Functionalized M2TiC2Tx MXenes (M = Cr and Mo; T = F, O, and OH) as high performance electrode materials for sodium ion batteries

Layered ion dynamics and enhanced energy storage: VS2/MXene heterostructure anodes revolutionizing Li-ion batteries

Two-dimensional (2D) material-based anodes are pivotal for advancing next-generation ion batteries, showing remarkable ion loading capacity and mobility. In this intricate study, we employed first-principles calculations to delve into the five-layer lithium ion (Li-ion) loading on transition-metal dichalcogenide (TMD; specifically VS2) paired with MXene (Ti3C2O2 and V3C2O2) heterostructures. Our investigation meticulously assessed adsorption sites, binding energies, and charge transfers. Using sophisticated first-principles calculations, we probed into the Li-ion intercalation process, meticulously determining open-circuit voltages (OCV), which intriguingly ranged from 3.14 to 1.30 V for VS2/Ti3C2O2 and 2.60 to 0.73 V for VS2/V3C2O2. The adsorption energies (Ead) were equally fascinating, with values of -2.86 eV per Li-ion for VS2/Ti3C2O2 and -2.65 eV per Li-ion for VS2/V3C2O2. The optimized VS2/Ti3C2O2 heterostructure demonstrated a staggering Li storage capacity of 425.84 mA h g-1. Not far behind, the VS2/V3C2O2 heterostructure exhibited a notable Li storage capacity of 413.19 mA h g-1, surpassing previously reported 2D anode materials. Following this, ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) simulations exposed significant variations within the VS2/Ti3C2O2 and VS2/V3C2O2 heterostructures. These simulations suggest that both the VS2/Ti3C2O2 and VS2/V3C2O2 heterostructures are not only promising, but also highly efficient anode materials for the realization of sustainable Li-ion batteries.

Properties of Layered TMDC Superlattices for Electrodes in Li-Ion and Mg-Ion Batteries

In this work, we present a first-principles investigation of the properties of superlattices made from transition metal dichalcogenides for use as electrodes in lithium-ion and magnesium-ion batteries. From a study of 50 pairings, we show that, in general, the volumetric expansion, intercalation voltages, and thermodynamic stability of vdW superlattice structures can be well approximated with the average value of the equivalent property for the component layers. We also found that the band gap can be reduced, improving the conductivity. Thus, we conclude that superlattice construction can be used to improve material properties through the tuning of intercalation voltages toward specific values and by increasing the stability of conversion-susceptible materials. For example, we demonstrate how pairing SnS2 with systems such as MoS2 can change it from a conversion to an intercalation material, thus opening it up for use in intercalation electrodes.

Mo-based MXenes: Synthesis, properties, and applications

Ti-MXene allows a range of possibilities to tune their compositional stoichiometry due to their electronic and electrochemical properties. Other than conventionally explored Ti-MXene, there have been ample opportunities for the non-Ti-based MXenes, especially the emerging Mo-based MXenes. Mo-MXenes are established to be remarkable with optoelectronic and electrochemical properties, tuned energy, catalysis, and sensing applications. In this timely review, we systematically discuss the various organized synthesis procedures, associated experimental tunning parameters, physiochemical properties, structural evaluation, stability challenges, key findings, and a wide range of applications of emerging Mo-MXene over Ti-MXenes. We also critically examined the precise control of Mo-MXenes to cater to advanced applications by comprehensively evaluating the summary of recent studies using artificial intelligence and machine learning tools. The critical future perspectives, significant challenges, and possible outlooks for successfully developing and using Mo-MXenes for various practical applications are highlighted.

