germany
- Materials Chemistry Group for Thin Film Catalysis-CatLab, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489, Berlin, Germany
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Raveendran A, Chandran M, Dhanusuraman R. A comprehensive review on the electrochemical parameters and recent material development of electrochemical water splitting electrocatalysts. RSC Adv 2023; 13:3843-3876. [PMID: 36756592 PMCID: PMC9890951 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra07642j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Electrochemical splitting of water is an appealing solution for energy storage and conversion to overcome the reliance on depleting fossil fuel reserves and prevent severe deterioration of the global climate. Though there are several fuel cells, hydrogen (H2) and oxygen (O2) fuel cells have zero carbon emissions, and water is the only by-product. Countless researchers worldwide are working on the fundamentals, i.e. the parameters affecting the electrocatalysis of water splitting and electrocatalysts that could improve the performance of the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and overall simplify the water electrolysis process. Noble metals like platinum for HER and ruthenium and iridium for OER were used earlier; however, being expensive, there are more feasible options than employing these metals for all commercialization. The review discusses the recent developments in metal and metalloid HER and OER electrocatalysts from the s, p and d block elements. The evaluation perspectives for electrocatalysts of electrochemical water splitting are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asha Raveendran
- Nano Electrochemistry Lab (NEL), Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Puducherry Karaikal - 609609 India
| | - Mijun Chandran
- Department of Chemistry, Central University of Tamil Nadu Thiruvarur - 610005 India
| | - Ragupathy Dhanusuraman
- Nano Electrochemistry Lab (NEL), Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Puducherry Karaikal - 609609 India
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Hausmann JN, Menezes PW. Effect of Surface‐Adsorbed and Intercalated (Oxy)anions on the Oxygen Evolution Reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202207279. [PMID: 35762646 PMCID: PMC9546270 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202207279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
As the kinetically demanding oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is crucial for the decarbonization of our society, a wide range of (pre)catalysts with various non‐active‐site elements (e.g., Mo, S, Se, N, P, C, Si…) have been investigated. Thermodynamics dictate that these elements oxidize during industrial operation. The formed oxyanions are water soluble and thus predominantly leach in a reconstruction process. Nevertheless, recently, it was unveiled that these thermodynamically stable (oxy)anions can adsorb on the surface or intercalate in the interlayer space of the active catalyst. There, they tune the electronic properties of the active sites and can interact with the reaction intermediates, changing the OER kinetics and potentially breaking the persisting OER *OH/*OOH scaling relations. Thus, the addition of (oxy)anions to the electrolyte opens a new design dimension for OER catalysis and the herein discussed observations deepen the understanding of the role of anions in the OER.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Niklas Hausmann
- Department of Chemistry: Metalorganics and Inorganic Materials Technische Universität Berlin Straße des 17 Juni 135, Sekr. C2 10623 Berlin Germany
| | - Prashanth W. Menezes
- Department of Chemistry: Metalorganics and Inorganic Materials Technische Universität Berlin Straße des 17 Juni 135, Sekr. C2 10623 Berlin Germany
- Material Chemistry Group for Thin Film Catalysis—CatLab Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie Albert-Einstein-Str. 15 12489 Berlin Germany
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7
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Hausmann JNW, Menezes PW. Effect of Surface‐Adsorbed and Intercalated (Oxy)anions on the Oxygen Evolution Reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202207279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Niklas W. Hausmann
- TU Berlin: Technische Universitat Berlin Chemistry Strasse des 17. Juni 135, Sekr. C2 10623 Berlin GERMANY
| | - Prashanth W. Menezes
- Technische Universitat Berlin Chemistry Strasse des 17. Juni 135, Sekr. C2 10623 Berlin GERMANY
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Chen Z, Yang H, Kang Z, Driess M, Menezes PW. The Pivotal Role of s-, p-, and f-Block Metals in Water Electrolysis: Status Quo and Perspectives. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2108432. [PMID: 35104388 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202108432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Transition metals, in particular noble metals, are the most common species in metal-mediated water electrolysis because they serve as highly active catalytic sites. In many cases, the presence of nontransition metals, that is, s-, p-, and f-block metals with high natural abundance in the earth-crust in the catalytic material is indispensable to boost efficiency and durability in water electrolysis. This is why alkali metals, alkaline-earth metals, rare-earth metals, lean metals, and metalloids receive growing interest in this research area. In spite of the pivotal role of these nontransition metals in tuning efficiency of water electrolysis, there is far more room for developments toward a knowledge-based catalyst design. In this review, five classes of nontransition metals species which are successfully utilized in water electrolysis, with special emphasis on electronic structure-catalytic activity relationships and phase stability, are discussed. Moreover, specific fundamental aspects on electrocatalysts for water electrolysis as well as a perspective on this research field are also addressed in this account. It is anticipated that this review can trigger a broader interest in using s-, p-, and f-block metals species toward the discovery of advanced polymetal-containing electrocatalysts for practical water splitting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziliang Chen
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry, Metalorganics and Inorganic Materials, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17 Juni 135, Sekr. C2, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hongyuan Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Metalorganics and Inorganic Materials, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17 Juni 135, Sekr. C2, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Zhenhui Kang