First principles study of layered scandium disulfide for use as Li-ion and beyond-Li-ion batteries

The growing demand for high efficiency portable batteries has prompted a deeper exploration for alternative cathode materials. Due to low Earth abundance, scandium has not received much attention, however its low atomic mass makes it ideal for high gravimetric capacity electrodes. Here we have performed a comprehensive first-principles study to assess the performance of layered ScS₂ as a potential cathode for lithium-ion and beyond-lithium-ion batteries. We have explored the configuration space of ScS₂ and its intercalated compounds using a mix of machine learning and ab initio techniques, finding the ground state geometry to be layered in nature. This layered structure is found to have a high voltage, reaching above 4.5 V for Group I intercalants, ideal volume expansions below 10% for lithium and magnesium intercalation, is electronically conductive, and is ductile once intercalated. Of the intercalants considered, we find that lithium is the best choice for cathode applications, for which we have used a combination of thermodynamic phase diagrams, ab intio phonon calculations, and evaluation of the elastic tensor to conclude that ScS₂ possesses a reversible capacity of 182.99 mA h g^-1, on par with current state of the art cathode materials such as LiCoO₂, NMC, and NCA. Finally, we substitute foreign metal species into the ScS₂ material to determine their effect on key cathode properties, but find that these are overall detrimental to the performance of ScS₂. This does, however, highlight the potential for improvement if scandium were mixed into other layered systems such as the layered transition metal oxides.

Ti2CT2 MXene as Anodes for Metal Ion Batteries: From Monolayer to Bilayer to Pillar Structure

The electrochemical performances of Ti₂CT₂ (T = F, O, and OH) MXenes with different layer structures (monolayer, bilayer, and pillared structures) as anodes for mono-/multivalent metal ion (Li⁺, Na⁺, Mg²⁺, and Al³⁺) batteries (MIBs) were studied via first-principles simulations. First, metal ions (MIs) adsorbed on Ti₂CT₂ monolayers were investigated to reveal the influence of MXene terminated groups on MIB performance. This indicated that O-terminated MXenes would be more suitable as electrodes. In particular, the theoretical capacity of Mg²⁺ on a Ti₂CO₂ monolayer could be more than 1500 mA h g^-1. Then, MIs intercalated into MXene bilayers were considered to better understand the charging/discharging mechanism. In a Ti₂CO₂ bilayer with larger interlayer spacing, monovalent MIs and Mg²⁺ could form a multilayer accompanied by drastic expansion/contraction of the electrode, which still needs to be solved. Finally, imidazolium-based ionic liquids were used to preintercalate into MXene due to the matching size of the imidazolium cation, which effectively improved MXene stability and inhibited the self-stacking of layered MXenes. Our research would be helpful for theoretically regulating MXene functional groups and adjusting the interlayer spacing of MXenes via selecting guest molecules for designing MIBs and other energy storage devices.

First-Principles Study on the Half-Metallicity of New MXene Materials Nd2NT2 (T = OH, O, S, F, Cl, and Br)

This work systematically studied the structure, magnetic and electronic properties of the MXene materials Nd₂N and Nd₂NT₂ (T = OH, O, S, F, Cl, and Br) via first-principles calculations based on density functional theory. Results showed that Nd₂NT₂ (T = OH, O, S, F, Cl, and Br) have half-metallic characteristics whose half-metallic band gap width is higher than 1.70 eV. Its working function ranges from 1.83 to 6.50 eV. The effects of strain on its magnetic and electronic structures were evaluated. Results showed that the structure of Nd₂NT₂ (T = OH, O, S, and Br) transitions from a ferromagnetic half-metallic semiconductor to a ferromagnetic metallic and ferromagnetic semiconductor under different strains. By contrast, the structures of Nd₂NF₂ and Nd₂NS₂ were observed to transition from a half-metallic semiconductor to a ferromagnetic metallic semiconductor under different strains. Calculations of the electronic properties of different proportions of the surface functional groups of Nd₂NT_x (T = OH, O, and F; x = 0.5, 1(I, II), and 1.5) revealed that Nd₂NO_1.5 has the characteristics of semiconductors, whereas Nd₂NO(II) possesses the characteristics of half-metallic semiconductors. The other structures were observed to exhibit the characteristics of metallic semiconductors. Prediction of Nd₂NT₂ (T = OH, O, S, F, Cl, and Br) increases the types of lanthanide MXene materials. They are appropriate candidate materials for preparing spintronic devices.