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Matthias Driess
- Department of Chemistry, Metalorganics and Inorganic Materials, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17 Juni 135, Sekr. C2, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Prashanth W Menezes
- Department of Chemistry, Metalorganics and Inorganic Materials, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17 Juni 135, Sekr. C2, 10623, Berlin, Germany
- Material Chemistry Group for Thin Film Catalysis - CatLab, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489, Berlin, Germany
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Yang H, Hausmann JN, Hlukhyy V, Braun T, Laun K, Zebger I, Driess M, Menezes PW. An Intermetallic CaFe6Ge6 Approach to Unprecedented Ca‐Fe‐O Electrocatalyst for Efficient Alkaline Oxygen Evolution Reaction. ChemCatChem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202200293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Viktor Hlukhyy
- Technical University of Munich: Technische Universitat Munchen Chemistry Lichtenbergstraße 4Garching 85747 Garching GERMANY
| | - Thomas Braun
- Technical University of Munich: Technische Universitat Munchen Chemistry GERMANY
| | | | - Ingo Zebger
- Technical University of Berlin: Technische Universitat Berlin Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Matthias Driess
- Technische Universitat Graz Chemistry Strasse des 17. Juni 135, Sekr. C2Technische Universität BerlinBerlin D-10623 Berlin GERMANY
| | - Prashanth W. Menezes
- Technische Universitat Berlin Chemistry Strasse des 17. Juni 135, Sekr. C2 10623 Berlin GERMANY
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Aggarwal P, Sarkar D, Awasthi K, Menezes PW. Functional role of single-atom catalysts in electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution: Current developments and future challenges. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.214289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Yuan Y, Yang Z, Lai W, Gao L, Li M, Zhang J, Huang H. Intermetallic Compounds: Liquid-Phase Synthesis and Electrocatalytic Applications. Chemistry 2021; 27:16564-16580. [PMID: 34428332 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202102500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Characterized by long-range atomic ordering, well-defined stoichiometry, and controlled crystal structure, intermetallics have attracted increasing attention in the area of chemical synthesis and catalytic applications. Liquid-phase synthesis of intermetallics has arisen as the promising methodology due to its precise control over size, shape, and resistance toward sintering compared with the traditional metallurgy. This short review tends to provide perspectives on the liquid-phase synthesis of intermetallics in terms of both thermodynamics and methodology, as well as its applications in various catalytic reactions. Specifically, basic thermodynamics and kinetics in the synthesis of intermetallics will be first discussed, followed by discussing the main factors that will affect the formation of intermetallics during synthesis. The application of intermetallics in electrocatalysis will be demonstrated case by case at last. We conclude the review with perspectives on the future developments with respect to both synthesis and catalytic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliang Yuan
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, P. R. China
| | - Zhilong Yang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, P. R. China
| | - Wenchuan Lai
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, P. R. China
| | - Lei Gao
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, P. R. China
| | - Mengfan Li
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, P. R. China
| | - Jiawei Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, P. R. China
| | - Hongwen Huang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, P. R. China.,Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China Hefei, Anhui, 230026, P. R. China
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12
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Walter C, Menezes PW, Driess M. Perspective on intermetallics towards efficient electrocatalytic water-splitting. Chem Sci 2021; 12:8603-8631. [PMID: 34257861 PMCID: PMC8246119 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc01901e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Intermetallic compounds exhibit attractive electronic, physical, and chemical properties, especially in terms of a high density of active sites and enhanced conductivity, making them an ideal class of materials for electrocatalytic applications. Nevertheless, widespread use of intermetallics for such applications is often limited by the complex energy-intensive processes yielding larger particles with decreased surface areas. In this regard, alternative synthetic strategies are now being explored to realize intermetallics with distinct crystal structures, morphology, and chemical composition to achieve high performance and as robust electrode materials. In this perspective, we focus on the recent advances and progress of intermetallics for the reaction of electrochemical water-splitting. We first introduce fundamental principles and the evaluation parameters of water-splitting. Then, we emphasize the various synthetic methodologies adapted for intermetallics and subsequently, discuss their catalytic activities for water-splitting. In particular, importance has been paid to the chemical stability and the structural transformation of the intermetallics as well as their active structure determination under operating water-splitting conditions. Finally, we describe the challenges and future opportunities to develop novel high-performance and stable intermetallic compounds that can hold the key to more green and sustainable economy and rise beyond the horizon of water-splitting application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Walter
- Derpartment of Chemistry: Metalorganics and Inorganic Materials, Technische Universität Berlin Strasse des 17. Juni 135, Sekr. C2 Berlin 10623 Germany
| | - Prashanth W Menezes
- Derpartment of Chemistry: Metalorganics and Inorganic Materials, Technische Universität Berlin Strasse des 17. Juni 135, Sekr. C2 Berlin 10623 Germany
| | - Matthias Driess
- Derpartment of Chemistry: Metalorganics and Inorganic Materials, Technische Universität Berlin Strasse des 17. Juni 135, Sekr. C2 Berlin 10623 Germany
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